CN106616000B - Two river crab color control feeds and feeding method thereof - Google Patents
Two river crab color control feeds and feeding method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses two river crab adult color control feeds and feeding methods thereof, wherein the feeds comprise growth stage feeds and fattening stage feeds, the growth stage feeds and the fattening stage feeds contain carotenoid components and nutrition demand required by the growth and gonad development stages of the river crabs, and the river crabs are scientifically fed for 80-100 days to ensure that the red cream rate of the river crabs can reach more than 85 percent, the red contents of crab shells and ovaries respectively reach more than 16 and 25, and the total carotenoid in the crab shells and the ovaries respectively reach 80mg/kg dry weight and 350mg/kg dry weight; the invention is suitable for feed enterprises, river crab culture enterprises and culture farmers, and can reduce the feed cost, improve the color of river crabs and enhance the immunity, thereby improving the culture benefit of river crabs and reducing the culture risk.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a river crab feed and a feeding method thereof, in particular to two river crab color control feeds and feeding methods thereof.
Background
Eriocheir sinensis (Eriocheir sinensis) is called river crab and hairy crab for short, and is one of the important cultured crabs in China; because river crabs are rich in nutritive value and unique in flavor, the river crabs are deeply loved by consumers, and have higher economic value, the total yield of the river crab cultivation in 2015 in the whole country is up to 82.3 million tons (fishery administration of fishery, 2016, ministry of agriculture); although pond culture is the main mode of river crab culture in China, the cooked shell color, ovary color and liver and pancreas color of the pond cultured river crabs are usually lighter, and the cooked shell color and ovary color of the wild river crabs and river crabs proliferated in lakes are usually redder (Kong et al, 2012; mamingjun, 2015); since color is one of the important factors affecting the sensory evaluation and economic value of crustaceans (Meilgaard et al, 2007; Chien et al, 1992; Tume et al, 2009; regenathan et al, 2006; Kong et al, 2012; marminjun, 2015), river crabs with lighter colors have lower economic value (marminjun, 2015). Therefore, the improvement of the color of the river crabs cultured in the pond is very important.
It has been shown that the color of crustaceans is closely related to their carotenoid (especially astaxanthin) content in the body (Subamataya et al, 2005; Wade et al, 2015); although crustaceans cannot synthesize carotenoids such as astaxanthin de novo themselves, they can utilize exogenous carotenoids in their bait either for direct storage or for post-transformation deposition in the body (Dall, 1995; Boonyaratpalin et al, 2001; Wade et al, 2015); previous studies have shown that the addition of carotenoids to feed has a significant effect on improving crustacean shell color, and that the coloring effect of astaxanthin is superior to other carotenoids (Barbosa et al, 1999; Gong Zhi et al, 2014; Paibulkkichakul et al, 2008; Amar et al, 2001). At present, astaxanthin for feed mainly has two sources of artificial synthetic astaxanthin and natural astaxanthin, wherein the natural astaxanthin is mainly derived from haematococcus pluvialis, is very expensive and is converted into pure astaxanthin with the price of about 60 yuan/gram, and is mainly trans (trans), levo astaxanthin and exists in an esterified form, so that aquatic animals have higher bioavailability (Smith et al, 1992; Salarzadeh and Rajabi, 2015; Bjerkeng et al, 2000); the artificially synthesized astaxanthin is relatively cheap (15 yuan/gram) and convenient in source, is the main source of astaxanthin for feeding at present, but the artificially synthesized astaxanthin is mainly free astaxanthin, about 50 percent of formal (cis) astaxanthin exists, and the left and right helices are half of each other, so the coloring effect and the immune effect of the artificially synthesized astaxanthin with the same concentration on aquatic animals are inferior to those of natural astaxanthin, and in addition, the possible effects of the formal and the right-handed astaxanthin on human bodies are not fully evaluated, so the application of the artificially synthesized astaxanthin in feed and food is influenced to a certain extent (Bjerkeng et al, 2000; Parisenti et al, 2010; Salzadeh and Rajabi, 2015).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing two river crab feeds which can improve the color of river crabs and greatly reduce the feed formula cost and feeding methods thereof aiming at the current situation that the color of river crabs cultured in ponds is light.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
two river crab color control feeds, wherein the feeds comprise feeds in a growth stage and feeds in a fattening stage;
the growth stage feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5-8 parts of meat and bone meal, 20-24 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of cottonseed meal, 10-12 parts of rapeseed meal, 14-17 parts of flour, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 2 parts of yeast powder, 2 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.0 part of refined fish oil, 1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3-0.8 part of choline chloride, 0.1-0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 2 parts of spirulina powder, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total additive amount of corn and lutein, and 5mg/kg of trans-astaxanthin;
the feed for the fattening stage is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat meal, 18-24 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 10-12 parts of rapeseed meal, 8-12 parts of corn, 14 parts of wheat middling, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 3 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 2.0 parts of refined fish oil, 2 parts of lard, 1 part of soybean oil, 1 part of rapeseed oil, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 1.5 parts of spirulina powder, 0.2 part of betaine, 50mg/kg of vitamin E, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and xanthophyll, and 20mg/kg of trans-form left-handed astaxanthin.
In one embodiment of the invention, the growth stage feed and the fattening stage feed are made into hard granules or sinking expanded feed by superfine grinding, mixing, conditioning and pelleting.
In one embodiment of the invention, the refined fish oil and part of the fat-soluble vitamins are added to the growth stage feed and the fattening stage feed by post-spraying.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feed during the growth phase has a particle size of 2.5-3mm and a length of 4 mm; the grain diameter of the feed at the fattening stage is 3-3.5mm, and the length is 5 mm.
Two feeding methods of river crab color control feed comprise the following feeding steps:
(1) continuously feeding the adult crabs for more than 40 days by using the feed in the growth stage before the reproductive molting of the adult crabs until more than 80 percent of male and female adult crabs complete the reproductive molting, namely, fifth molting, starting the rapid development of gonads after the molting, wherein the water temperature of a pond is usually 25-30 ℃, the daily feeding amount is usually about 2.5-3.5 percent of the total weight of river crabs, the feeding is performed at about 18:00 in the afternoon every day, and the feeding is mainly performed in a shallow water area;
(2) after the adult crabs germinate and molt, the adult crabs are continuously fed with the feed for more than 40 days in the fattening stage until the average ovarian index of female crabs is more than 8 percent and the gonad index of male crabs is more than 2.5 percent, and then the adult crabs can be caught and put on the market; the daily average water temperature of the pond is 24-30 ℃, the daily feeding amount is usually about 2-3% of the total weight of the river crabs, the pond is fed twice a day, the feeding amount in the morning accounts for 30-40% of the total day, the feeding time is about 7:00 in the morning, and the pond mainly uses deep water area feeding; the feeding amount in the afternoon accounts for 60-70% of the total day, the feeding time is about 18:00 in the afternoon, and the feeding is mainly carried out in a shallow water area; the daily average water temperature of the pond is lower than 24 ℃, the daily feeding amount is usually about 0.5-2% of the total weight of the river crabs, the pond is fed for 0.5-1 time every day, and the feeding time is about 17:00 in the afternoon.
In one embodiment of the invention, the Yangtze river basin is cultivated in a crab pond, the service life of the feed in the growth stage is usually from 7 middle to 8 late months, and the service life of the feed in the fattening stage is from 9 last to 10 late months; the adult crabs are cultured in the pond in the Liaohe river basin, the using time of the feed in the growth stage is usually 6 months to 8 months, and the using time of the feed in the fattening stage is 8 ten days to 10 months.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feed comprises the following main nutritional components in percentage by weight: 34-38% of crude protein, 5-8% of crude fat, 1.5-2.5% of phospholipid, 0.15-0.3% of total height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, 5mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin and 45mg/kg of total carotenoid.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feed for the fattening stage comprises the following main nutritional ingredients in percentage by weight: 38-42% of crude protein, 8-10% of crude fat, 3-4% of phospholipid, 0.5-0.8% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of trans-levo-astaxanthin, 10mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein and 50mg/kg of total carotenoid.
Through the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the nutritional requirements of the growth and fattening development of the river crabs, the special feed is prepared, so that the bait cost can be reduced, the breeding effect can be improved, and the economic benefit can be improved;
2. according to the fact that the river crabs have certain capacity of converting 'beta-carotene and canthaxanthin' in the feed into astaxanthin, the river crabs need higher beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in the growth stage, so that the addition amount of the astaxanthin in the feed can be reduced through reasonable carotenoid matching, and the feed cost is reduced;
3. the feed in the growth stage is used after the third or fourth molting in the growth stage of the adult crabs, and the feed is continuously fed for more than 40 days, so that the astaxanthin converted from beta-carotene and canthaxanthin by the river crabs can be sufficiently accumulated in vivo, and can be rapidly transported into the crab shells after the molting of the river crabs, and the function of adjusting the shell color is achieved;
4. in the river crab fattening stage, the feed rich in astaxanthin and beta-carotene is fed for more than 40 days, so that the content of astaxanthin and the like in ovary, liver and pancreas is increased, the color of the ovary, the liver and the pancreas is improved, and the commodity value and the edible value of the river crab are increased;
5. by regulating and controlling the nutrition in the feed, particularly regulating and controlling the carotenoid, the color and luster can be regulated and controlled, and the anti-stress capability and the immunity of the river crab can be improved, so that the culture survival rate is improved;
6. by preparing the two kinds of river crab special feeds, the fresh mixed fish, the corn, the spiral shell and the like which are widely used in the existing adult crab culture can be replaced, the utilization rate of the adult crabs to the feeds can be improved, and the pollution of the baits to the pond water quality is reduced;
7. by scientific feeding for 80-100 days, the red cream rate of the river crab can reach more than 85%, the redness of the crab shell and the ovary can reach more than 16 and 25 respectively, and the total carotenoids in the crab shell and the ovary can reach 80mg/kg dry weight and 350mg/kg dry weight respectively.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison graph of the shell color of river crabs fed by the optimized feed and the feed added with 50mg/kg astaxanthin according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a comparison graph of the color of the ovary of the river crab fed by the optimized feed and the feed added with 50mg/kg astaxanthin according to the invention;
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement purposes and the effects of the invention easy to understand, the invention is further explained below.
Example 1
The invention discloses two river crab color control feeds, which consist of a growth stage feed and a fattening stage feed. Determining that the feed in the growth stage consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight according to nutritional parameters, raw material characteristics and formula experience in the growth stage: 10 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat and bone meal, 20 parts of soybean meal, 8 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of cottonseed meal, 10 parts of rapeseed meal, 14 parts of flour, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 2 parts of yeast powder, 2 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.0 part of refined fish oil, 1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3 part of choline chloride, 0.1 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 2 parts of spirulina powder, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and lutein and 5mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin; according to the nutrition parameters, the raw material characteristics and the formula experience of the fattening stage (gonadal development stage), the fattening stage feed is determined to be composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat meal, 18 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 10 parts of rapeseed meal, 8 parts of corn, 14 parts of wheat middling, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 3 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 2.0 parts of refined fish oil, 2 parts of lard, 1 part of soybean oil, 1 part of rapeseed oil, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 1.5 parts of spirulina powder, 0.2 part of betaine, vitamin E50mg/kg feed, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and lutein, and 20mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin.
The main nutrient components in the feed in the growth stage of the invention are as follows by weight percent: 34% of crude protein, 5% of crude fat, 1.5% of phospholipid, 0.15% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of beta-carotene feed, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin feed, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein feed, 5mg/kg of trans-levo-astaxanthin feed and 45mg/kg of total carotenoid feed.
The main nutritional ingredients in the feed for the fattening stage comprise the following components in percentage by weight: 38% of crude protein, 8% of crude fat, 3% of phospholipid, 0.5% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of trans-L-astaxanthin, 10mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, and 50mg/kg of total carotenoid.
Example 2
The invention discloses two river crab color control feeds, which consist of a growth stage feed and a fattening stage feed, wherein the growth stage feed is determined to consist of the following raw materials in parts by weight according to the nutritional parameters, the raw material characteristics and the formula experience of the growth stage: 12 parts of imported steam fish meal, 6 parts of meat and bone meal, 22 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of cottonseed meal, 11 parts of rapeseed meal, 15 parts of flour, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 2 parts of yeast powder, 2 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.0 part of refined fish oil, 1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.1 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 2 parts of spirulina powder, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and lutein and 5mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin; according to the nutrition parameters, the raw material characteristics and the formula experience of the fattening stage (gonadal development stage), the fattening stage feed is determined to be composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat meal, 20 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 11 parts of rapeseed meal, 10 parts of corn, 14 parts of wheat middling, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 3 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 2.0 parts of refined fish oil, 2 parts of lard, 1 part of soybean oil, 1 part of rapeseed oil, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 1.5 parts of spirulina powder, 0.2 part of betaine, vitamin E50mg/kg feed, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and xanthophyll and 20mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin.
The main nutrient components in the feed in the growth stage of the invention are as follows by weight percent: 36% of crude protein, 6% of crude fat, 2% of phospholipid, 0.2% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, 5mg/kg of trans-levo-astaxanthin and 45mg/kg of total carotenoid.
The main nutritional ingredients in the feed for the fattening stage comprise the following components in percentage by weight: 40% of crude protein, 9% of crude fat, 3% of phospholipid, 0.6% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of trans-L-astaxanthin, 10mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, and 50mg/kg of total carotenoid.
Example 3
The invention discloses two river crab color control feeds, which consist of a growth stage feed and a fattening stage feed, wherein the growth stage feed is determined to consist of the following raw materials in parts by weight according to the nutritional parameters, the raw material characteristics and the formula experience of the growth stage: 15 parts of imported steam fish meal, 8 parts of meat and bone meal, 24 parts of soybean meal, 12 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of cottonseed meal, 12 parts of rapeseed meal, 17 parts of flour, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 2 parts of yeast powder, 2 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.0 part of refined fish oil, 1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.8 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 2 parts of spirulina powder, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total additive amount of zeaxanthin and lutein and 5mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin; according to the nutrition parameters, the raw material characteristics and the formula experience of the fattening stage (gonadal development stage), the fattening stage feed is determined to be composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat meal, 24 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 12 parts of rapeseed meal, 12 parts of corn, 14 parts of wheat middling, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 3 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 2.0 parts of refined fish oil, 2 parts of lard, 1 part of soybean oil, 1 part of rapeseed oil, 1 part of monocalcium phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 1.5 parts of spirulina powder, 0.2 part of betaine, vitamin E50mg/kg feed, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and xanthophyll and 20mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin.
The main nutrient components in the feed in the growth stage of the invention are as follows by weight percent: 38% of crude protein, 8% of crude fat, 2.5% of phospholipid, 0.3% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, 5mg/kg of trans-levo-astaxanthin and 45mg/kg of total-carotenoid.
The main nutritional ingredients in the feed for the fattening stage comprise the following components in percentage by weight: 42% of crude protein, 10% of crude fat, 4% of phospholipid, 0.8% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of trans-L-astaxanthin, 10mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, and 50mg/kg of total carotenoid.
When the feed is processed, the feed in the growth stage and the feed in the fattening stage are prepared into hard granules or sinking expanded feed by superfine grinding, mixing, tempering and granulating; the refined fish oil and vitamin complex can be added into growth stage feed and fattening stage feed by vacuum spraying, and the refined fish oil can form oxygen barrier layer to prevent oxidation of carotenoid such as astaxanthin.
The grain diameter of the feed in the growth stage is 2.5-3mm, and the length is 4 mm; the grain diameter of the feed at the fattening stage is 3-3.5mm, and the length is 5 mm; the feed prepared by the invention has better stability in water, the dissolution rate of the feed soaked in water for 2 hours (under the condition of 20 ℃) is less than 15%, and the feed still does not collapse after being soaked in water for 3 hours at the water temperature of 20 ℃.
The steps of the invention during feeding are as follows:
(1) after the adult crabs exuviate for the third time or the fourth time (when the daily average water temperature of the pond is lower than 31 ℃), the feed is continuously fed for more than 40 days in the growth stage, so that the quick exuviation of the sub-adults of the river crabs can be promoted, the survival rate and the weight gain rate are improved, and a foundation is laid for the fattening (gonadal development) of the river crabs; until more than 80% of adult female and male crabs complete reproductive molting, namely fifth molting, the rapid gonad development is started after the molting, the daily feeding amount is usually about 2.5-3.5% of the total weight of the river crabs, the water temperature of the pond is 25-30 ℃, the feeding is carried out at about 18:00 in the afternoon every day, and the feeding in a shallow water area is mainly carried out;
(2) after the adult crabs germinate and molt, the adult crabs are continuously fed with the feed for more than 40 days in the fattening stage until the average ovarian index of female crabs is more than 8 percent and the gonad index of male crabs is more than 2.5 percent, and then the adult crabs can be caught and put on the market; the daily average water temperature of the pond is 24-30 ℃, the daily feeding amount is usually about 2-3% of the total weight of the river crabs, the pond is fed twice a day, the feeding amount in the morning accounts for 30-40% of the total day, the feeding time is about 7:00 in the morning, and the pond mainly uses deep water area feeding; the feeding amount in the afternoon accounts for 60-70% of the total day, the feeding time is about 18:00 in the afternoon, and the feeding is mainly carried out in a shallow water area; the daily average water temperature of the pond is lower than 24 ℃, the daily feeding amount is usually about 0.5-2% of the total weight of the river crabs, the pond is fed for 0.5-1 time every day, and the feeding time is about 17:00 in the afternoon.
For river crab breeding in different areas, the feed putting time is different; culturing in a pond with grown crabs in a Yangtze river basin, wherein the service time of the feed in the growth stage is usually from the middle of 7 months to the end of 8 months, and the service time of the feed in the fattening stage is from the last ten days of 9 months to the end of 10 months; the adult crabs are bred in the Liaohe river basin, the service time of the feed in the growth stage is usually 6 months to 8 months later, and the service time of the feed in the fattening stage is 8 months to 10 months earlier.
The beta-carotene in the feed is usually realized by adding raw materials rich in the beta-carotene, such as spirulina powder, alfalfa powder and the like, the zeaxanthin in the feed is realized by adding a proper amount of corn, corn protein powder or artificially synthesized zeaxanthin, the astaxanthin in the feed is realized by adding haematococcus pluvialis powder or artificially synthesized astaxanthin, and the haematococcus pluvialis powder is wall-broken and dried algae powder.
Table 1 shows the comparison of carotenoid costs (yuan/ton) of the conventional feed and the optimized river crab color control feed of the present invention
As can be seen from the above graph 1, if astaxanthin is simply used as a carotenoid source, the feed needs to contain 50ppm of natural astaxanthin and 150ppm of artificially synthesized mixed astaxanthin (containing formal, trans, levorotatory, dextrorotatory, etc.) respectively to achieve a good color control effect, and only the addition cost of astaxanthin is about 3000 yuan per ton, which greatly increases the feed cost and is difficult to be popularized in a large scale under the current circumstances.
As a result of a great deal of research by the applicant, river crabs have certain capacity of converting beta-carotene and canthaxanthin into astaxanthin, and various carotenoids such as beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein and astaxanthin are needed in the growth and gonad development stages of the river crabs, the demand of the astaxanthin in the ovary development period is far greater than that in the growth stage.
In view of the above, the applicant successfully invents two high-efficiency and low-cost adult crab color feeds and determines and optimizes the using method thereof through repeated research and verification on the basis of river crab nutritional feeds and breeding technology research and development for many years, and the red cream rate of the river crabs can reach more than 85 percent, the crab shell and ovary redness respectively reaches more than 16 and 25 by scientifically feeding the sub-adult river crabs which are exuviated for the third time or the fourth time for 80 to 100 days, and the total carotenoids in the crab shells and the ovaries respectively reach 80mg/kg dry weight and 350mg/kg dry weight.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (7)
1. The river crab color control feed consists of a growth stage feed and a fattening stage feed, and is characterized in that:
the growth stage feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5-8 parts of meat and bone meal, 20-24 parts of soybean meal, 8-12 parts of peanut meal, 8 parts of cottonseed meal, 10-12 parts of rapeseed meal, 14-17 parts of flour, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 2 parts of yeast powder, 2 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 1.0 part of refined fish oil, 1.5 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 0.3-0.8 part of choline chloride, 0.1-0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 2 parts of spirulina powder, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total additive amount of corn and lutein, and 5mg/kg of trans-astaxanthin;
the feed for the fattening stage is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of imported steam fish meal, 5 parts of meat meal, 18-24 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of peanut meal, 10-12 parts of rapeseed meal, 8-12 parts of corn, 14 parts of wheat middling, 4 parts of shrimp head meal, 3 parts of soybean phospholipid oil, 2.0 parts of refined fish oil, 2 parts of lard, 1 part of soybean oil, 1 part of rapeseed oil, 1 part of calcium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 part of choline chloride, 0.2 part of compound vitamin, 0.3 part of cholesterol, 0.5 part of compound mineral substance, 1.5 parts of spirulina powder, 0.2 part of betaine, 50mg/kg of vitamin E, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of total addition of zeaxanthin and xanthophyll, 20mg/kg of trans-form left-handed astaxanthin,
the feed for the growth stage and the feed for the fattening stage are required to be used in a matching way to regulate and control the color of the river crabs,
the feeding method of the river crab color control feed comprises the following steps:
(1) continuously feeding the adult crabs for more than 40 days by using the feed in the growth stage before the reproductive molting of the adult crabs until more than 80 percent of male and female adult crabs complete the reproductive molting, namely, fifth molting, starting the rapid development of gonads after the molting, wherein the feeding amount is 2.5-3.5 percent of the total weight of the river crabs every day, the water temperature of a pond is 25-30 ℃, the feeding is carried out at 18:00 pm every day, and the feeding is mainly carried out in a shallow water area;
(2) after the adult crabs germinate and molt, the adult crabs are continuously fed with the feed for more than 40 days in the fattening stage until the average ovarian index of female crabs is more than 8 percent and the gonad index of male crabs is more than 2.5 percent, and then the adult crabs can be caught and put on the market; the daily average water temperature of the pond is 24-30 ℃, the daily feeding amount is 2-3% of the total weight of the river crabs, the pond is fed twice a day, the feeding amount in the morning accounts for 30-40% of the total day, the feeding time is 7:00 in the morning, and the pond is mainly fed in a deep water area; the feeding amount accounts for 60-70% of the total day in the afternoon, the feeding time is 18:00 in the afternoon, the feeding is mainly carried out in shallow water areas, the daily average water temperature of the pond is lower than 24 ℃, the daily feeding amount is 0.5-2% of the total weight of the river crabs, the feeding is carried out for 0.5-1 time every day, and the feeding time is 17:00 in the afternoon.
2. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the growth stage feed and the fattening stage feed are made into hard granules or sinking expanded feed by ultra-fine pulverization, mixing, conditioning and granulation.
3. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the refined fish oil and a portion of the fat-soluble vitamins are added to the feed at the growth stage and the feed at the fattening stage by post-spraying.
4. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the feed at the growth stage has a particle size of 2.5-3mm and a length of 4 mm; the grain diameter of the feed at the fattening stage is 3-3.5mm, and the length is 5 mm.
5. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the pond in the Yangtze river valley is used for culturing adult crabs, the service time of the feed in the growth stage is from 7 months middle ten to 8 months later, and the service time of the feed in the fattening stage is from 9 months upper ten to 10 months later; the adult crabs are bred in the Liaohe river basin, the service time of the feed in the growth stage is 6 months below to 8 months, and the service time of the feed in the fattening stage is 8 months in the middle ten days to 10 months in the beginning.
6. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the feed in the growth stage comprises the following main nutritional components in percentage by weight: 34-38% of crude protein, 5-8% of crude fat, 1.5-2.5% of phospholipid, 0.15-0.3% of total height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein, 5mg/kg of trans-levorotatory astaxanthin and 45mg/kg of total carotenoid.
7. The river crab color control feed according to claim 1, wherein the feed for the fattening stage comprises the following main nutritional ingredients in percentage by weight: 38-42% of crude protein, 8-10% of crude fat, 3-4% of phospholipid, 0.5-0.8% of total-height unsaturated fatty acid, 20mg/kg of trans-levo-astaxanthin, 10mg/kg of beta-carotene, 10mg/kg of canthaxanthin, 10mg/kg of zeaxanthin and lutein and 50mg/kg of total carotenoid.
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| CN107467408A (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2017-12-15 | 明光市永言水产(集团)有限公司 | A kind of river crab fattening feed formula |
| CN108605876A (en) * | 2018-05-15 | 2018-10-02 | 九江凯瑞生态农业开发有限公司 | A kind of cultural method of river crab |
| CN109221663A (en) * | 2018-09-06 | 2019-01-18 | 湖南农业大学 | A kind of Shelled Turtle Trionyx Sinensis body color intensifier and the Chinese trionyx sinensis feed containing the body color intensifier |
| CN109329558A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2019-02-15 | 浙江海洋大学 | River crab mixed feed |
| CN111557394A (en) * | 2020-05-11 | 2020-08-21 | 珠海海龙生物科技有限公司 | River crab fattening feed replacing iced fresh fish and application thereof |
| CN114097678A (en) * | 2021-11-24 | 2022-03-01 | 揭阳通威饲料有限公司 | Efficient breeding mode for adjusting body color of penaeus monodon |
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| CN101233904B (en) * | 2008-02-28 | 2011-07-20 | 吴江市邦农饲料有限公司 | Fodder for cultivating river crab |
| CN102450518B (en) * | 2010-12-07 | 2012-10-31 | 山东新希望六和集团有限公司 | Compound feed for red cream crabs and preparation method thereof |
| CN103844141A (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-06-11 | 浙江省海洋开发研究院 | Feed suitable for being used in growing period and fattening period of portunus trituberculatus and use method of feed |
| CN105146061A (en) * | 2015-07-30 | 2015-12-16 | 华东师范大学 | Chinese mitten crab fattening feed and application thereof |
| CN105145432B (en) * | 2015-09-02 | 2017-10-17 | 上海海洋大学 | A kind of Pond-farming of River Crabs ecology is fattened regulates and controls method with quality |
| CN105433044A (en) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-03-30 | 全椒县天润生态养殖专业合作社 | Feed for increasing survival rate of crabs and improving meat quality of crabs |
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