CN106881022A - 多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜与其形成方法 - Google Patents
多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜与其形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,包括:混合含氟高分子、多功能性造孔剂与溶剂,形成混合物;以及将混合物成膜后,移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂,以形成多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中造孔剂的结构为:R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,且A是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合;其中溶剂的结构为:本发明还提供一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜。本发明的形成方法制得的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜可有效提高MD通量。
Description
技术领域
本发明关于多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,更特别关于制备多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜所用的多功能性造孔剂。
背景技术
薄膜蒸馏(membrane distillation,MD)技术是控制薄膜两侧流体的温度梯度以形成的蒸气压差为驱动力,使高温侧进水的水蒸气分子经由薄膜孔洞传输到低温侧并凝结成液体,以分离进水中溶盐。MD研究上所使用的薄膜材料,需兼顾高孔隙率与疏水性。PVDF是常使用材料。过去制作多孔性PVDF薄膜需加入造孔剂,其角色在于调控薄膜成型时凝结剂(一般为水)与溶剂之间的相转换机制,达成PVDF膜材的多孔要求。造孔剂一般使用离子化合物、界面活性剂、亲水性高分子等,各有其缺点。以离子化合物或亲水性高分子为疏水高分子薄膜的造孔剂,具有降低高分子薄膜疏水性的缺点。以界面活性剂为疏水高分子薄膜的造孔剂,具有形成大孔洞的缺点。
综上所述,目前亟需新的造孔剂形成疏水性多孔膜以应用于MD中。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其所制得的高分子膜可基本上克服现有技术中应用于MD的高分子薄膜的种种缺陷,可有效提高MD通量。
本发明一实施例提供的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,包括:混合含氟高分子、造孔剂与溶剂,形成混合物;以及将混合物成膜后,移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂,以形成多孔含氟高分子膜,其中造孔剂的结构为:R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,且A是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合;其中溶剂的结构为:
本发明一实施例提供的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,是含氟高分子经由造孔剂处理而成,且具有β晶相,其中造孔剂的结构为:R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,且A是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合。
本发明的优点在于:本发明的形成方法是采用适量的造孔剂制备PVDF膜,由此制得的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜可有效提高MD通量。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例2中的薄膜蒸馏装置的示意图;
图2A至图2E是本发明实施例1-1~1-5中的PVDF膜的SEM图;
图3是本发明实施例1-1~1-5中的PVDF膜的傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)光谱;
其中,符号说明:
30多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜; 32蒸汽;
33进料端; 35收集端;
109浓水; 113薄膜蒸馏装置;
117淡水。
具体实施方式
在一实施例中,本发明提供一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,包括:混合含氟高分子、多功能性造孔剂与溶剂,形成混合物。多功能性造孔剂为有机盐化合物,其结构如式1所示:
在式1中,R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,而A是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合。上述多功能性造孔剂具有离子液体特性。藉由改变其阳离子部份的有机官能基(R1)及阴离子(A)的种类,可具有不同的界面活性性质。由于NMP(N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮)是薄膜造孔过程中常使用的溶剂,多功能性造孔剂具备可调控含氟高分子/NMP溶液与造孔剂互溶行为,且藉由调控不同造孔剂结构,可获得所需孔洞大小、疏水特性、与结晶性的薄膜。
在一实施例中,溶剂的结构如式2所示:
式2的分子即所谓的NMP。藉由选择这一溶剂搭配造孔剂,可调整含氟高分子的孔洞大小与疏水特性。上述造孔剂不仅具备结构设计调控多元的优点,且制程简单、无毒、及成本低,具应用上的优势。
在一实施例中,含氟高分子包括聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF-co-HFP)、全氟烷氧基高分子(PFA)、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物(FEP)、或乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)。上述含氟高分子的重均分子量可介于100000至1000000之间。若含氟高分子的重均分子量过低,则铸膜液(dope solution)粘度太低。若含氟高分子的重均分子量过高,则铸膜液粘度太高。
在一实施例中,上述混合物中含氟高分子的含量介于10wt%至15wt%之间。在一实施例中,上述混合物中NMP的含量介于75wt%至89wt%之间。在一实施例中,上述混合物中造孔剂的含量介于1wt%至10wt%之间。
接着将上述混合物成膜后,移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂,以形成多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,将上述混合物成膜的方式可为喷涂、刮刀涂布、旋转涂布、浸润法、或其他合适方法。移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂的步骤,是以水、醇类、烷类、或上述的组合置换去除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂。在去除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂后,可进一步干燥多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜。
上述步骤制备的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔洞尺寸介于0.01微米至2微米之间。孔洞尺寸差距越小,表示孔洞的尺寸越一致。与已知造孔剂相较,本发明实施例的造孔剂可让含氟高分子膜中的孔洞尺寸更一致且分布更均匀。这是因为溶剂与造孔剂的结构接近,因此造孔剂可均匀的混合于溶剂中,进而均匀的分布于含氟高分子中,因此其形成的孔洞尺寸一致。在一实施例中,上述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔隙率可介于30%至90%之间。若多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔隙率过低,则MD效能差。若多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔隙率过高,则薄膜机械强度降低。
上述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的表面对水的接触角介于70°至130°之间。另一方面,多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的晶相为β相,且不含α相。纯β相的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜比含α相的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜疏水,且机械强度较强。在一实施例中,多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的厚度介于20微米至500微米之间。
上述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜适用于薄膜蒸馏装置。薄膜蒸馏装置113的基本原理如图1所示,利用疏水性多孔有机膜蒸馏法。由于表面张力的作用,多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜30左侧(进料端33)温度较高的浓水109无法进入多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜30的孔洞中,只有蒸汽32可以透过多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜30的孔洞,而凝结在有低温液体流动的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜30右侧(收集端35),以形成淡水117。经上述薄膜蒸馏装置113处理后,多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜30左侧(进料端33)的浓水109的浓度提高。图1所示的薄膜蒸馏装置113即所谓的直接接触式(DCMD)。在其他实施例中,薄膜蒸馏装置可为空气间隙式(AGMD)、气体扫掠式(SGMD)、或真空式(VMD),但均可采用上述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜。
为让本发明的上述和其他目的、特征、和优点能更明显易懂,以实施例说明如下。
实施例
制备例1
取1摩尔份的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)与1摩尔份的硫酸于0℃下反应0.5小时,即得本发明的造孔剂I。上述反应如式3所示。
制备例2
取1摩尔份的N-辛基-2-吡咯烷酮(NOP)与1摩尔份的硫酸于0℃下反应0.5小时,即得本发明的造孔剂II。上述反应如式4所示。
实施例1
依表1的比例取干燥后的PVDF粉末(重均分子量800,000,Kynar HSV 900)、NMP、与制备例1的造孔剂I或制备例2的造孔剂II混合,并置于60℃的水浴槽下缓缓搅拌,直到PVDF完全溶解并呈均匀相的铸膜液。接着将铸模液缓缓回温至30℃,并去除铸模液中的气泡。接着取铸模液涂布至平板玻璃板上,并利用300μm刮刀刮制成膜。接着将玻璃板与膜置于水中,待膜固化后,更换数次清水以洗去NMP与造孔剂。接着将膜移至IPA:水(v/v=1:1)的混合液中泡洗数次,再以IPA泡洗数次以完全去除NMP与造孔剂,置于空气中干燥,即得多孔PVDF膜。
表1
编号 | 造孔剂种类 | PVDF(重量份) | NMP(重量份) | 造孔剂(重量份) |
实施例1-1 | 无 | 12 | 88 | 0 |
实施例1-2 | 造孔剂I | 12 | 87 | 1 |
实施例1-3 | 造孔剂I | 12 | 78 | 10 |
实施例1-4 | 造孔剂II | 12 | 87 | 1 |
实施例1-5 | 造孔剂II | 12 | 78 | 10 |
上述实施例1-1、1-2、1-3、1-4、与1-5的多孔PVDF膜的SEM图,分别如图2A、图2B、图2C、图2D、与图2E所示。由SEM图的比较可知,添加制备例1的造孔剂I(图2B、图2C)或制备例2的造孔剂II(图2D、图2E)可有效提升PVDF的孔隙率,其中又以制备例2中具界面活性剂特性的造孔剂II的效果较佳。
上述实施例1-1、1-2、1-3、1-4、与1-5的多孔PVDF膜的FTIR图谱如图3所示。如图3所示,未添加造孔剂的实施例1-1的PVDF膜其晶相主要为α相(吸收峰在762cm-1与796cm-1)与β相(吸收峰在841cm-1与1275cm-1)。添加造孔剂的实施例1-2至1-5的PVDF膜其晶相主要为β相(吸收峰在841cm-1与1275cm-1)而无α相。
实施例2
薄膜蒸馏装置为直接接触式薄膜蒸馏(DCMC),其所用的薄膜为实施例1-1至1-5的PVDF膜。处理前的NaCl水溶液(如图1的浓水109)温度为70℃,且导电度为3mS/cm。处理后的淡水(如图1的淡水117)温度为30℃,且导电度需低于10μS/cm。上述NaCl水溶液的进流方式为逆向流。上述DCMC的扫流速度为2.9×10-2m/sec。上述不同实施例的薄膜的过滤通量如表2所示。
表2
如表2所示,采用适量的制备例1的造孔剂I与制备例2的造孔剂II制备的PVDF膜,可有效提高MD通量。
虽然本发明已以数个实施例发明如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何所属技术领域中具有通常知识者,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作任意的更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围当视后附的申请专利范围所界定者为准。
Claims (20)
1.一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,包括:
混合含氟高分子、造孔剂与溶剂,形成混合物;以及
将所述混合物成膜后,移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂,以形成多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,
其中所述造孔剂的结构为:R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,且是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合;
其中所述溶剂的结构为:
2.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述含氟高分子为聚偏氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、全氟烷氧基高分子、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物、或乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物。
3.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述含氟高分子的重均分子量介于100000至1000000之间。
4.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述混合物含有10wt%-15wt%的含氟高分子。
5.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述混合物含有75wt%至89wt%的溶剂。
6.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述混合物含有1wt%至10wt%的造孔剂。
7.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔洞尺寸介于0.01微米至2微米之间。
8.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔隙率介于30%至90%之间。
9.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的表面对水的接触角介于70°至130°之间。
10.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的厚度介于20微米至500微米之间。
11.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中移除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂的步骤,是以水、醇类、烷类、或上述的组合置换去除膜中的造孔剂与溶剂。
12.如权利要求1所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的形成方法,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜具有β晶相。
13.一种多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,是含氟高分子经由造孔剂处理而成,且具有β晶相,
其中所述造孔剂的结构为:R1是C1-8的烷基、C2-8的烯基、C2-8的炔基、或C6-12的芳香基,且是硫酸氢根离子、磷酸二氢根离子、硝酸根离子、卤素离子、或上述的组合。
14.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的不包含α晶相。
15.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述含氟高分子为聚偏氟乙烯、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、全氟烷氧基高分子、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物、或乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物。
16.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述含氟高分子的重均分子量介于100000至1000000之间。
17.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔洞尺寸介于0.01微米至2微米之间。
18.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的孔隙率介于30%至90%之间。
19.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的表面对水的接触角介于70°至130°之间。
20.如权利要求13所述的多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜,其中所述多孔疏水性含氟高分子膜的厚度介于20微米至500微米之间。
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