TW201734221A - 金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體 - Google Patents

金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體 Download PDF

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TW201734221A
TW201734221A TW105135238A TW105135238A TW201734221A TW 201734221 A TW201734221 A TW 201734221A TW 105135238 A TW105135238 A TW 105135238A TW 105135238 A TW105135238 A TW 105135238A TW 201734221 A TW201734221 A TW 201734221A
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metal
layer
present
metal particles
metal particle
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Shigenobu Sekine
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Napra Co Ltd
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Abstract

提供可形成不容易產生克根達孔隙而且耐熱性優異之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物的一種金屬粒子、導電性糊、成形體、及積層體。本發明之金屬粒子係外殼與核部所形成。前述外殼係金屬間化合物所形成,且覆蓋前述核部。

Description

金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體
本發明係關於金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體。
首先,關於本說明書中所使用之用語係如下所定義。
(1)稱「金屬」、「金屬粒子」或「金屬成分」時,係不僅包括金屬元素單體,亦包括含複數金屬元素的合金、複合物結構、或該等之組合。
(2)奈米係指1μm(1000nm)以下的大小。
(3)金屬基質係指充填其他成分的間隙,成為支撐其等的母材之金屬或合金。
在經歷長時間持續高溫動作狀態,而且伴隨著從高溫動作狀態到低溫停止狀態之巨大溫度變動等嚴酷環境下使用的機器,例如車載用電力控制元件(電力元件),被要求儘管經歷上述之熱履歷仍可長期維持高接合強度。然而,習知的接合材未必能滿足上述要求。
例如,專利文獻1所揭示的SnAgCu系接合材(粉末焊料)終究無法滿足上述要求。
又,在將複數半導體基板積層而接合的情況下、或利用金屬或合金將三維造形物成形的情況等所 既有問題,有:因克根達孔隙所致之機械強度降低的問題。克根達孔隙係因金屬相互擴散不均衡造成的原子空孔(格子)沒有消除所累積而產生的。例如,於Sn與Cu之界面的情況,相對於Cu之擴散而言Sn的擴散較少,所以在金屬間化合物與Cu界面之間會累積空孔,形成克根達孔隙。該克根達孔隙會發展成更大的空洞或裂痕,亦有接合部或三維造形物的可靠性及品質降低,進而機械強度降低,發生剝離、破裂、破損等之情形。
例如,專利文獻2揭示利用Cu6Sn5與具有Cu球體之連接部來連接半導體裝置的電極與安裝基板的電極,且Cu球體彼此亦以Cu6Sn5連結之技術。然而,沒有提到克根達孔隙,沒有揭示抑制其產生的手段。專利文獻3揭示在半導體晶片或基板的接合面塗布含Cu金屬粒子與Sn粒子之接合劑,且以比Sn的熔點更高的溫度加熱,使接合劑之Cu與Sn進行遷移性液相燒結後,進一步加熱之工法。然而,沒有揭示克根達孔隙之抑制手段。
專利文獻4揭示將含作為金屬粒子之Cu粒子、與作為焊料粒子之Sn粒子3的焊料壓延而形成之焊料箔。焊料箔中,由於Cu為粒子狀態,Sn為填埋該Cu粒子之間的狀態,所以若無法以Sn完全填埋Cu粒子之間,則有產生克根達孔隙之虞。
專利文獻5係將具有各向異性之導電性黏著薄片以配置在厚度方向中央的核膜、配置在核膜的兩面之黏著劑層、與球狀導電性微粒子來構成。將在厚度 方向貫通之貫通孔規則地形成於核膜,在全部貫通孔內各配置1個導電性微粒子。然而,因為使用導電性黏著薄片,所以無法確保高耐熱性。
先前技術文獻 專利文獻
專利文獻1 日本特開2007-268569號公報
專利文獻2 日本特開2002-261105號公報
專利文獻3 日本特開2014-199852號公報
專利文獻4 日本特開2002-301588號公報
專利文獻5 日本特開2003-286456號公報
本發明的課題係提供可形成不易產生克根達孔隙之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物的一種金屬粒子、導電性接糊、及成形體。
本發明另一課題為提供可形成耐熱性優異之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物的一種金屬粒子、導電性糊、及成形體。
為解決上述課題,本發明之金屬粒子係外殼與核部所形成,前述核部係包含金屬或合金,前述外殼係金屬間化合物所形成,且覆蓋前述核部。
如上所述,本發明之金屬粒子係具有金屬間化合物所形成之外殼。在使用包含前述金屬粒子之接合材形成接合部的情況下,與被接合導體部的擴散反應會是通過外殼之擴散。因此,與將引起擴散的金屬彼此直接接觸而引起擴散反應之習知的接合材相比,其可抑制反應速度。其結果,可消除為前述克根達孔隙產生原因的金屬相互擴散不均衡,可形成不易發生斷線等之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部或三維造形物。
再者,利用反應速度經抑制之狀態的擴散反應,可在與被接合導體部的接合面形成層狀間隔為1μm以下的層狀結構(lamellar structure)。前述層狀結構係由根據金屬間化合物的層、與根據金屬基質的層所構成。由於前述層狀結構為奈米尺寸,所以縱使假設產生了克根達孔隙,仍可抑制在狹窄範圍內,不會發展成裂痕等嚴重缺陷。
由於前述層狀結構係由金屬間化合物層與金屬基質層所構成,因此前述接合部係兼具來自金屬間化合物之高溫耐熱性、與來自金屬基質之柔軟性。因此,即使在經歷長時間持續高溫動作狀態的情況下,還有,伴隨著從高溫動作狀態至低溫停止狀態之巨大溫度變動等嚴酷環境下使用的情況下,仍可長期維持高耐熱性、接合強度及機械強度。
前述外殼的形成,可在與前述金屬粒子之製造相同的步驟內進行,亦可利用塗布等手法隨後形 成。在與金屬粒子之製造相同的步驟內形成的情況下,前述外殼係由金屬間化合物所構成,且累積在前述核部的表層而形成,該金屬間化合物包含構成前述核部之至少一種金屬元素。隨後形成的情況下,構成前述外殼之金屬間化合物係可自由地選擇。前述外殼的厚度為奈米尺寸。
前述核部除含金屬元素或合金外,亦可含金屬間化合物。
本發明之金屬粒子係由選自Cu、Al、Ni、Sn、Ag、Au、Pt、Pd、Si、B、Ti、Bi、In、Sb、Ga、Zn、Cr、Co之金屬元素所構成,粒徑為約1μm至20μm。
本發明之金屬粒子,尤其是核部,可含複數金屬成分。此情況下,作為複數金屬成分,可組合低熔點成分與高熔點成分,在初期熔解時係主要以低熔點成分所具有之熔點使其進行熔解,將凝固後的再熔解溫度進行高溫化至由高熔點成分所具有之熔點所支配的溫度。因此,可形成耐熱性優異之高可靠性及高品質的接合部、導體部。金屬粒子的此特性,在作為發熱量大的電力控制用半導體元件(電力元件)所用之電氣配線及導電性接合材係有用的。
再者,本發明之金屬粒子,可用於製造三維造形物,此情況下亦可抑制克根達孔隙的產生。
本發明係進一步揭示導電性糊。此導電性糊係包含複數金屬成分。典型上,係使含上述本發明之金屬粒子的粉體分散於有機媒液而調製導電性糊。又, 除使用典型的有機媒液外,有時亦使用水性媒液、揮發性有機媒液等。
由於本發明之導電性糊係包含本發明之金屬粒子,因此內含前述金屬粒子所具有之特性、優勢。
本發明係進一步揭示成形體。典型上,前述成形體,可藉由將含上述本發明之金屬粒子的粉體利用例如採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合而獲得。此成形體可採片狀或線狀等任意的形態。
在對含本發明之金屬粒子的粉體實施採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合處理而獲得本發明之成形體的情況下,在成形體的內部,本發明之金屬粒子及其他粒子雖外形形狀有變化,但其內部結構係幾乎保持原形。
由於本發明之成形體係包含本發明之金屬粒子,因此內含前述金屬粒子所具有之特性、優勢。
本發明係進一步揭示積層體。此積層體係具有第1層與第2層之積層構造。前述第1層係包含本發明之金屬粒子。前述第2層係構成熱傳導層或導電層。本發明之積層體,可藉由使用任意數量的本發明之成形體來形成。
本發明之積層體係具有第1層,由於前述第1層係包含本發明之金屬粒子,因此內含前述金屬粒子所具有之特性、優勢。因此,藉由使用此積層體,可抑制克根達孔隙之產生,可形成提高耐熱性之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線及導電性接合部。
又,本發明之積層體係具有第1層與積層之第2層,由於前述第2層係構成熱傳導層或導電層,因此能夠由可抑制克根達孔隙產生的第1層高效率地傳送熱或電氣信號至成為熱傳導層或導電層的第2層。
如以上所述,根據本發明,能提供可形成不容易產生克根達孔隙之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物的一種金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體。
又,能提供可形成耐熱性優異之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物的一種金屬粒子、糊、成形體、及積層體。
1‧‧‧金屬粒子
101‧‧‧外殼
102‧‧‧核部
200,500‧‧‧基板
201,501‧‧‧金屬/合金體
300‧‧‧接合部
4‧‧‧金屬粉末
6‧‧‧成形體
31,32‧‧‧壓接輥
7‧‧‧積層體
701‧‧‧第1層
702‧‧‧第2層
圖1顯示本發明之金屬粒子的電子顯微鏡照片的圖。
圖2顯示將本發明之金屬粒子在深度方向隔著間隔切斷時各截面之電子顯微鏡照片的圖。
圖3顯示由本發明之金屬粒子而形成之接合部的一例之圖。
圖4顯示圖3之A部分的SEM像的圖。
圖5顯示擴大圖4之SEM像的圖。
圖6顯示本發明之成形體的圖。
圖7顯示採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合的圖。
圖8顯示本發明之積層體的圖。
圖9顯示本發明之積層體的其他例子的圖。
圖10顯示本發明之積層體之進一步其他例子的圖。
用以實施發明之最佳態樣
圖1係圖示球形狀之本發明金屬粒子1的電子顯微鏡照片。本發明之金屬粒子係可應用日本特許第4401281號所揭示之技術而製造。於實際使用中,係使用此金屬粒子1之凝聚體之粉體。
金屬粒子1係外殼與核部所形成,前述核部係包含金屬、合金、或金屬間化合物。前述外殼係金屬間化合物所形成,且覆蓋前述核部。關於其詳細,係參照圖2所圖示之電子顯微鏡照片進行說明。圖2係將以8質量%Cu與92質量%Sn之組成(以下稱為8Cu‧92Sn)所形成的金屬粒子1在深度方向隔著間隔切斷時攝影各截面(A)~(F)而得者。以直徑切斷之狀態係示於圖2(F)。
若參照圖2(F),金屬粒子1係外殼101與核部102所形成。外殼101係Cu與Sn之金屬間化合物CuxSny所形成。又,外殼101的厚度為奈米尺寸。核部102係包含Sn、Cu、Cu與Sn的合金或Cu與Sn的金屬間化合物CuxSny。金屬間化合物CuxSny,典型上為Cu3Sn、Cu6Sn5
然而,金屬粒子1係因應用其所欲獲得者加以選擇。例如,在形成用於接合電氣配線、半導體晶片間之接合部的情況下,可包含選自例如Cu、Al、Ni、Sn、Ag、Au、Pt、Pd、Si、B、Ti、Bi、In、Sb、Ga、 Zn、Cr、Co之群組之金屬元素的至少一種。在獲得三維造形物的情況下,亦可包含上述金屬元素群中之至少一種。
如上所述,本發明之金屬粒子1,可含複數金屬成分。此情形下,作為複數金屬成分,可組合低熔點成分與高熔點成分,在初期熔解時係主要以低熔點成分所具有之熔點使其進行熔解,將凝固後的再熔解溫度進行高溫化至由高熔點成分所具有之熔點所支配的溫度。例如,作為實施形態所例示般,以8Cu‧92Sn構成金屬粒子1的情況下,在初期熔解時係主要以Sn所具有之熔點(231.9℃)使其進行熔解,將凝固後的再熔解溫度進行高溫化至由比Sn更高熔點的CuxSny所具有之熔點(Cu3Sn:676℃、Cu6Sn5:435℃)所支配的溫度。因此,可形成耐熱性優異之高可靠性及高品質的接合部、導體部。金屬粒子1的此特性,在作為發熱量大的電力控制用半導體元件(電力元件)所用之電氣配線及導電性接合材係有用的。
若參照圖3,接合部300,其係接合例如在經對向配置的基板200、500上形成之金屬/合金體201,501。基板200,500係構成例如電力元件等之電子‧電氣機器的基板,金屬/合金體201,501係作為電極、凸塊、端子或導線導體等而被一體化地設置在基板200,500上。電力元件等之電子‧電氣機器中,金屬/合金體201,501一般係作成Cu或其合金來構成。然而,不排除相當於基板200,500的部分係以金屬/合金體構成者。
在圖4及圖5中,金屬/合金體201,501為Cu層。接合部300可藉由使用含8Cu‧92Sn之接合材而獲得。接合部300係包含Sn、Cu、Sn與Cu的合金或Sn與Cu的金屬間化合物,在金屬/合金體201,501的表層利用擴散接合來接合。
在使用包含金屬粒子1之接合材形成接合部300的情況下,前述金屬粒子1與金屬/合金體201,501的擴散接合必須是通過外殼101之擴散。因此,與將引起擴散的金屬彼此直接接觸而引起擴散反應之習知的接合材相比,其可抑制反應速度。其結果,可消除相對於Cu的擴散而言Sn的擴散較少之相互擴散不均衡,防止克根達孔隙的產生。因此,可形成不容易發生斷線等之高可靠性及高品質的電氣配線、導電性接合部、或三維造形物。
再者,利用反應速度經抑制之狀態的擴散反應,可在金屬/合金體201,501的接合面形成層狀間隔為奈米尺寸的層狀結構。針對此層狀結構,參照圖4及圖5進行說明。
在圖4及圖5中,接合部300係具有在金屬/合金體201,501的表面依序積層第1層301、第2層302及第3層303的構造。第1層301及第2層302係具有根據金屬間化合物的層與根據金屬基質的層所形成之層狀結構。參見圖5時,在第1層301及第2層302中,看似山狀的部分為金屬間化合物,看似谷狀的部分為金屬基質。
在上述構造中,第1層301,由於鄰接於為Cu層之金屬/合金體201,501,所以係成為以富含Cu之Cu3Sn為主的金屬間化合物、與金屬基質之層狀結構。又,離為Cu層之金屬/合金體201,501較遠的第2層係成為以Cu6Sn5為主的金屬間化合物、與金屬基質之層狀結構。
即,接合部300兼具來自金屬間化合物之高溫耐熱性、與來自金屬基質之柔軟性。因此,即使在經歷長時間持續高溫動作狀態的情況下,還有,伴隨著從高溫動作狀態至低溫停止狀態之巨大溫度變動等嚴酷環境下使用的情況下,仍可長期維持高耐熱性、接合強度及機械強度。
而且,由於前述層狀結構其層狀間隔為奈米尺寸,所以縱使假設產生了克根達孔隙,仍可抑制在狹窄範圍內。因此,不會有接合部或三維造形物之可靠性及品質降低,進而機械強度降低,發生剝離、破裂、破損等般,發展成裂痕等嚴重缺陷之情形。
順帶一提,在260℃的高溫保持試驗(HTS)中,從試驗開始時起到約100小時為止,剪切強度係由約35MPa上升至約40MPa,到500小時為止的時間範圍內係幾乎為40MPa,獲得穩定的試驗結果。
又,在(-40~200℃)的冷熱循環試驗(TCT)中,從超過約200循環時起,全循環(1000循環)中,剪切強度為約30MPa,獲得穩定的試驗結果。
為獲得上述效果,本發明之金屬粒子1必須為核部的表面積之至少50%以上係以外殼覆蓋。較佳為70%以上、更佳為80%以上係以外殼覆蓋時,可得良好結果。
其次,本發明之導電性糊係包含複數金屬成分。典型上,係使含上述本發明之金屬粒子1之粉體分散於媒液而調製導電性糊。典型上,媒液係為有機媒液,可與有機溶劑一起使用。又,除使用典型的有機媒液外,有時亦使用水性媒液、揮發性有機媒液等。
由於本發明之導電性糊係包含本發明之金屬粒子1,因此內含前述金屬粒子1所具有之特性、優勢。
接著,圖6~圖7係圖示本發明之成形體6。圖6所圖示之成形體6為片狀。成形體6亦可為薄片狀(chip-shaped),亦可為長條狀。或亦可為截面圓形狀之線材,或截面橢圓形狀之線材。簡言之,成形體6的形狀係可任意選擇。
典型上,本發明之成形體6,可藉由將含上述本發明之金屬粒子1的粉體利用例如採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合予以處理而獲得。採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合其本身係已知有許多種。在本發明係可應用該等公知技術。圖7係顯示可適用之典型例。在圖7中,在朝對向地旋轉R1,R2的壓接輥31,32之間,供給含本發明之金屬粒子的粉體4,由壓接輥31,32對粉體4施加壓力,使構成粉體4之金屬粒子產生金屬間接合。在實 際處理時,較理想是由壓接輥31,32對粉體4施加100℃左右的熱。藉此,可得圖6~圖7所示之成形體6。
在對含本發明之金屬粒子1的粉體實施採用冷間壓接法之金屬間接合處理而獲得本發明之成形體6的情況下,在成形體6的內部,本發明之金屬粒子及其他粒子雖外形形狀有變化,但是粒子之結構係幾乎保持原形。因此,本發明之成形體6係內含本發明之金屬粒子1所具有之特性、優勢。
圖8~圖10係圖示本發明之積層體。首先,若參照圖8,圖示之積層體7係具有第1層701與第2層702的積層構造。第1層701係本發明之成形體6,典型上,為圖6所圖示之片狀者。
第2層702係構成熱傳導層或導電層。作為具體例,可例示以Cu為主成分者、以Cu與碳奈米管(CNT)為主成分者等。
本發明之積層體7,例如可如圖9所示,將本發明之成形體6所形成之第1層701設置在第2層702的兩面,或可如圖10所示,將圖8及圖9所示者僅積層任意數量n來使用,而藉此形成。
本發明之積層體7係具有第1層701與經積層的第2層702,由於第1層701係包含本發明之金屬粒子1,因此內含前述金屬粒子1所具有之特性、優勢。也就是說,藉由使用此積層體7,可形成抑制克根達孔隙產生、機械強度大而且耐熱性優異的高可靠性及高品質的導體部及接合部。
又,本發明之積層體7係具有第1層701與經積層的第2層702,由於第2層702係構成熱傳導層或導電層,因此能夠由可抑制克根達孔隙產生的第1層701高效率地傳送熱或電氣信號至成為熱傳導層或導電層的第2層702。尤其在作為發熱大的電力元件之導電性接合材或電氣配線材係有用的。
以上,參照較佳實施例而詳細說明了本發明,但本發明係不限定於此等,顯見只要是該業者即可根據此基本技術思想及教示而思及各種變形例。
101‧‧‧外殼
102‧‧‧核部

Claims (4)

  1. 一種金屬粒子,其係外殼與核部所形成之金屬粒子,其中該核部係包含金屬或合金,該外殼係金屬間化合物所形成,且覆蓋該核部,該核部係包含Sn或Sn合金,該外殼係包含Sn與Cu之金屬間化合物。
  2. 一種導電性糊,其係包含金屬粒子與媒液之導電性糊,其中該金屬粒子係包含如請求項1之金屬粒子,且分散在該媒液中。
  3. 一種成形體,其係包含金屬粒子之成形體,其中該金屬粒子係包含如請求項1之金屬粒子。
  4. 一種積層體,其係具有第1層與第2層之積層構造的積層體,其中該第1層係包含如請求項1之金屬粒子,該第2層係構成熱傳導層或導電層。
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