CN107158050A - 圆锥绣球总香豆素苷、其制备方法及其组合物与用途 - Google Patents
圆锥绣球总香豆素苷、其制备方法及其组合物与用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107158050A CN107158050A CN201610147475.2A CN201610147475A CN107158050A CN 107158050 A CN107158050 A CN 107158050A CN 201610147475 A CN201610147475 A CN 201610147475A CN 107158050 A CN107158050 A CN 107158050A
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- Prior art keywords
- hydrangea paniculata
- glycosides
- general coumarin
- water
- coumarin glycosides
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
本发明公开了从圆锥绣球枝条制备总香豆素苷方法,用该方法制备得到的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,含有圆锥绣球总香素苷的药物组合物,以及其在制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾损伤以及高血压和糖尿病肾损伤的药物中的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及从圆锥绣球枝条提取的总香豆素苷及其制备方法,含有圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的药物组合物,以及圆锥绣球总香豆素苷和其药物组合物作为药物的用途,尤其是在制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾病药物中的应用。
背景技术
免疫性肾病是一组由多种病因引起的具有相同免疫病理学特征的慢性肾小球疾病。免疫性肾病包括紫癜性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、IgA肾病等,由于患者的免疫系统功能紊乱,产生的免疫复合物沉积在肾脏中,对肾脏的固有细胞造成损伤,引发炎症反应等,破坏肾脏固有细胞的正常功能而使患者出现蛋白尿、血尿、水肿等症状[1,2]。
免疫性肾病中,以IgA肾病为最常见,IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)为一种免疫病理诊断,是以IgA或IgA为主的免疫球蛋白伴补体C,呈颗粒状沉积于肾小球系膜区的临床病理综合征,它属于一种特殊类型的肾小球肾炎,占原发性肾小球疾病的26%一34%,该疾病多发于儿童和青年,男女比例约为2:l,起病前多有上呼吸道感染等诱因,临床表现多种多样,以发作性肉眼血尿和(或)持续性镜下血尿最为常见,可伴蛋白尿。部分患者表现为肾病综合征、急性肾炎综合征,甚至急进性肾炎综合征,可并高血压及肾功能减退。
目前治疗上也是以肾上腺皮质激素和环磷酰胺、环孢素A、霉酚酸酯等免疫抑制剂为一线治疗药物[3-5],但由于毒副作用大,易复发,治疗难持久,病人一旦进入终末期肾病,便不可避免的进入到透析治疗阶段,极大增加了患者和社会的负担,所以开发新型有效且毒副作用更低的药品非常有必要性。
参考文献
1.Yokoyama H,Okuyama H,Yamaya H:Clinicopathological insights intolupus glomerulonephritis in Japanese and Asians.Clin Exp Nephrol 2011,15(3):321-330.
2.Mok CC:Membranous nephropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus:atherapeutic enigma.Nat Rev Nephrol 2009,5(4):212-220.
3.Aaltonen S,Honkanen E:Outcome of idiopathic membranous nephropathyusing targeted stepwise immunosuppressive treatment strategy.Nephrol DialTransplant 2011,26(9):2871-2877.
4.Sepe V,Libetta C,Giuliano MG,Adamo G,Dal Canton A:Mycophenolatemofetil in primary glomerulopathies.Kidney Int 2008,73(2):154-162.
5.Sahin GM,Sahin S,Kantarci G,Ergin H:Mycophenolate mofetil treatmentfor therapy-resistant glomerulopathies.Nephrology(Carlton)2007,12(3):285-288.
圆锥绣球(Hydrangea paniculata Sieb)是虎耳草科(Saxifragaceae)绣球属(Hydrangea)植物,广泛分布于浙江、安徽、江西、广西等地。民间用于治疗咽喉痛,疟疾,食积不化,胸腹胀满,骨折等。圆锥绣球的天然资源丰富,未见有毒性报告。众所周知,一种中药材含有数百种化学成分,它们的药效作用特点是具有多种生物活性,不同类型化合物的药效通常是不同的,根据大量中药活性成分的研究结果发现往往一类成分的作用强度要好于单体化合物,毒性要低于单体化合物,这也是中药被公认为毒性低、用药安全的主要原因,在前期研究中发现茵芋苷具有对5/6大鼠肾切除致慢性肾功能不全的保护作用,并制成了含有50-80%茵芋苷提取物。但在进一步研究中发现以茵芋苷为纯化指标进行纯化后得到的提取物在制备过程中对药材的资源具有较大的浪费,而且制造成本较高,给患者带来较大的经济负担,鉴于中药有效成分研究的成果,我们利用不同的制备工艺(特别是使用了新型的吸附聚合材料)对圆锥绣球的总香豆素苷进行富集,得到了含有10种以上单体化合物的总香豆素苷(结构如下所示),在进一步的药效学实验中发现该总香豆素苷具有对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白所致免疫性肾病大鼠的肾小球系膜细胞及毛细血管基底膜增厚有一定的抑制作用,对系膜基质增厚均有明显的抑制作用。作用强度大于阳性对照药霉酚酸酯和洛沙坦,未见到毒副作用(见实施例),因此该药如果开发成功将给患者带来巨大的福音。
圆锥绣球总香豆素苷主要组成物的结构式如下:
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中治疗免疫性肾病的药物的不足,本发明解决的技术问题是提供一种圆锥绣球总香豆素苷、圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的制备方法、含有圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的药物组合物、以及圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾病药物中的应用。
为解决本发明的技术问题,本发明提供如下技术方案:
本发明技术方案的第一方面是提供了从圆锥绣球枝条提取总香豆素苷的制备方法,其中含有50%以上总香豆素苷。
圆锥绣球枝条经干燥并适当的粉碎,以利增大与溶剂的接触面积,提高效率。
圆锥绣球枝条的提取溶剂使用水、醇类、或水与醇类的混合物。优选的醇类包括甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、丁醇等。水与醇类的混合物,例如浓度为20-95%(体积比)的醇。提取时溶剂浸过药材为宜,溶剂量为原药重量的2-14倍。提取可以在静态或动态下,优选在动态条件下。为了提高提取的效率,可以使用超声波等。提取的温度是从室温(例如20℃)到溶剂回流温度的范围内,优选在回流的温度下。提取可连续或间歇进行,间歇提取时可重复1-4次,优选2-3次。
上步结束后,合并滤液,滤去药渣,浓缩滤液回收溶剂,得浸膏。浓缩优选在动态状态下进行,可以在常压或减压条件下,优选在减压条件下。浓缩的温度40-80℃,。
浸膏用10-20倍水溶解后通过吸附柱层析纯化,纯化的次数可以是1-4次,优选是1-2次。
吸附剂选自大分子聚合物HPD100和HP2MGL。
洗脱系统的条件:依次用水和不同浓度的水和醇混合溶剂洗脱。水和醇混合溶剂部分浓缩得到含有50%以上总香豆素苷的圆锥绣球提取物。
为了得到更高纯度总香豆素苷也可以再进行1次层析方法。
本发明技术方案的第二方面是提供利用第一方面制备方法制备得到的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,其中含有50%以上总香豆素苷。
本发明技术方案的第三方面是提供含有第二方面所述圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的药物组合物。
该药物组合物含有作为活性成份的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷和常规药物赋形剂或辅剂的药物组合物。通常本发明药物组合物含有0.1-95重量%的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷。
含有本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的药物组合物可根据本领域公知的方法制备。用于此目的时,如果需要,可将本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷与一种或多种固体或液体药物赋形剂和/或辅剂结合,制成可作为人药或兽药使用的适当的施用形式或剂量形式。
本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷或含有它的药物组合物可以单位剂量形式给药,给药途径可为肠道或非肠道,如口服、肌肉、鼻腔、口腔粘膜、皮肤、透皮、皮下、皮内、腹膜、直肠、静脉内、肌内、鞘内、硬膜外、眼内、颅内、阴道给药等。
本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷或含有它的药物组合物的给药途径可为注射给药。注射包括静脉注射、肌肉注射、皮下注射、皮内注射、穴位注射、鞘内注射和腹膜内注射等。
给药剂型可以是液体剂型、固体剂型。如液体剂型的溶液性质可以是真溶液类、胶体类、微粒剂型、乳剂剂型、混悬剂型。液体剂型形式可以是糖浆剂、酏剂、注射溶液、非水溶液、悬浮液或乳液;固体剂型例如片剂、锭剂、胶囊、滴丸、丸剂、粒剂、粉剂、霜剂、溶液剂、栓剂、可分散粉剂如冻干粉针剂、气雾剂等。
本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷可以制成普通制剂、也可以是缓释制剂、控释制剂、靶向制剂及各种微粒给药系统。
为了将单位给药剂型制成片剂,可以广泛使用本领域公知的各种载体。关于载体的例子包括,赋形剂例如碳酸钙、乳糖、磷酸钙、磷酸钠;稀释剂与吸收剂例如淀粉、糊精、硫酸钙、乳糖、甘露醇、蔗糖、氯化钠、葡萄糖、尿素、碳酸钙、白陶土、微晶纤维素、硅酸铝、葡聚糖、胶态二氧化硅、阿拉伯胶、明胶、三硅酸镁、角蛋白等;湿润剂与粘合剂例如水、甘油、聚乙二醇、乙醇、丙醇、淀粉浆、糊精、糖浆、蜂蜜、葡萄糖溶液、阿拉伯胶浆、明胶浆、羧甲基纤维素钠、紫胶、甲基纤维素、磷酸钾、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等;崩解剂例如干燥淀粉、海藻酸盐、琼脂粉、褐藻淀粉、碳酸氢钠与枸橼酸、碳酸钙、聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯、十二烷基磺酸钠、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素等;崩解抑制剂,例如蔗糖、三硬脂酸甘油酯、可可脂、氢化油等;吸收促进剂,例如季铵盐、十二烷基硫酸钠等;润滑剂,例如滑石粉、三乙胺硬脂酸镁、三乙胺硬脂酸、二氧化硅、玉米淀粉、硬脂酸盐、硼酸、液体石蜡、聚乙二醇等。还可以将片剂进一步制成包衣片,例如糖包衣片、薄膜包衣片、肠溶包衣片,或双层片和多层片,以延迟其在胃肠道中的崩解和吸收,并由此提供在较长时间内的持续作用。
例如为了将给药单元制成丸剂,可以广泛使用本领域公知的各种载体。关于载体的例子是,例如稀释剂与吸收剂,如葡萄糖、乳糖、淀粉、可可脂、氢化植物油、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、高岭土、滑石粉等;粘合剂,如阿拉伯胶、黄蓍胶、明胶、乙醇、蜂蜜、液糖、米糊或面糊等;崩解剂,如琼脂粉、干燥淀粉、海藻酸盐、十二烷基磺酸钠、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素等。
例如为了将给药单元制成胶囊,将本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷与上述的各种载体混合,并将由此得到的混合物置于硬的明胶胶囊或软胶囊中。也可将本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷制成微囊剂,混悬于水性介质中形成混悬剂,亦可装入硬胶囊中或制成注射剂应用。
例如为了将给药单元制成口服液体制剂,包括乳液、溶液、悬浮液、糖浆等。合适的载体包括溶液、悬浮液、糖浆等,并任选含有添加剂例如润湿剂、乳化剂和悬浮剂、甜味剂、矫味剂和香料等。
例如,将本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷制成注射用制剂,如溶液剂、混悬剂溶液剂、乳剂、冻干粉针剂,这种制剂可以是含水或非水的,可含一种和/或多种药效学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、粘合剂、润滑剂、防腐剂、表面活性剂或分散剂。如稀释剂可选自水、乙醇、聚乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、乙氧基化的异硬脂醇、多氧化的异硬脂醇、植物油例如橄榄油和玉米油、明胶、和可注射有机酯例如油酸乙酯、聚氧乙烯山梨醇、脂肪酸酯等。这样的剂型还可以含有辅料例如防腐剂、润湿剂、乳化剂和分散剂。另外,为了制备等渗注射液,可以向注射用制剂中添加适量的氯化钠、葡萄糖或甘油,此外,还可以添加常规的助溶剂、缓冲剂、pH调节剂等。这些辅料是本领域常用的。
此外,如需要,也可以向药物制剂中添加着色剂、防腐剂、香料、矫味剂例如薄荷、冬青油等,甜味剂例如蔗糖、乳糖、糖精等或其它材料。
本发明所用的无菌介质都可以通过本领域技术人员众所周知的标准技术制得。可将它们灭菌,例如通过经由细菌过滤器过滤、通过向组合物中加入灭菌剂、通过将组合物放射处理、或通过将组合物加热宋灭菌。还可以在临用前将它们制成无菌可注射介质。
为达到用药目的,增强治疗效果,本发明的药物或药物组合物可用任何公知的给药方法给药。当然用于实施本发明的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的给药途径取决于疾病和需要治疗的部位。因为本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的药动学和药效学特征会有某种程度的不同,因此在组织中获得治疗浓度的最优选方法是逐渐增加剂量并监测临床效果。对于这样的逐渐增加治疗剂量,初始剂量将取决于给药途径。对于任何特定患者,本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷药物组合物的具体治疗有效剂量水平取决于许多因素,例如所要预防或治疗疾病的性质、疾病严重程度、给药途径、给药次数、治疗目的、圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的清除速度、治疗持续时间,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷联合或同时使用的具体药物,患者或动物的性别、年龄、体重、性格、饮食、个体反应以及一般健康状况等医药科学领域众所周知的因素,因此本发明的治疗剂量可以有大范围的变化。根据所治疗患者的病症,可能必须对剂量作出某些改变,并且在任何情况下,都由医师决定个体患者的合适剂量。
给药剂量是指不包括载体重量在内(当使用载体时)的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的重量。一般来讲,本发明中药学成分的使用剂量是本领域技术人员公知的。可以根据本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷组合物中最后的制剂中所含有的实际药物数量,加以适当的调整,以达到其治疗有效量的要求,完成本发明的预防或治疗目的。本发明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的每天的合适剂量范围优选为0.1—100mg/kg体重,更优选为1—30mg/kg体重。上述剂量可以单一剂量形式或分成几个,例如二、三或四个剂量形式给药;这受限于给药医生的临床经验以及包括运用其它治疗手段的给药方案。本发明的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷或组合物可单独服用,或与其他治疗药物或对症药物合并使用并调整剂量。
本发明技术方案的第四方面是提供第二方面所述圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在制备制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾病的药物中的应用。
有益技术效果
由于目前在临床上没有较好的治疗免疫性肾病的药物,一般临床上主要用霉酚酸酯和洛沙坦进行治疗,本专利发明的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在动物模型的药效要强于霉酚酸酯和洛沙坦,而且毒副作用小,来源于天然,资源丰富,生产成本低,有望给患者带来福音。
在前期研究中(200910254316.2),我们制备了含有50%-80%茵芋苷的提取物,在其实施例中也可以看到在制备50%以上茵芋苷的提取物工艺中存在许多缺点,如使用了不可反复利用的硅胶导致了废物难处理污染环境,还使用了易燃易爆溶剂,给工业生产带来了非常致命的问题。另外,药材在制备该提取物时的收率为0.5%左右,生产成本高,给患者购药费用带来较大的压力。在进一步研究过程中我们发现圆锥绣球其他的香豆素苷如绣球苷的药效活性要好于茵芋苷(见实施例5),因此,参考中药多成多靶点协同作用的原理,我们研究出简便,经济的提取圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的工艺,药理试验结果显示总香豆素苷的作用要优于茵芋苷(见实施例4),这个新工艺能够提高药材的利用率(收率约为2%),有利于环保和保护生态环境。新工艺不使用硅胶和石油醚丙酮等易燃易爆溶剂。使生产成本大大降低,能给患者带来廉价的药品,减低患者的经济负担。
本发明观察了圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在小鼠一次灌胃给药的急性毒性,发现给小鼠一次灌胃5g/kg,给药后动物无异常反应,两周内无死亡。尸检肉眼观察各主要脏器未发现明显病理改变。说明圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的毒性较低。
本发明还观察了圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤的保护作用。
研究结果表明,大鼠经皮下注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白+佛氏不完全佐剂预免疫后,每日尾静脉注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白,2周后造成大鼠免疫性膜性肾病模型。之后维持每日尾静脉注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白并同时灌胃给予阳性对照药Losartan和霉酚酸酯以及不同剂量的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷。生化指标表明,阳离子化牛血清白蛋白致大鼠免疫性肾损伤模型组24h尿白蛋白(P<0.01)、血肌酐(P<0.05)、血尿素氮(P<0.05)明显增高,尿肌酐和肌酐清除率均明显降低(P<0.05)。阳性对照药霉酚酸酯和洛沙坦可降低24h尿白蛋白水平(P<0.05);圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(45mg/kg)可显著降低免疫性肾损伤大鼠24h尿白蛋白水平(P<0.05),同时可显著降低血肌酐和尿素氮水平(P<0.05),同时增加尿肌酐浓度和肌酐清除率(P<0.05),且45mg/kg剂量的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷强于所用剂量的阳性对照药。
肾脏组织病理学检查显示,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷45mg/kg对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白所致免疫性肾病大鼠的肾小球系膜细胞及毛细血管基底膜增厚有一定的抑制作用,对系膜基质增厚均有明显的抑制作用。
附图说明
图1.圆锥绣球总香豆素苷HPLC色谱图色谱条件:流动相:12%甲醇,色谱柱:ODS柱,检测波长:318nm。
图2.IMPDH的酶学筛选原理:次黄嘌呤核苷磷酸脱氢酶(Inosine MonophosphateDehydrogenase,IMPDH)在NAD+辅因子存在下,将IMP(inosine 5’-monophosphate)转化为XMP(xanthosine 5’-monophosphate)。
图3.圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP-T)对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IgG沉积影响的代表图。
图4.圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP-T)对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IL-1β表达影响的代表图。
图5圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP-T)对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IL-6表达影响的代表图。
具体实施方式
实施例1圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的制备
圆锥绣球枝条,粉碎,加入10倍量的水回流提取2次,每次3小时,提取液趁热过滤,合并滤液,取滤液通过预先用水平衡好的大孔吸附树脂柱(HPD100),先用3倍大分子聚合物体积的水洗脱杂质,水液弃去。再用5倍大分子聚合物体积的17%乙醇解吸香豆素苷,洗脱液减压回收乙醇,浓缩至浸膏状,喷雾干燥,即得圆锥绣球提取物。然后将其用水溶解,溶液通过预先用水平衡好的大分子聚合物柱HP2MGL,先用3倍大分子聚合物体积的水洗脱杂质,再用3倍大分子聚合物体积的25%乙醇解吸香豆素苷,洗脱液减压蒸干,真空干燥,所得含有多种香豆素苷的浅褐色粉末(圆锥绣球总香豆素苷纯度65%,图1为圆锥绣球总香豆素苷HPLC色谱图)。
实施例2大分子聚合物种类的选择
圆锥绣球中有效成分为总香豆素苷类物质,而水提取物中除了含有该类物质外,还含有糖、氨基酸和无机盐等杂质。总香豆精苷在水和乙醇中都能溶解,在水中能被大分子聚合物选择性吸附,又能被乙醇解吸附,而其它水溶性杂质则不被大分子聚合物吸附。利用这一特点,可以分离纯化处方中的总香豆精苷类成分。
考察大分子聚合物的性能
大分子聚合物来源
D101(天津市海光化工有限公司生产)
HPD-100(天津市海光化工有限公司生产)
HPD-400(河北沧州宝恩化工厂)
HPD-600(河北沧州保恩化工厂)
DM130(河北沧州宝恩化工厂)
DM301(郑州勤实科技有限公司)
DA201(郑州勤实科技有限公司)
AB-8(河北沧州保恩化工厂)
1)各种类型大分子聚合物的水分测定
分别称取各种型号大分子聚合物,平行2份,放置在真空干燥烘箱中(105℃)烘至恒重,称重记录,并计算各种型号大分子聚合物的湿度,结果如下表1
表1各型大分子聚合物水分测定结果
各种类型大分子聚合物吸附性能的比较——静态吸附试验
称取各种类型大分子聚合物5.0g,将各大分子聚合物装入10mL具塞三角瓶中,每份各加入100mL圆锥绣球水提取液(0.068g生药/mL药液),不时振摇,吸附24h,吸取一定量的静态吸附后的药液,测定香豆素苷的吸附率。然后将各份药液过滤,得到吸附后的大分子聚合物,在各份中加入50mL50%乙醇溶液解吸,过滤得到解吸液,定容至50mL。精密吸取各份解吸液,测定各份解吸液的香豆素苷的量并计算各型大分子聚合物的解吸附率。结果如表2所示。
表2.各种类型大分子聚合物吸附结果
以上数据可以看出,各种类型大分子聚合物的静态吸附性能如下所示:
HPD100〉HPD400〉D101〉DA201〉DM301〉AB-8〉DM130〉HPD600;
因此,选用HPD100形大分子聚合物,可以多吸附香豆素苷,提高生产效率,降低生产成本。
实施例3圆锥绣球总香豆素苷中的单体化合物制备和结构鉴定
取圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,进行硅胶柱(200-300目)色谱分离,用氯仿-甲醇-水(80:20:2)洗脱,得到8个洗脱部分(YAA-YAF)。YAD析出大量白色固体,即化合物YA-1,过滤,滤液继续采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、反相HPLC制备色谱得到化合物YA-2,YA-3。YAE析出大量白色固体,即化合物YA-5。YAF继续进行硅胶柱(200-300目)色谱分离,用氯仿-甲醇-水(80:20:2)洗脱,得到22个洗脱部分(Frc.1~Frc.11)。Frc.9进一步采用MPLC(5-50%CH3OH梯度洗脱)、反相HPLC制备色谱得到YA-4,YA-6,YA-7,YA-8。Frc.11进一步采用MPLC(5-50%CH3OH梯度洗脱)、反相HPLC制备色谱得到YA-9,YA-10。
化合物的理化参数如下:
1.化合物YA-1(茵芋苷)
白色固体。ESI-MS m/z:325[M+H]+。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:6.32(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-3),8.00(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4),7.64(1H,d,J=8.5Hz,H-5),7.04(1H,s,H-8),7.00(1H,d,J=8.5Hz,H-6),5.02(1H,d,J=7.0Hz,H-1′),3.13~3.71(6H,m,H-2′~6′)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),160.2(C-7),155.0(C-9),144.2(C-4),129.4(C-5),113.6(C-6),113.2(C-10),113.1(C-3),103.1(C-8),99.9(C-1′),77.1(C-3′),76.5(C-5′),73.1(C-2′),69.6(C-4′),60.6(C-6′)。
2.化合物YA-2(6-甲氧基香豆素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,东莨菪苷)
白色固体。ESI-MS m/z:355[M+H]+。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,300MHz)δ:7.95(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-4),7.28(1H,s,H-5),7.15(1H,s,H-8),6.32(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-3),5.08(1H,d,J=7.2Hz,H-1′),3.81(3H,s,OCH3-6),3.15~3.80(6H,m,H-2′~6′)。
3.化合物YA-3(8-甲氧基香豆素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。ESI-MS m/z:377[M+Na]+。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,300MHz)δ:7.97(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-4),7.38(1H,d,J=9.0Hz,H-5),7.17(1H,d,J=9.0Hz,H-6),6.32(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-3),5.01(1H,d,J=7.2Hz,H-1′),3.86(3H,s,OCH3-8),3.15~3.80(6H,m,H-2′~6′)。
4.化合物YA-4(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→6)-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。ESI-MS m/z 509[M+Na]+,995[2M+Na]+。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz)δ:7.98(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-4),7.64(1H,d,J=8.8Hz,H-5),7.09(1H,dd,J=8.8,2.4Hz,H-6),7.06(1H,d,J=2.4Hz,H-8),6.31(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-3),5.02(1H,d,J=7.2Hz,H-1′),4.17(1H,d,J=8.0Hz,H-1″),2.96~4.46(12H,m,H-2′~6′,2″~6″).13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),160.1(C-7),154.9(C-9),144.2(C-4),129.6(C-5),113.4(C-6),113.3(C-10),113.1(C-3),103.4(C-8),103.5(C-1″),99.9(C-1′),77.0(C-3′),76.7(C-3″),76.4(C-5′),75.6(C-5″),73.5(C-2′),73.1(C-2″),70.1(C-4′),69.5(C-4″),68.6(C-6′),61.1(C-6″)。
5.化合物YA-5(伞形花内酯7-O-β-D-芹糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。ESI-MS m/z:479[M+Na]+,457[M+H]+。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:7.98(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4),7.64(1H,d,J=9.0Hz,H-5),7.01(1H,overlapped,H-6),7.01(1H,brs,H-8),6.32(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-3),5.01(1H,d,J=7.5Hz,H-1′),4.97(1H,d,J=6.5Hz,OH-2″),4.79(1H,d,J=3.0Hz,H-1″),3.89(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4″),3.86(1H,brd,J=12.0Hz,H-6′),3.74(1H,dd,J=6.5,3.0Hz,H-2″),3.58(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4″),3.59(1H,m,H-5′),3.44(1H,dd,J=12.0,6.5Hz,H-6′),3.38(1H,overlapped,H-5″),3.29(1H,m,H-3′),25(1H,m,H-2′),3.28(1H,overlapped,H-5″),3.12(1H,m,H-4′)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),113.3(C-3),144.1(C-4),129.5(C-5),113.4(C-6),160.1(C-7),103.3(C-8),154.9(C-9),113.2(C-10),109.3(C-1″),99.9(C-1′),78.7(C-3″),76.4(C-3′),75.9(C-2″),75.5(C-5′),73.3(C-4″),73.0(C-2′),69.8(C-4′),67.5(C-6′),63.2(C-5″)。
6.化合物YA-6(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-槐糖苷)
白色固体。(c 0.09,MeOH)。ESI-MS m/z:487[M+H]+,509[M+Na]+,HR-ESI-MS m/z:487.1438[M+H]+,分子式为C21H26O13(C21H27O13计算值:487.1446)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:8.00(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-4),7.62(1H,d,J=8.4Hz,H-5),7.05(1H,dd,J=8.4,2.0Hz,H-6),7.07(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,H-8),6.32(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,H-3),5.15(1H,d,J=7.2Hz,H-1′),4.46(1H,d,J=7.6Hz,H-1″),3.71(1H,dd,J=10.0,5.6Hz,H-6b′),3.12~3.51(10H,overlapped,H-2′~5′,6a′,H-3″~6″),2.99(1H,m,H-2′).13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.3(C-2),113.1(C-3),144.3(C-4),129.3(C-5),113.9(C-6),160.1(C-7),103.4(C-8),154.9(C-9),113.3(C-10),104.7(C-1″),98.6(C-1′),82.8(C-2′),76.9(C-5′,5″),76.2(C-3″),75.8(C-3′),74.7(C-2″),69.6(C-4″),69.3(C-4′),60.6(C-6″),60.5(C-6′)。
7.化合物YA-7(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→3)-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。(c 0.08,MeOH)。ESI-MS m/z:487[M+H]+,509[M+Na]+,HR-ESI-MS m/z:487.1446[M+H]+,分子式为C21H26O13(C21H27O13计算值:487.1446)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:8.00(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4),7.65(1H,d,J=8.5Hz,H-5),7.01(1H,dd,J=8.5,2.0Hz,H-6),7.06(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,H-8),6.32(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-3),5.17(1H,d,J=7.0Hz,H-1′),4.36(1H,d,J=8.0Hz,H-1″),3.39(1H,dd,J=11.5,6.0Hz,H-6a″),3.04~3.70(11H,overlapped,H-2′~6′,H-2″~5″,6b″).13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.1(C-2),113.2(C-3),144.2(C-4),129.4(C-5),113.6(C-6),159.9(C-7),103.2(C-8),155.0(C-9),113.4(C-10),103.9(C-1″),99.2(C-1′),87.4(C-3′),76.9(C-5″),76.5(C-5′),76.0(C-3″),71.8(C-2′),73.8(C-2″),70.1(C-4″),68.0(C-4′),61.1(C-6″),60.4(C-6′)。
8.化合物YA-8(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→3)-[β-D-芹糖基-(1→6)]-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。(c 0.09,MeOH)。ESI-MS m/z:641[M+Na]+,657[M+K]+,HR-ESI-MS m/z 641.1680[M+Na]+,确定其分子式为C26H34O17(C26H34O17Na计算值:641.1688)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:7.99(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-4),7.65(1H,d,J=8.5Hz,H-5),7.03(1H,dd,J=8.5,2.0Hz,H-6),7.04(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,H-8),6.33(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,H-3),5.16(1H,d,J=7.5Hz,H-1′),4.79(1H,d,J=3.0Hz,Api-H-1),4.37(1H,d,J=7.5Hz,H-1″),3.59(1H,d,J=9.5Hz,Api-H-4a),3.40(1H,dd,J=11.5,6.0Hz,H-6a″),3.04~3.87(15H,overlapped,其余糖上氢信号)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),113.3(C-3),144.1(C-4),129.5(C-5),113.4(C-6),159.8(C-7),103.3(C-8),154.9(C-9),113.4(C-10),109.3(Api-C-1),104.0(C-1″),99.1(C-1′),87.2(C-3′),78.7(Api-C-3),76.9(C-5″),76.0(C-3″),75.9(Api-C-2),75.0(C-5′),73.8(C-2″),73.3(Api-C-4),71.8(C-2′),70.1(C-4″),68.2(C-4′),67.1(C-6′),63.2(Api-C-5),61.0(C-6″)。
9.化合物YA-9(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→2)-β-D-芹糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。(c 0.10,MeOH)。ESI-MS m/z:641[M+Na]+,657[M+K]+,通过HR-ESI-MS m/z 641.1691[M+Na]+,确定其分子式为C26H34O17(C26H34O17Na计算值:641.1688)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:7.98(1H,d,J=9.2Hz,H-4),7.65(1H,d,J=8.4Hz,H-5),7.00(1H,dd,J=8.4,2.0Hz,H-6),6.99(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,H-8),6.31(1H,d,J=9.2Hz,H-3),4.96(1H,d,J=7.5Hz,H-1′),4.99(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,Api-H-1),4.19(1H,d,J=7.6Hz,H-1″),3.90(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,Api-H-2),3.04(1H,m,H-5″),2.98(1H,m,H-2″),2.84(1H,m,H-3″),2.84~3.85(13H,overlapped,其余糖上氢信号)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),113.1(C-3),144.2(C-4),129.4(C-5),113.4(C-6),160.1(C-7),103.4(C-8),154.9(C-9),113.3(C-10),107.7(Api-C-1),103.4(C-1″),99.9(C-1′),83.7(Api-C-2),79.7(Api-C-3),76.6(C-3″),76.4(C-3′),76.1(C-5″),75.5(C-5′),73.7(Api-C-4),73.5(C-2″),73.0(C-2′),69.9(C-4′),69.1(C-4″),67.0(C-6′),63.9(Api-C-5),60.1(C-6″)。
10.化合物YA-10(伞形花内酯-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→5)-β-D-芹糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄糖苷)
白色固体。(c 0.11,MeOH)。ESI-MS给出准分子离子峰m/z 641[M+Na]+,657[M+K]+,通过HR-ESI-MS m/z 641.1680[M+Na]+,确定其分子式为C26H34O17(C26H34O17Na计算值:641.1688)。1H-NMR(DMSO-d6,500MHz)δ:7.99(1H,d,J=9.2Hz,H-4),7.65(1H,d,J=8.4Hz,H-5),7.02(1H,dd,J=8.4,2.0Hz,H-6),7.01(1H,d,J=2.0Hz,H-8),6.31(1H,d,J=9.2Hz,H-3),5.01(1H,d,J=7.2Hz,H-1′),4.81(1H,d,J=3.2Hz,Api-H-1),4.14(1H,d,J=7.6Hz,H-1″),3.91(1H,d,J=9.6Hz,Api-H-4b),3.86(1H,br d,J=10.8Hz,H-6b′),3.76(1H,d,J=3.2Hz,Api-H-2),3.73(1H,d,J=10.8Hz,Api-H-5b),3.42(1H,m,H-6a″),3.08(1H,m,H-4″),3.06(1H,m,H-5″),2.98(1H,m,H-2″),2.98~3.63(9H,overlapped,其余糖上氢信号)。13C-NMR(DMSO-d6,125MHz)δ:160.2(C-2),113.2(C-3),144.2(C-4),129.6(C-5),113.3(C-6),160.1(C-7),103.4(C-8),154.9(C-9),113.3(C-10),109.2(Api-C-1),103.3(C-1″),99.9(C-1′),77.6(Api-C-3),76.8(C-5″),76.5(Api-C-2),76.5(C-3″),76.4(C-3′),75.5(C-5′),73.4(Api-C-4),73.4(C-2″),73.0(C-2′),71.3(Api-C-5),70.0(C-4″),69.7(C-4′),67.8(C-6′),60.9(C-6″)。
实施例4:圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP)对顺铂致小鼠急性肾功能损伤的影响
实验目的:观察圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对顺铂造成小鼠急性肾损伤的影响。
实验材料:
受试药物:圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP),及茵芋苷,均采用0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠配成实验所需浓度混悬液。
阳性对照药:苯那普利(Benazepril Hydrochloride),ACEI诺华制药产品,批号:03073氯沙坦(Losartan postassium),AT1RA杭州默沙东制药有限公司,批号:S1241。顺铂(DDP)原料药:山东齐鲁制药提供。
动物:昆明种小鼠,雄性,体重16-18g,由中国医学科学院实验动物研究所实验动物繁育场提供,II级,合格证号:SCXK(京)2002-0001。饲养条件:屏障级动物房饲养,合格证号:SYXK(京)2000-0018。标准饲养盒内喂养,每盒5只,盒内保持清洁干燥,房间定时通风消毒,光照时间8:00-20:00,室温20-26℃,湿度40-70%。饲料:清洁级繁殖鼠料,军事医学科学院实验动物中心,生产许可证号:SCXK-(军)2002-001。
血清生化检测试剂盒:北京北化精细化学品有限责任公司产品。
主要仪器:WELLSCAN MK3型酶标仪;德国SIGMA3K 15离心机;TGL-16G冷冻离心机,上海安亭科学仪器厂;旋涡混合器,美国Bohemia N.Y公司。
实验方法:
取雄性昆明种小鼠,16g-18g,按体重随机分为溶剂对照组和顺铂模型组、阳性对照药Losartan组、圆锥绣球总香豆素苷给药组,每组8只。对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,顺铂以生理盐水溶解,腹腔注射,按7mg/kg。以上各给药体积均为0.4ml/20g,于注射顺铂前2天开始给药,注射顺铂后第3天分别眼球取血,用试剂盒检测血清BUN、Scr。处死动物,并称体重。
实验结果:
顺铂造成的小鼠急性肾损伤模型,BUN和Scr指标明显升高,各受试物组对于顺铂所造成的小鼠急性肾损伤BUN升高均具有不同程度的抑制作用,但以圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的作用为佳。
表20-4.茵芋苷和HP对顺铂造成的小鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用(造模后3天)
#P<0.05,与阴性对照组比较;*P<0.05,与顺铂组比较。
实施例5茵芋苷和绣球苷对次黄嘌呤核苷磷酸脱氢酶(inosine monophosphatedehydrogenase,IMPDH)的酶活性抑制作用。
次黄嘌呤核苷磷酸脱氢酶是开发免疫抑制药物的一个重要靶点,它是嘌呤核苷酸从头合成途径的关键限速酶,抑制了这个酶的活性,可以使鸟嘌呤核苷酸的合成减少。绝大多数体细胞仍可以通过补救途径来利用嘌呤核苷酸,但是淋巴细胞不能通过补救途径,只能通过从头合成途径,因此,对这个酶的抑制,可以有效抑制T/B淋巴细胞的合成,产生显著的免疫抑制效果。
圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP)在动物实验中展现出了良好的免疫抑制效果,为了研究其免疫抑制的药理靶点,我们体外构建了针对IMPDH的酶学筛选体系,筛选原理简单描述如图2。
茵芋苷和绣球苷IMPDH酶学抑制活性检测
实施例6圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的小鼠急性毒性实验
圆锥绣球总香豆素苷急性毒性试验,试验根据SFDA“药物单次给药毒性研究技术指导原则”进行。圆锥绣球总香豆素苷溶于0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液,本品易溶于该溶液。
本次急性毒性(Acute toxicity)所使用小鼠品系为昆明小鼠和C57品系小鼠,雌雄各5只,初始体重为16-18g。根据药监局推荐的最大给药剂量,我们使用了5g/kg的给药剂量,单次口服给药,观察一周内动物的反应情况。
本次单次给药毒性试验严格按照《药物非临床研究质量管理规范》(GLP)执行。
单次给药毒性试验符合动物试验的一般基本原则,即随机、对照和重复,除5g/kg给药组外,还设置了相同条件小鼠作为溶剂对照组(给予同体积的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液)。
观察时间与指标
给药后,一般连续观察至少14天,每天都进行观察,尤其注意毒性反应的出现时间及恢复时间、动物死亡时间等。
观察指标包括临床症状(如动物外观、行为、饮食、对刺激的反应、分泌物、排泄物等)、死亡情况(死亡时间、濒死前反应等)、体重变化(给药前、观察期结束时各称重一次,观察期间可多次称重,动物死亡或濒死时应称重)等。记录所有的死亡情况,出现的症状以及症状的起始时间、严重程度、持续时间,体重变化等。详细的观察指标见后面的附录。
结果分析与评价
整个急性毒性试验过程中,未见到小鼠有任何异常现象,未见到任何附录中所提及任何不良观察指证,同口服溶剂的对照组相比,体重没有见到显著性的差异。详见表3。
表3.急性毒性试验中,各组小鼠体重比较
急性毒性试验初步证实,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷具有良好的安全性,即使在5g/kg的剂量下,单次给药未见任何毒性反应。
结论:圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在小鼠一次灌胃给药的MTD为5g/kg。
实施例7圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP)对观察圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤的保护作用
实验目的:观察圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤的保护作用,推测其有免疫抑制的作用。
实验材料:
药物及试剂:
受试药物:圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,褐色粉末,微溶于水,用0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠配成实验所需浓度混悬液。实验中所采用的剂量均以圆锥绣球总香豆素苷重量表示。
阳性对照药:氯沙坦(Losartan postassium),AT1RA,杭州默沙东制药有限公司,批号:H2006D371。霉酚酸酯(商品名:骁溪,Mycophenolate Mofetil,MMF),上海罗氏制药有限公司生产,批号:SH0013。弗氏不完全佐剂购自Sigma公司;小牛血清白蛋白V组分购自Roche公司;无水乙二胺(EDA)、碳化二亚胺(EDC)购自北京化学试剂公司,均为分析纯试剂。
实验动物:
雌性SD大鼠,160-180g,由北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司提供,SPF级,合格证号SCXK(京)2007-0001。动物饲养在屏障级动物房,合格证号:SYXK(京)2004-0001;标准饲养盒内喂养,每盒2只,盒内保持清洁干燥,房间定时通风消毒,自然光照,室温23-25℃,湿度40-70%。饲料:清洁级繁殖鼠料,北京科奥协力饲料有限公司,生产许可证号:京动(2000)第015号。
血清生化检测试剂盒:北京北化精细化学品有限责任公司产品。
主要仪器:WELLSCAN MK3型酶标仪;德国SIGMA3K 15离心机;TGL-16G冷冻离心机,上海安亭科学仪器厂;旋涡混合器,美国Bohemia N.Y公司。Millipore纯水仪,Millipore公司;DSHZ-300多用途水浴恒温震荡器,江苏太仓实验仪器厂;HY-4型调速多用震荡器,常州国华电器有限公司;BESN-II多通道动物无创测血压系统,南京德赛生物技术有限公司提供。
实验方法:
1.阳离子化小牛血清蛋白(C-BSA)的制备
参考Border方法,用67ml EDA加500mL双蒸水,然后缓慢加入6mol/L盐酸350ml,调pH至4.75,保持溶液在25℃;将5g BSA溶解于25mL双蒸水,再将此溶液缓慢加入EDA溶液,不断搅拌,使液温恒定25℃,加入1.8g EDC;2h后用pH为4.75的醋酸缓冲液30mL终止反应,即得等电点提高的C-BSA溶液。用4℃双蒸水透析72h(每3至5h换水)C-BSA溶液,冷冻干燥,得等电点(PI)为8.4以上的C-BSA粉剂,保存于-70℃备用。
2.C-BSA肾炎大鼠模型的复制及实验分组
参考Border方法进行模型复制。选取雌性SD大鼠200只,体重160-180g,随机分为10组。除正常对照组10只,不作任何处理,正常饲养外,其余各组大鼠均分别取C-BSA 1.0mg与佛氏不完全佐剂0.1ml混均,大鼠皮下多点注射预免疫。每只大鼠预免疫1周后,每只注射C-BSA,先腹腔注射1周过渡,第1天至第7天的剂量依次为1.0mg、1.0mg、2.0mg、2.0mg、4.0mg、4.0mg、5.0mg。第2周起,每次在灭菌条件下尾静脉注射5.0mg C-BSA,两周后,检测各组大鼠的24h尿白蛋白排出量,以24h尿白蛋白排出量与对照组相比升高5倍作为模型成功的标准,选出造模成功大鼠,随机进行试验分组,每组10只,实验分组为:正常对照组;模型对照组;Losartan 20mg/kg阳性药物对照组;霉酚酸酯(MMF)20mg/kg阳性药物对照组;圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(HP-T)45mg/kg治疗组。实验各组每日灌胃给药,每周给药6天,正常组与模型组给予等体积的溶剂。
3.肾脏病理评价方法
①肾小球细胞计数:在H.E染色切片上计数肾小球细胞数,肾小球细胞数包括肾小球内皮细胞、系膜细胞和足细胞。每例在肾皮质内侧带随机分别计数5个小球内的细胞数,然后计算各组动物肾小球细胞平均数和标准差(±SD),经t检验分别与模型组进行比较。
②肾小球系膜基质增生或基底膜增厚:在PAS-M染色切片上在每只动物肾脏皮质内侧带随机分别计数10个肾小球。在10个肾小球中有几个肾小球为小球系膜增生或小球基底膜增厚,然后计算每组有病变的小球平均数和标准差/10个肾小球(±SD),经t检验分别与模型组进行比较。
③肾小管和间质病变,包括小管扩张、透明管型、间质炎性细胞浸润、纤维组织增生和肾盂黏膜病变等。各项观察指标根据轻、中、重度打分,求各组病变积分平均数和标准差(±SD),经t检验分别与模型组进行比较。
4.免疫组织化学实验方法
兔抗大鼠IgG抗体、生物素化的羊抗兔二抗及HRP标记的链亲和素、胃蛋白酶、二步法免疫组化检测试剂、显色试剂盒(DAB kit)均购自北京中山生物技术公司。IL-1β和IL-6抗体购自博士德公司。
主要仪器:德国SIGMA3K-15离心机;TGL-16G冷冻离心机,上海安亭科学仪器厂;JJT-900/1300超净工作台,北京半导体设备一厂;旋涡混合器,美国Bohemia N.Y公司。Image-pro Plus图像分析系统,美国Kodak公司产品;C-4040ZOOM型Olympus数码相机及PlympusBX51正置显微镜,Olympus公司产品;Photo-2双头显微镜,日本Nikon公司;RM2035石蜡切片机,德国Leica公司产品。
具体方法参照《分子克隆》免疫组织化学相关章节的方法,检测样本肾小球中IgG沉积、IL-1β和IL-6的表达情况,每组样品染色时均同批进行空白对照、正常兔血清替代一抗对照染色。
观察指标及分析方法,在光学显微镜下按单盲法观察全部病理切片,记录各组的病理所见,并对以下病理指标进行半定量评分:
IgG在肾小球的沉积和IL-1β和IL-6在肾小球的表达:随机选取9-16个含肾小球的高倍视野(200倍),应用Image-Pro.Plus 5.0软件进行肾小球阳性区域分析。
5.观察项目
(1)生化指标:在给药第28天收集各大鼠24h尿液,进行尿白蛋白定量实验及检测尿肌酐含量,同时停止尾静脉注射C-BSA,给药后30天,从眼眶静脉取血,检测血清肌酐和尿素氮含量,检测采用市售生化试剂盒(北京北化)。
(2)组织学观察:于给药后30天称量大鼠体重,处死大鼠取肾、脾称重,计算肾脏系数以及脾脏系数。肾脏组织分成两份,分别用10%中性福尔马林溶液固定和-70℃冷冻保存。固定组织进行HE染色,观察肾脏病理改变;PASM染色,观察肾小球基底膜、系膜病变。
(3)免疫组织化学方法检测圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球部位IgG沉积,IL-1和IL-6表达的影响。
实验结果
1.生化检测
研究结果表明,大鼠经皮下注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白+佛氏不完全佐剂预免疫后,每日尾静脉注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白,2周后造成大鼠免疫性膜性肾病模型。之后维持每日尾静脉注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白并同时灌胃给予阳性对照药Losartan和霉酚酸酯以及不同剂量的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷。生化指标表明,阳离子化牛血清白蛋白致大鼠免疫性肾损伤模型组24h尿白蛋白(P<0.01)、血肌酐(P<0.05)、血尿素氮(P<0.05)明显增高,尿肌酐和肌酐清除率均明显降低(P<0.05)。阳性对照药霉酚酸酯和洛沙坦可降低24h尿白蛋白水平(P<0.05);圆锥绣球总香豆素苷(45mg/kg)可显著降低免疫性肾损伤大鼠24h尿白蛋白水平(P<0.05),同时可显著降低血肌酐和尿素氮水平(P<0.05),同时增加尿肌酐浓度和肌酐清除率(P<0.05),且45mg/kg剂量的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷强于所用剂量的阳性对照药。详见表4。
表4.圆锥绣球总香豆素苷给药1个月对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤的保护作用
n=10)
#P<0.05;##P<0.01,模型组与对照组比较;*:P<0.05,**:P<0.01,与模型组比较。
2.肾脏病理检查结果
(1)正常对照组:
在10例大鼠肾脏中,99%肾小球细胞数在100个以内,平均为72.92±12.52,与模型组相比差异非常显著(p<0.01),只有个别小球系膜基质增生或基底膜增厚,平均为0.30±0.48/10个肾小球。与模型组相比差异非常显著(p<0.01)正常组动物肾小管未见明显病变,见表5。
(2)模型组和各给药组动物肾小球病变病理观察
模型组大鼠经皮下注射阳离子化牛血清白蛋白+佛氏不完全佐剂诱导免疫性肾病模型,经组织病理学检查显示,该组肾脏病变特点表现为肾小球细胞增生,肾小球系膜基质增生和小球毛细血管基底膜增厚,小球体积增大。无论是模型组或造模+给药组,其小球细胞数均比正常对照组增加,其中模型组与阳性药Losartan组和霉酚酸酯组以数相近,洛沙坦和霉酚酸酯在本次实验中用到的剂量下并未对肾小球细胞增生有显著改善(见表7)。圆锥绣球总香豆素苷45mg/kg组小球细胞数低于模型组,经t检验有非常明显差异(p<0.01)。小球系膜基质增生或基底膜增厚表现为基质多数呈团块状增生,附着在基底膜上。基底膜多数为局灶或节段性增厚,或部分小球基底膜呈弥漫性增厚,毛细血管管腔缩小或闭塞,有的小球呈分叶状,或小球硬化。在发生硬化的肾小球中小球细胞数有所减少,呈均质玻璃样变。本实验小球硬化较少。由表5可见模型组肾小球系膜基质增生或基底膜增厚在4-5个/10个小球或40-50%以上。阳性药Losartan组和霉酚酸酯组也分别在50%和30%以上发生病变。其中Losartan(20mg/kg)组有3例动物肾脏大多数肾小球系膜细胞增生,系膜基质增生和基底膜增厚,小球玻璃样变性有的小球囊壁增厚,与小球粘连。而圆锥绣球总香豆素苷给药组小球病变数明显低于模型组和阳性对照药组,分别与模型组相比有非常显著差异(p<0.01)。
表5.肾小球细胞数和系膜基质增生或基底膜增厚的小球数
*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01,分别与模型组比较
(3)模型组和各给药组动物肾小管和间质病变病理观察(见表6)
肾小管和间质病变包括小管扩张、透明管型、间质炎性细胞浸润、纤维增生及肾盂黏膜病变。各组经病变积分显示,模型组病变积分为0.90±0.94,其他包括阳性对照药组,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷45mg/kg组,其病变积分分别为Losartan(20mg/kg)组2.04±2.43,霉酚酸酯组0.90±0.57,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷45mg/kg组0.64±0.67。因个体差异较大,与模型组相比均未见显著差异(p>0.05)。
表6.模型组和各给药组肾小管和间质病变积分
3.圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对IgG沉积,IL-1和IL-6在肾小球表达的影响
阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)诱发大鼠免疫肾损伤模型组大鼠肾小球中IgG沉积非常明显,呈现深棕色染色。阳性对照药Losartan和霉酚酸酯(MMF)及圆锥绣球总香豆素苷各组均较模型组显著减弱,但圆锥绣球总香豆素苷剂量组为最明显(图3和表7)。C-BSA诱发大鼠免疫肾损伤模型组大鼠肾小球中IL-1β和IL-6均阳性表达,呈深棕色染色。霉酚酸酯和圆锥绣球总香豆素苷大剂量可明显减弱IL-1β(图4和表8)和IL-6(图5和表9)的表达,提示大剂量圆锥绣球总香豆素苷可抑制由C-BSA所诱发的大鼠免疫性肾损伤,其作用强度与所用剂量的阳性对照药霉酚酸酯相当。
表7圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IgG沉积的影响
注:**P<0.01,与对照组比较;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,与模型组比较。
表8圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IL-1β沉积的影响
注:**P<0.01,与对照组比较;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,与模型组比较。
表9圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对C-BSA所致大鼠免疫性肾损伤肾小球中IL-6沉积的影响
注:*P<0.05,与对照组比较;#P<0.05,##P<0.01,与模型组比较。
结论:
圆锥绣球总香豆素苷对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白所致免疫性肾病大鼠肾损伤有显著改善作用。可以显著提高肾脏的肌酐清除率,降低尿蛋白。肾脏组织病理学检查显示,圆锥绣球总香豆素苷45mg/kg对阳离子化牛血清白蛋白所致免疫性肾病大鼠的肾小球系膜细胞及毛细血管基底膜增厚有一定的抑制作用,对系膜基质增厚均有明显的抑制作用。
Claims (10)
1.一种从圆锥绣球中提取的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,其特征在于,其中含有50%以上总香豆素苷,并且至少包含下述10种化合物:
2.根据权利要求1所述的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,其特征在于,总香豆素苷纯度为65%。
3.一种圆锥绣球总香豆素苷的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(a)圆锥绣球枝条粉碎后,用溶剂提取,浓缩,得到浸膏;所述的溶剂是水、醇类、或水与醇类的混合物;
(b)浸膏用10-20倍体积水溶解后用吸附聚合材料HPD100或HP2MGL进行柱层析,用水和水醇类混合流动相洗脱,收集水醇类混合流动相洗脱部分,得到圆锥绣球总香豆素苷,
获得的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷中至少包含下述10种香豆素苷类化合物,结构式如下:
4.根据权利要求3的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(b)所述水醇类混合流动相为10-25%的乙醇水溶液。
5.根据权利要求3-4任一项的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(b)可重复进行1-3次,每次为浸膏用10-20倍体积水溶解后用新型的吸附聚合材料HPD100或HP2MGL进行柱层析,用水和水醇类混合流动相洗脱,收集水醇类混合流动相洗脱部分,得到圆锥绣球总香豆素苷。
6.权利要求3-5中任一项所述制备方法制备得到的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷。
7.一种药物组合物,其特征在于,含有权利要求1、2或6任一项所述的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷及药学上可接受的载体。
8.根据权利要求7所述的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述药物组合物的剂型选自片剂、胶囊、丸剂、注射剂、缓释制剂、控释制剂、微粒给药系统。
9.权利要求1、2或6任一项所述的的圆锥绣球总香豆素苷在制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾病、高血压肾损伤、糖尿病肾损伤的药物中的应用。
10.权利要求7或8任一项所述的药物组合物在制备预防和/或治疗免疫性肾病、高血压肾损伤、糖尿病肾损伤的药物中的应用。
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