CN106978378A - A kind of microbial straw leavening and the method using its fermented stalk - Google Patents
A kind of microbial straw leavening and the method using its fermented stalk Download PDFInfo
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- CN106978378A CN106978378A CN201710406775.2A CN201710406775A CN106978378A CN 106978378 A CN106978378 A CN 106978378A CN 201710406775 A CN201710406775 A CN 201710406775A CN 106978378 A CN106978378 A CN 106978378A
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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Abstract
The invention belongs to technical field of bioengineering, there is provided a kind of microbial straw leavening and the method for utilizing its fermented stalk, the microbial straw leavening includes aerobic bacterium leavening agent and anaerobe fermentation agent, and the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is existing stalk on-site incineration, pollutes air, and data is wasted, and it is low that stalk is used as feed efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of bioengineering, in particular it relates to a kind of microbial straw leavening and utilize its hair
The method of ferment stalk.
Background technology
China is large agricultural country, and stalk resource enriches, and agricultural crop straw is a kind of important living resources, can be passed through
Diversified forms trans-utilization.But, in recent years, with the transformation of tillage method work, life style, crops straw returning field effect
It is undesirable, cause peasant's crop straw burning phenomenon to remain incessant after repeated prohibition.Crop straw burning phenomenon is extremely serious, severe contamination environment, causes
Haze weather, directly affects traffic safety and resident living, and stalk, which is prohibited, burns imperative.
Crops Straw Silage has many benefits：Nutritive loss is few, is usually no more than 10%, digestible vitamin, albumen
The rich in nutrition content such as matter, fat, the sour-sweet fragrance of smell, digestibility is high, and palatability is good, can increase appetite, promotes digestion, is available for
The four seasons feed.If the 60%-65% of stalk is used as into feed, the 80% of the roughage requirement such as China ox, sheep, horse can be met.
At present, quantity of the stalk as feed is smaller, and its main cause is：
1. it is of low nutritive value, main performance protein content is low；
2. digestibility is low, and main cause is：Wooden content is high, and lignin and cellulose, which are combined to form, a kind of fine and close inlays knot
Structure, forms protective layer on available nutrients surface, limits the digestion of internal nutrients.Stalk epidermis film and wax coat harm
Hinder the digestion of stalk.The restricted effect of the digestion of base horny layer of epidermis and silica cells to stalk.Crystallization is formed between cellulosic molecule
Utilization to stalk is provided with obstacle.
The content of the invention
For defect of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved in the present invention is existing stalk on-site incineration, pollution
Air, data is wasted, and it is low that stalk is used as feed efficiency.The present invention provides a kind of stalk fully can ferment and is used as micro- life of feed
Thing stover ferment agent and the method using its fermented stalk.
A kind of microbial straw leavening provided according to an aspect of the present invention, the microbial straw leavening includes
Oxygen bacterium leavening agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
18-25 parts, 23-29 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
18-22 parts, 23-25 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
19 parts, 24 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, at 18-34 DEG C
Under the conditions of cultivate to covering with mycelia, mycelium inoculation is entered to expand culture to culture medium under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and cover with
Mycelia, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia, is produced.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8-1.5, the stalk after adding water
It is layered on cement pit or ground, often spreads the thick stalks of 10-20cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, use plastics
Film is bound, and surrounding is obturaged, compressed, sealing；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 23-25 days summer, 25-32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-8%.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect：
（1）The present invention is by the microbe leaven including aerobic bacterium leavening agent and anaerobe fermentation agent, wherein the aerobic bacteria is sent out
Ferment agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus, for fermented stalk, will
Stalk, which fully ferments, is used as feed, improves stalk efficiency, solves existing stalk on-site incineration and brings pollution air, data
The problems such as waste；
（2）Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium by the present invention, is cultivated under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C to mycelia is covered with, mycelia is connect
Plant to expand to cultivate under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and cover with mycelia to culture medium, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with culture medium
Expand culture at 18-34 DEG C and cover with mycelia to culture medium, produce aerobic bacterium leavening agent, supported by expanding the good of culture preparation several times
Leavening, activity is high；
（3）The stalk fermentation method of the present invention：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8-
1.5, the stalk after adding water is layered on cement pit or ground, is often spread the thick stalks of 10-20cm and is spilt a microbial straw leavening, layer
It is laminated after reality, is bound with plastic sheeting, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, is sealed；Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, summer 23-25
My god, 25-32 days autumn and winter；With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-8%.Method is simple, mild condition, it is not necessary to
Additional chemical agent, environmental protection.
Embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is expanded on further.It should be understood that these embodiments are merely to illustrate the present invention
Rather than limitation the scope of the present invention.
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is existing stalk on-site incineration, pollutes air, and data is wasted, and stalk is used as
Feed efficiency is low.The present invention is provided a kind of stalk fully can ferment and is used as the microbial straw leavening of feed and is sent out using it
The method of ferment stalk.
A kind of microbial straw leavening provided according to an aspect of the present invention, the microbial straw leavening includes
Oxygen bacterium leavening agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
18-25 parts, 23-29 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
18-22 parts, 23-25 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
19 parts, 24 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, at 18-34 DEG C
Under the conditions of cultivate to covering with mycelia, mycelium inoculation is entered to expand culture to culture medium under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and cover with
Mycelia, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia, is produced.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8-1.5, the stalk after adding water
It is layered on cement pit or ground, often spreads the thick stalks of 10-20cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, use plastics
Film is bound, and surrounding is obturaged, compressed, sealing；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 23-25 days summer, 25-32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-8%.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect：
（1）The present invention is by the microbe leaven including aerobic bacterium leavening agent and anaerobe fermentation agent, wherein the aerobic bacteria is sent out
Ferment agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus, for fermented stalk, will
Stalk, which fully ferments, is used as feed, improves stalk efficiency, solves existing stalk on-site incineration and brings pollution air, data
The problems such as waste；
（2）Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium by the present invention, is cultivated under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C to mycelia is covered with, mycelia is connect
Plant to expand to cultivate under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and cover with mycelia to culture medium, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with culture medium
Expand culture at 18-34 DEG C and cover with mycelia to culture medium, produce aerobic bacterium leavening agent, supported by expanding the good of culture preparation several times
Leavening, activity is high；
（3）The stalk fermentation method of the present invention：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8-
1.5, the stalk after adding water is layered on cement pit or ground, is often spread the thick stalks of 10-20cm and is spilt a microbial straw leavening, layer
It is laminated after reality, is bound with plastic sheeting, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, is sealed；Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, summer 23-25
My god, 25-32 days autumn and winter；With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-8%.Method is simple, mild condition, it is not necessary to
Additional chemical agent, environmental protection.
Embodiment 1
A kind of microbial straw leavening that on the one hand the present embodiment provides, the microbial straw leavening is sent out including aerobic bacteria
Ferment agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
25 parts, 23 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, in 34 DEG C of conditions
Mycelium inoculation is entered to expand to cultivate to culture medium under the conditions of 34 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia by lower culture to mycelia is covered with, will
Mycelia, which continues to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 34 DEG C in culture medium, covers with mycelia, produces.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：1.5, the stalk after adding water is layered on
On cement pit or ground, often spread the thick stalks of 10-20cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, use plastic sheeting
Bind, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, seal；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 25 days summers, 25 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5%.
Embodiment 2
A kind of microbial straw leavening that on the one hand the present embodiment provides, the microbial straw leavening is sent out including aerobic bacteria
Ferment agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
18 parts, 29 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, in 18 DEG C of conditions
Mycelium inoculation is entered to expand to cultivate to culture medium under the conditions of 18 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia by lower culture to mycelia is covered with, will
Mycelia, which continues to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 18 DEG C in culture medium, covers with mycelia, produces.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8, the stalk after adding water is layered on
On cement pit or ground, often spread the thick stalks of 20cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, sealed with plastic sheeting
Top, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, and is sealed；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 23 days summers, 32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 127 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 8%.
Embodiment 3
A kind of microbial straw leavening that on the one hand the present embodiment provides, the microbial straw leavening is sent out including aerobic bacteria
Ferment agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
19 parts, 24 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, in 24 DEG C of conditions
Mycelium inoculation is entered to expand to cultivate to culture medium under the conditions of 24 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia by lower culture to mycelia is covered with, will
Mycelia, which continues to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 24 DEG C in culture medium, covers with mycelia, produces.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.9, the stalk after adding water is layered on
On cement pit or ground, often spread the thick stalks of 15cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, sealed with plastic sheeting
Top, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, and is sealed；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 25 days summers, 32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 129 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 6%.
Embodiment 4
A kind of microbial straw leavening that on the one hand the present embodiment provides, the microbial straw leavening is sent out including aerobic bacteria
Ferment agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
19 parts, 23 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, in 18 DEG C of conditions
Mycelium inoculation is entered to expand to cultivate to culture medium under the conditions of 34 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia by lower culture to mycelia is covered with, will
Mycelia, which continues to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 34 DEG C in culture medium, covers with mycelia, produces.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：1.5, the stalk after adding water is layered on
On cement pit or ground, often spread the thick stalks of 15cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, sealed with plastic sheeting
Top, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, and is sealed；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 25 days summers, 32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 8%.
Embodiment 5
A kind of microbial straw leavening that on the one hand the present embodiment provides, the microbial straw leavening is sent out including aerobic bacteria
Ferment agent and anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucor leavening.
Preferably, described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid bacteria fermenting agent.
Preferably, described microbial straw leavening is mixed using Mucor, the lactic acid bacteria of following parts by weight：Mucor
19 parts, 24 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
Preferably, the aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method is：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, at 18-34 DEG C
Under the conditions of cultivate to covering with mycelia, mycelium inoculation is entered to expand culture to culture medium under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and cover with
Mycelia, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with to expand to cultivate to culture medium at 18-34 DEG C in culture medium and covers with mycelia, is produced.
On the one hand a kind of method using its fermented stalk provided, the method using its fermented stalk includes as follows
Step：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：1.4, the stalk after adding water is layered on
On cement pit or ground, often spread the thick stalks of 19cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, sealed with plastic sheeting
Top, surrounding is obturaged, compressed, and is sealed；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 23 days summers, 32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-7%.
The specific embodiment of the present invention is described above.It is to be appreciated that the invention is not limited in above-mentioned specific
Embodiment, those skilled in the art can make various deformations or amendments within the scope of the claims, and this has no effect on this
The substantive content of invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of microbial straw leavening, it is characterised in that the microbial straw leavening include aerobic bacterium leavening agent and
Anaerobe fermentation agent,
The aerobic bacterium leavening agent is Mucoraceae strain or aspergillus bacterium leavening；
The anaerobe fermentation agent is lactobacillus.
2. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the aerobic bacterium leavening agent is sent out for Mucor
Ferment agent.
3. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described anaerobe fermentation agent is lactic acid
Bacterium leavening agent.
4. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described microbial straw leavening is adopted
Mixed with the Mucor of following parts by weight, lactic acid bacteria：18-25 parts of Mucor, 23-29 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
5. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described microbial straw leavening is adopted
Mixed with the Mucor of following parts by weight, lactic acid bacteria：18-22 parts of Mucor, 23-25 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
6. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described microbial straw leavening is adopted
Mixed with the Mucor of following parts by weight, lactic acid bacteria：19 parts of Mucor, 24 parts of lactic acid bacteria.
7. microbial straw leavening according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The aerobic bacterium leavening agent preparation method
For：Mucor strain is seeded on culture medium, is cultivated under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C to mycelia is covered with, mycelium inoculation is entered into culture medium
In expand culture under the conditions of 18-34 DEG C and cover with mycelia to culture medium, mycelia is continued to be inoculated with culture medium in 18-34 DEG C of expansion
Big culture covers with mycelia to culture medium, produces.
8. the method for its fermented stalk is utilized as described in claim any one of 1-7, it is characterised in that：Comprise the following steps：
Step（1）：The stalk for rejecting impurity and rotten person of going rotten is taken, dries standby；
Step（2）：Using shredding machine by step（1）The stalk got ready is switched to 1-2cm；
Step（3）：Added water into stalk, the weight ratio of amount of water and stalk is stalk：Water=1：0.8-1.5, the stalk after adding water
It is layered on cement pit or ground, often spreads the thick stalks of 10-20cm and spill a microbial straw leavening, after being compacted layer by layer, use plastics
Film is bound, and surrounding is obturaged, compressed, sealing；
Step（4）：Material after sealing enters fermentation stage, 23-25 days summer, 25-32 days autumn and winter；
Step（5）：With 127-130 DEG C of pneumatic conveying drying, material moisture is 5-8%.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107286941A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-10-24 | 河海大学 | A kind of Sea beach soil increase precipitation infiltration and bio-based covering material of reduction surface evaporation and preparation method thereof |
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| JP2001078675A (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2001-03-27 | Kyowa Shoji Kk | Straw treated with effective microorganisms and treatment of straw |
| CN102578441A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2012-07-18 | 李绩 | Method for producing silage using compound microorganism fermentation straws |
| CN103232944A (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2013-08-07 | 南京林业大学 | Microorganism bacterium agent for straw and excrement mixed composting |
| CN105274016A (en) * | 2014-06-09 | 2016-01-27 | 济源市国龙生物科技有限公司 | Microbial straw fermentation agent and method for producing straw forage by utilizing fermentation agent |
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| CN107286941A (en) * | 2017-06-02 | 2017-10-24 | 河海大学 | A kind of Sea beach soil increase precipitation infiltration and bio-based covering material of reduction surface evaporation and preparation method thereof |
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