CN1065886C - 燃料油组合物、用于其中的添加剂组合物及其应用 - Google Patents

燃料油组合物、用于其中的添加剂组合物及其应用 Download PDF

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CN1065886C
CN1065886C CN93107852A CN93107852A CN1065886C CN 1065886 C CN1065886 C CN 1065886C CN 93107852 A CN93107852 A CN 93107852A CN 93107852 A CN93107852 A CN 93107852A CN 1065886 C CN1065886 C CN 1065886C
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composition
formula
oil
multipolymer
ester
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CN1082563A (zh
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B·W·戴维斯
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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Abstract

包括(a)一种乙烯-混合不饱和酯共聚物或(b)两种或多种，例如在其酯链上不同的乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物的组合物，用来改进燃料油的低温性能。

Description

燃料油组合物、用于其中的添加剂组合物及其应用
本发明涉及油的组合物，首先涉及燃料油组合物，尤其涉及在低温下易于成蜡的燃料油组合物，以及涉及用于此类燃料油组合物的添加剂组合物。
燃料油和其它馏出石油燃料，例如柴油，包含烷烃类，该烷烃在低温下趋向于沉淀形成蜡状大结晶，这样就形成凝胶结构，从而使燃料失去流动能力。燃料仍然能够流动的最低温度，公知是倾点。
当燃料的温度下降并接近倾点时，通过管道和泵输送燃料出现困难。而且，蜡状结晶在略高于倾点的温度易堵塞燃料管道、筛网和过滤器。这些问题在现有技术中已被充分认识到，并推荐了各种添加剂(许多已在商业上使用)用于降低燃料油的倾点。同样，已推荐了其它添加剂(在商业上已使用)用于减小所形成的蜡状结晶的尺寸和改变蜡状结晶的形状。较小尺寸的结晶是需要的，因为它们不太可能阻塞过滤器；某些添加剂阻止蜡状物结晶成片晶，而是使它采取针状晶形，所得到的针晶比片晶更有可能通过过滤器。该添加剂还具有保持所形成的结晶在燃料中为悬浮状态的作用，结果是减少沉降，还有助于防止阻滞现象。
有效的蜡状结晶改良(由CFPP和其它可操作的试验，以及模拟的和现场进行的操作测定)可通过基于乙烯——乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVAC或EVPC)的流动促进剂而实现。
在EP-A-45342中描述了一种冷流动添加剂，它是基于一种通过与2-乙基己酸、丙烯酸和苯二甲酸进行酯化反应而改良的EVAC 。
在“Wissenschaft und Technik”42(6)，238(1989)中， M．Ratsch和M．Gebauer描述了包括一种特别是被正己酸酯化的EVAC的冷流动添加剂。
在美国专利No．3961916中，描述了柴油流动促进剂，它包括一种蜡增长抑止剂和一种成核剂，前者优选一种具有较高酯含量的较低分子量乙烯——乙烯基酯共聚物，后者优选一种具有较低酯含量的较高分子量共聚物，这些酯类优选，但不是必需的，都是乙酸乙烯酯。
在DE-AS-2407158中，描述了柴油流动促进剂，它包括一种低分子量乙烯-乙烯基酯和乙烯-丙烯酸酯共聚物的混合物，两者都包含至少40％(摩尔)酯组分。
本发明涉及提供一种油(尤其一种燃料油)的添加剂，它能有效地促进这种油的低温流动，本发明基于这样的观察：一种包括至少两种不同的乙烯与不饱和酯的共聚物的组合物，或一种包括乙烯与至少两种不同类型酯的可衍生单元的共聚物的组合物，是一种有效的冷流动促进剂，它比以前推荐的组合物更优越。
首先，本发明提供一种组合物，它包括：
(a)一种油溶的乙烯共聚物，其除了由乙烯衍生的单元之外，具有结构单元
-CH2-CRR1-    Ⅰ和结构单元
-CH2-CRR2-    Ⅱ结构单元Ⅰ和Ⅱ在共聚物中的总比率在7．5-35％(摩尔)的范围，其中每一个R分别表示H或CH3，和每—个R1和R2分别表示结构式为OOCR3的一个基团，其中每一个R3分别表示—个烃基，只是结构单元Ⅰ与结构单元Ⅱ不同，并且，如果结构式Ⅰ表示-CH2-CH(OOCCH3)-，则单元Ⅰ的摩尔比率至少是5％，或者
(b)包括：
(ⅰ)一种油溶的乙烯共聚物具有，除了由乙烯衍生的单元之外，7．5-35％(摩尔)的结构单元
-CH2-CRR1-   Ⅰ和(ⅱ)一种油溶的乙烯共聚物具有，除了由乙烯衍生的单元之外，7．5-35％(摩尔)的结构单元
-CH2-CRR2-    Ⅱ其中每一个R分别表示H或CH3，和每一个R1和R2分别表示结构式为COOR3或OOCR3的一个基团，其中每一个R3分别表示一个烃基，只是共聚物(ⅰ)与共聚物(ⅱ)不同，并且结构式Ⅰ和Ⅱ不能同时表示-CH2-CH(OOCCH3)-。
在本说明书中使用的术语“烃基”指具有一个直接连接于分子骨架上的碳原子和具有一种烃的或主要是烃的特征的基团。在这些当中，还可以提到的烃类基团包括脂肪族(如，烷基或链烯基)，脂环族(如，环烷基或环链烯基)，芳香族，脂基和脂环基取代的芳香族，和芳基取代的脂肪族和脂环族基团。脂肪族基团较好是饱和的。这些基团还可包含非烃类取代基，只要它们的存在不改变这些基团主要的烃的特征。这些例子包括酮基、卤原子、羟基、硝基、氰基、烷氧基和酰基。如果烃基是被取代的，优选单取代基。取代的烃基的例子包括2-羟基乙基，3-羟基丙基，4-羟基丁基，2-酮丙基，乙氧基乙基，和丙氧基丙基。这些基团除了由碳原子组成之外，也可以或交替地在链或环上包含除碳以外的原子。合适的杂原子包括，例如，氮，硫，并优选氧。理想地，烃基包含至多30个，优选不超过15个，更优选不超过10个和最优选不超过8个碳原子。
理想地，R表示H。
理想地，R3表示一种链烯基或如上所指的，优选一种烷基，较好是直链烷基。如果烷基或链烯基是支链的，例如，在2-乙基己基中，α-碳原子较好是亚甲基部分。理想地，烷基或链烯基包含至多30个碳原子，优选1(对于链烯基是2)——14个碳原子，和更优选4-10个碳原子。可以列举的烷基或链烯基例子有丙基，正丁基，异丁基，和戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、十六烷基、十七烷基、十八烷基、十九烷基和二十烷基的异构体，优选直链异构体，及它们相应的链烯基(较好是烷-ω-烯基)。当R1和／或R2为结构式OOCR3时，R3最优选表示戊基，和如上所指的较好是正戊基。
至于环烷基、烷芳基和芳基被提到的有，例如，环己基、苄基和苯基。
这种共聚物或这类共聚物也可包含不同于前面所列举的结构单元，例如结构单元其中R4表示-OH；或结构式其中R5和R6分别表示H或具有至多4个碳原子的烷基，单元Ⅳ较好由异丁烯，2-甲基丁-2-烯或2-甲基戊-2-烯衍生而来。
结构单元Ⅰ或Ⅱ可以是链端单元，但较好是中间单元。理想地，结构单元-CRR1-CH2-和-CRR2-CH2-占有聚合物的10-25％(摩尔)，优选10-20％(摩尔)，最优选11-16％(摩尔)。
共聚物(a)和每一种共聚物b(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)较好地具有数均分子量(由凝胶渗透色谱法测定)为不超过14，000，较好不超过10，000，更好在1，400-7，000的范围，优选2，000-5，500和最优选在4，000左右。优选的数均分子量在某种程度上取决于在R3中的碳原子数，碳原子数越高，优选的分子量在上述范围中越高。较好地，聚合物b(ⅰ)和b(ⅱ)的数均分子量相差最多不超过2000，尤其不超过1000。
R1或R2表示OOCR3的聚合物是优选的，更优选的是R1和R2都表示OOCR3。
在同一种添加剂组合物中同时使用聚合物(a)和使用聚合物(b)的混合物，是在本发明的范围内。采用具有两种以上不同类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ单元的聚合物(a)或采用两种或多种聚合物(a)的混合物，也是在本发明的范围内。当采用聚合物(b)的混合物时，较好地在聚合物(b)ⅰ中的单元Ⅰ与聚合物(b)ⅱ中的单元Ⅱ不同，但是，采用共聚物的混合物，在这些共聚物中单元Ⅰ和Ⅱ相同，只是这些聚合物在至少一个方面不相同，例如，在聚合物中单元Ⅰ和Ⅱ的比例，聚合物的分子量或分子量分布，聚合物的线性度，或在聚合物中有其它单元存在，也是在本发明的范围内。
本发明还提供一种包含该添加剂组合物的油，和一种包括该添加剂组合物与一种油或一种与这种油混溶的溶剂的添加剂浓缩物。本发明进一步提供这种添加剂组合物的改进油的低温性能的用途。这种油可以是原油，即直接由钻井得到的和炼制前的油，本发明的．组合物适合用作流动促进剂。
这种油可以是润滑油，它可以是动物油、植物油或矿物油，例如，从石脑油或锭子油到SAE(美国汽车工程师学会)130，40，或50润滑油级的石油馏分，蓖麻油，鱼油或氧化矿物油。此类油可以包含由其预定用途而定的添加剂；这些例子是粘度指数促进剂(比如乙烯-丙烯共聚物)，基于琥珀酸的分散剂，含金属的分散剂添加剂和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌抗磨添加剂。本发明的组合物可以合适地用于润滑油作为流动促进剂，倾点降低剂或脱蜡助剂。
这种油可以是一种燃料油，尤其一种中间馏出料材油。此类馏出燃料油一般在110℃至500℃，例如在150℃至400℃的范围内沸腾。该燃料油可以包括常压馏出油或真空馏出油，或裂化瓦斯油或直馏馏分与热和／或催化裂化馏出液，以任何比例的混合液。最普通的石油馏出燃料是煤油，喷气式发动机燃料，柴油，燃料油和重质燃料油。燃料油可以是常压直馏馏出油，或它可以包含少量(例如至多35wt％)的真空瓦斯油或裂化瓦斯油或它们两者。对于柴油和燃料油上述低温流动问题是经常遇到的。本发明也可用于基于植物的燃料油，例如菜子油。
这种添加剂或这类添加剂于环境温度下在这种油中的溶解程度优选至少在1000ppm(重量／油重)。然而，至少一些添加剂在油的浊点附近从溶液中游离并能有效地改变所形成的蜡状结晶。
根据本发明的组合物(b)中，聚合物(ⅰ)较好是一种乙烯——乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物。较好地，由每100个亚甲基单元甲基数目表示的该聚合物线性度为1-15，它是通过质子NMR测得的。
这些共聚物，尤其是乙烯——乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物可以通过在现有技术中任何已知方法制得，例如，通过由自由基引发的溶液聚合反应，或通过在高压釜或管状反应器中方便地进行的高压聚合反应。
另一方面，共聚物可以通过乙烯——乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物，或乙烯——(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯或乙酯共聚物的皂化和再酯化而制得。
还有一种制备共聚物的方法是通过酯基转移作用，只要进入的酸或醇与所要除去的酸和醇相比具有较低的挥发性。
如果需要，所有的(或基本上所有的)现存酯基团可以被水解和完全被所需要的链上取代基取代。此外，只水解一部分，以使得所得到的聚合物包含，例如，乙酸基侧链和较长的链。
在制备共聚物(a)时，以合适的比例使用酯类单体(由它直接制备聚合物)的或酸或醇反应物(它们能使再酯化反应或酯基转移作用得以进行)的混合物，并考虑这些原料的反应活性的差异。
在本发明的实施例(a)中，单元Ⅰ和单元Ⅱ存在的摩尔比优选在2∶98-98∶2，较好在5∶95-95∶5，尤其在1∶10-10∶1的范围；如果单元Ⅰ是-CH2-CH(OOCCH3)-，则必须满足前面所给的附加条件。在实施例(b)的聚合物中包含的单元Ⅰ和单元Ⅱ，它们存在的重量比较好在10∶1-1∶10，优选在3∶1-1∶3，和更优选在约1∶1。在实施例(a)中，如果结构式Ⅰ表示-CH2-CH(OOCCH3)-，那么单元Ⅰ与单元Ⅱ的比率较好在20∶80-95∶5的范围，优选在3∶1-1∶3，和更优选在1∶1左右的比率。
这种添加剂组合物和这种油的组合物可以包含用于改进低温和／或其它性能的其它添加剂，它们中的许多已经在现有技术中使用或在文献中是已知的。
例如，该组合物也可以包含另外一种乙烯——乙烯基酯共聚物。如上所提到的，参考美国专利No．3961916，流动促进剂组合物可以包括一种蜡增长抑止剂和一种成核剂。不希望受任何理论的约束，本申请人相信，本发明的添加剂组合物首先起抑止剂的作用并受益于成核剂的加入，例如，一种乙烯——乙烯基酯(尤其乙酸酯)，它具有数均分子量在1200-20000的范围，和乙烯基酯含量在0．3——12％(摩尔)，理想地酯含量较低，以及与如上所定义添加剂组合物中任何酯的含量相比，酯含量优选低至少2％(摩尔)，更优选低至少3％(摩尔)。
这种添加剂组合物也可包括一种梳状聚合物。此类聚合物在“梳状聚合物。结构与性能”，N．A．Plat和V．P．Shibaev，J．Poly．Sci．MacromolecularRevs．，8，p117-253(1974)中讨论过。
较好地，该梳状聚合物是一种均聚物或者一种共聚物，该均聚物或者该共聚物的至少25％(摩尔)和优选至少40％(摩尔)，更优选至少50％(摩尔)的单元，含有至少6个和优选至少10个原子的侧链。
那些可列举的优选的梳状聚合物例子具有通式
Figure 9310785200141
其中D=R1，COOR1，OCOR1，R12COOR11，
      或OR1，
    E=H，CH3，D，或R12，
    G=H或D，
    J=H，R12，R12COOR11，或芳基或杂环基
      团，
    K=H，COOR12，OCOR12，OR12，或
      COOH，
    L=H，R12，COOR12，OCOR12，
      COOH，或芳基，
    R1≥C10烃基，
    R12≥C1烃基，
而m和n表示摩尔比，m在1．0-0．4的范围，n在0-0．6的范围。R11较好地表示一种具有10-30个碳原子的烃基，而R12较好地表示一种具有1-30个碳原子的烃基。
如果需要或被要求的话，这种梳状聚合物可以包含由其它单体衍生来的单元。包括两种或多种不同梳状共聚物的情况，是在本发明的范围内。
这些梳状聚合物可以是马来酸酐或富马酸和另一种烯属不饱和单体的共聚物，例如，一种α-烯烃或一种不饱和酯(如乙酸乙烯酯)。尽管在2-1和1-2的范围的摩尔比是合适的，使用等摩尔量的共聚用单体是优选的而不是必需的，可以与例如马来酸酐共聚合的烯烃的例子包括1-癸烯，1-十二碳烯，1-十四碳烯1-十六碳烯，和1-十八碳烯。
可以用任何合适的技术将共聚物酯化，马来酸酐或富马酸至少50％被酯化，尽管是优选的，但不是必需的。可以使用的醇类的例子包括正癸醇-1，正十二烷醇-1，正十四烷醇-1，正十六烷醇-1，和正十八烷醇-1。这些醇类也可以在每一链上包括至多一个甲基支链，例如，1-甲基十五烷醇-1，2-甲基十三烷醇-1 。这种醇可以是正常的醇和单个甲基支化的醇的混合物。优选使用纯的醇类，而不使用商业上可买到的醇混合物。但是，如果使用混合物，则R12指在烷基中碳原子的平均数；如果使用在1或2位包含一个支链的醇类，则R12指这种醇的直链骨架部分。
这些梳状聚合物尤其是富马酸酯的或衣康酸酯的聚合物或共聚物，例如那些在欧洲专利申请153176，153177，和225688，和WO91／16407中所描述的。
特别优选的富马酸酯梳状聚合物是富马酸烷基酯类和乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物，其中烷基具有12-20个碳原子，尤其是那些聚合物，其中烷基具有14个碳原子或其中烷基是C14／C16烷基的混合物，它们是通过，例如，等摩尔富马酸和乙酸乙烯酯的混合物的溶液共聚合反应和让所得到的共聚物与醇或醇类混合物反应而制得，其中这些醇优选是直链醇类。当使用混合物时，它较好是正常C14和C16醇类的1∶1(重量)混合物。而且，还可较好地使用C14酯与混合C14／C16酯的混合物。在此类混合物中，C14与C14／C16的重量之比较好在1∶1-4∶1的范围，优选在2∶1-7∶2，和最优选约3∶1。
其它合适的梳状聚合物是α-烯烃的聚合物和共聚物，苯乙烯和马来酸酐的酯化共聚物，和苯乙烯和富马酸的酯化共聚物；根据本发明可以使用两种或多种梳状聚合物的混合物，而如上所表明的，这样使用也许是较好的。
添加剂组合物也可以包括极性氮化合物，如那些在美国专利NO．4211534中所描述的，尤其一种邻苯二甲酸酐与二摩尔比例的氢化牛脂胺的酰胺-胺盐，或邻-磺苯甲酸酐的相应的酰胺一胺盐。
本发明的添加剂组合物也可包括乙烯与至少一种α-烯烃的一种共聚物，该共聚物具有数均分子量至少为30，000 。优选的α-烯烃具有最多不超过20个碳原子。此类烯烃的例子是丙烯，1-丁烯，异丁烯，正辛烯-1，异辛烯-1，正癸烯-1和正十二碳烯-1。该共聚物也可包括少量，例如至多10％(重量)的其它可共聚的单体，比如不同于α-烯烃的烯烃，和非共轭二烯。优选的共聚物是一种乙烯一丙烯共聚物。包括两种或多种这种类型的不同的乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物的情况，是在本发明的范围内。
如上所表明，这种乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物的数均分子量至少是30，000，它是相对于聚苯乙烯标准由凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测啶的，较好是至少60，000和优选是至少80，000 。就功能而言分子量没有上限，但是在分子量高于约150，000时增高的粘度使得混合困难，因此，优选的分子量在60，000和80，000至120，000的范围。
较好地，这种共聚物具有的乙烯摩尔含量在50％和85％之间。更好地，乙烯含量在57-80％的范围，和优选乙烯含量在58-73％，更优选在62-71％，和最优选在65-70％。
优选的乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物是乙烯摩尔含量在62-71％和数均分子量在60，000-120，000的范围的乙烯-丙烯共聚物，尤其优选的共聚物是乙烯含量在62-71％和分子量在80，000-100，000的乙烯-丙烯共聚物。
这些共聚物可以由在现有技术中已知的任何方法制备，例如使用一种齐格勒型催化剂。这些聚合物应该基本上是无定形的，因为高度结晶的聚合物于低温下在燃料油中是相对地不溶的。
这种添加剂组合物也可以包括另外一种乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物，较好地具有数均分子量为最多不超过7，500，较好在1，000-6，000，和优选在2，000-5，000，它是由汽相渗透压测定法测定的。合适的α-烯烃是如上所给出的，或苯乙烯，而丙烯再一次是优选的。较好地，乙烯含量在60-77％(摩尔)，尽管对于乙烯-丙烯共聚物来说，采用至多86％(摩尔)乙烯重)的乙烯是比较好的。
这种组合物也可以包括聚(乙二醇)酯类，较好地，是在链上包含18-22个碳原子的脂肪酸的酯类，尤其当燃料被处理后不含作为蜡结晶成核剂的较高级烷烃时。
另外，该添加剂组合物和燃料油组合物可以包含用于其它目的添加剂，例如，用于在贮存过程中减少颗粒析出或阻止变色和沉降物的形成。
本发明的燃料油组合物较好地包含本发明的添加剂，即上述组分(a)和(b)，以燃料重量为准其比例在0．0005％至1％，较好在0．001-0．1％，和优选在0．04-0．06％(按重量计)。
下列实施例用来说明本发明，在这些实施例中所有的份数和百分数都以重量计，及数均分子量都是由凝胶渗透色谱法测定，除非另有说明。
实施例A
将10kg(3．33摩尔)包含35％(按重量计)乙酸乙烯酯，Mn3，000，支化度为4CH3／100CH2的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物加入到装有冷凝器的烧瓶中，在氮气氛下加热到60℃并搅拌。将在1．5升正丁醇中的216g(1摩尔)甲醇钠小心地加入到该聚合物中，随后再加入4升正丁醇。溶液从透明变化到橙黄色，而温度降至46℃。然后该混合物加热到90℃，颜色变成深红色，并保持在这一温度搅拌2小时。
然后，将该反应混合物在370mmHg的压力下于104℃下加热蒸除约4升乙酸丁酯。剩下的粘性聚合物在90℃下倾入到一包括100升水和5升丙酮的酸化(150毫升36％(wt)盐酸溶液)溶剂中。该溶液被搅拌3小时后，然后在pH6下让固体沉降一夜。排水之后，聚合物在一带细孔的滤网上过滤并在70℃干燥。
将20g所得到的聚合物(Mn3300，由NMR测定有85％被水解)溶于100毫升甲苯和10毫升吡啶的无水混合物。滴加溶于100毫升甲苯的30毫升十二烷酰氯，然后将该反应混合物在室温下搅拌1小时。将所得到的固体过滤出来，然后在真空下除掉溶剂得到一种粘性聚合物。在真空120℃下进一步干燥除去挥发性物质，得到21g聚合物，在该聚合物中R1表示结构式为-OOCR3的一个基团，R3表示正十一烷基。收率21g，Mn5000。
实施例B
重复实施例A的第二部分，但是，用十四烷酰氯使50g皂化了的聚合物酯化，得到一种聚合物，在该聚合物中R1表示-OOCR3，R3表示正十三烷基。收率40g，Mn5000。
实施例C
重复实施例A的第二部分，但是，用己酰氯进行酯化，得到一种聚合物，其Mn为3700，该聚合物的-OOCR3中的R3表示正戊基。
实施例D
重复实施例A的第一部分的步骤，使用19．3g甲醇钠和90g正丁醇，将100g包含29％(重量)乙酸乙烯酯，Mn3，300，支化度CH3／100CH2：4的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物皂化。收率：74g；Mn3000，93％水解。
将20g所得到的皂化聚合物在室温下溶于一种包括150毫升甲苯和6毫升吡啶的无水溶剂中。滴加在100毫升甲苯中的10毫升己酰氯，然后将该反应混合物在室温下搅拌5小时。产物如在实施例A中描述的那样被干燥，得到20g类似的聚合物。
实施例E
重复实施例C的步骤，但是被皂化的产物用正庚酰氯再酯化。
实施例F
重复实施例C的步骤，但是被皂化的产物用正辛酰氯再酯化。
实施例G
在-3升带搅拌器的高压釜中加入636g环己烷，148．5g丁酸乙烯酯，和足够量的乙烯，以在124℃下使压力达到97巴(9．7MPa)，将18g过辛酸叔丁酯溶于85毫升环己烷并与另外351g丁酸乙烯酯及乙烯一起被计量加入，保持在上述压力过75分钟。浸泡10分钟后，反应器用二甲苯冲洗。溶剂挥发后，回收992g乙烯-丁酸乙烯酯共聚物，丁酸乙烯酯含量36％，Mn2400。
实施例H
将100g包含36％(按重量计)乙酸乙烯酯，Mn3300，支化度CH3∶100CH2：4的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物倾入一安装有一个搅拌器，热电偶(连接到热控制器上)，氮气入口管和一冷凝器(为蒸馏而安装)的烧瓶中，并加热至60℃。加入66．46g(摩尔当量)辛酸甲酯和2．268g甲醇钠(0．1摩尔当量，作为催化剂)，然后将该混合物加热到80℃。15分钟后，反应混合物被加热到120℃，并恒温，在冷凝器烧瓶中收集到透明的馏出液。按一定间隔取出聚合物试样，通过比较在1240cm-1(乙酸基)处与在1170cm-1(辛酸基)处的IR峰的高度，跟踪酯基转移作用的进程。经过3小时后，79％乙酸基被取代，和回收到11g馏出液。该反应在120℃下再连续进行5小时，经过这段时间，92％乙酸基被酯基转移。再在120℃下再经过4小时后，总馏出液为18．2g，回收产物。收率122g，酯基转移率94％。数均分子量4250 。
下列燃料用于后面实施例所描述的测试中：
在上表中的CFPP是在如“Journal of theInstitufe of Petroleum”，52(1966)，173中描述的方法测得的。
实施例1-4
在这些及后面编号的实施例中，按在以上实施例A-H中的描述所制备的共聚物，被应用在添加剂组合物中，这些组合物中一些也包括一种乙烯／乙酸乙烯酯或丙酸乙烯酯共聚物与一种或多种以上指定的燃料的混合物。共聚物的混合物在降低有关燃料的CFPP方面的效率与单独一种共聚物的效率进行比较。在每一种情况，测得的效率是以重量为基础的重量计。当在所显示的浓缩液中使用不同添加剂时，下表显示CFPP和不含添加剂的同一种燃料的CFPP。
添加剂(a)：乙烯／乙酸乙烯酯共聚物，乙酸乙烯酯29％Mn2，500，支化度(CH3／100CH2)4。
添加剂(b)：实施例C的产物。
添加剂(a)+(b)：等重量的(a)和(b)。实施例  燃料    CFPP  处理量    CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．    No．     ℃    PPM       (a)    (b)   (a)+(b)1        4       -3    200        -6     -6    -112        5       -7    200       -17    -17    -203        8       -4    100       -15     -5    -194        9       -7    100       -12    -12    -16
实施例5-8
在这些实施例中，比较使用添加剂对各种燃料的CFPP的降低作用。
添加剂(a)，乙烯／丙酸乙烯酯共聚物，丙酸乙烯酯含量38％(按重量计)，Mn5200，CH3／100CH2：4．7。
添加剂(b)：实施例C的产物。
添加剂(a)+(b)：等重量的(a)和(b)。实施例  燃料    CFPP   处理量    CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．    No．    ℃      PPM    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)5        1      -6      300    -15    -14    -186        3      -6      100    -15     -7    -177        4      -3      200    -11     -6    -148        9      -7      100    -14    -12    -16
实施例9-13
在这些实施例中，实施例A的皂化了的乙烯／乙酸乙烯酯共聚物被不同链长的酸再酯化，然后单独使用，和与在实施例1-4中用作组分(a)的普通共聚物以1∶1混合使用。使用燃料No．10，CFPP+3 ，和处理量是500ppm。实施例    链长    CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．    (包括羰基碳)    (a)    (b)  (a)+(b)9          6           -12   -10    -1810          7           -12    -6    -1511          8           -12    -7    -1812         12           -12    +2    -1413         14           -12    +2    -15
实施例14-16
对于燃料No．8，CFPP-4℃，重复实施例9-13的步骤，其处理量是100ppm。实施例    链长          CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．    (包括羰基碳)    (a)    (b)   (a)+(b)14           6          -15    -4    -1915           7          -15    -2    -1716           8          -15    -7    -19
实施例17-21
在这些实施例中，在不同的燃料中，并以不同的处理量，实施例B的产物单独使用，和与在实施例1-4中用作组分(a)的普通共聚物混合使用。实施例    燃料   CFPP    处理量    CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．      No．    ℃      PPM    (a)    (b)   (a)+(b)17        4      -3      300     -14    -2    -1518        5      -7      200     -17    -7    -1919        6      -8      100     -11   -14    -1720        7     -12       50     -24   -17    -2521       10      +3      500     -12    +2    -15
实施例22
在这些实施例中，在燃料10，CFPP+3℃中，一种乙烯-丁酸乙烯酯共聚物(实施例G的产物)单独使用和与在实施例1-4中使用的添加剂(a)以1∶1混合使用，其总的处理量是500ppm。单独使用添加剂(a)时CFPP是-14℃，单独使用乙烯-丁酸乙烯酯共聚物时CFPP是-10℃，而它们以1∶1混合物使用时CFPP是-16℃。
实施例23和24
在实施例5中作为添加剂(a)使用的乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯共聚物在这些实施例中单独使用，和在实施例23中与作为组分(a)的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(29％乙酸乙烯酯，Mn3300)以1∶1的混合物使用，及在实施例24中与作为组分(a)的实施例G的产物以1∶1的混合物使用。实施例    燃料    CFPP    处理量   CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．       No．    ℃      PPM    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)23         3       -6      100    -14    -15    -1824         7      -12       50    -20    -19    -25
实施例25
将实施例D(聚合物(a)和实施例C(聚合物(b))的产物分别加入到三种燃料试样中，其处理量为200ppm和两者以等比例加入，总处理量为200ppm。燃料    CFPP  CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．    ℃    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)4       -3    -12    -6     -16
结果清楚地表明，即使当酯的链长一样时，当使用两种不同聚合物的混合物时，得到了改进。
实施例26
在实施例1中作为聚合物(a)使用的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物也可以作为聚合物(a)用于本实施例中。而实施例C的产物作为聚合物(b)，在燃料中其处理量、或总处理量为200ppm。燃料    CFPP    CFPP，℃。使用添加剂No．     ℃    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)4        -3    -6     -6      -11
实施例27-38
在这些实施例中，使用以下编号：
原料         编号
实施例C的产物      C
实施例D的产物      D
在实施例1中作为组分
  (a)使用的共聚物  1
14％和86％的EVA共聚物
  的混合物，它们分别是
  13．5％VA，Mn
  5000，和29％VA，
  Mn3300。         2
每一种编号的原料及它们的混合物(每一种是等比例混合)在各种燃料中以不同的处理量使用。这些编号的原料混合物比单独任一种原料得到更低的CFPP。实施例   燃料   CFPP   处理量      CFPP，    结合使用No．    No．    ℃      PPm    a   b    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)27       1      -6     200      2，D    -13    -14    -1828                              2，C    -13    -14    -1729                              C，D    -14    -14    -1730       2      -8     400      C，D    -19    -12    -2031       3      -6     100      1，D    -14    -16    -1832                              2，C    -14     -7    -1733       4      -3     100      1，D     -6    -12    -1434                              2，D     -7    -12    -1735                              1，C     -6     -6    -11
(接下表)(续上表)36                     2，C     -7     -6    -1237    7    -12    50   D，C    -15    -16    -2338                     1，C    -24    -16    -29
实施例39-42
使用由实施例H描述的步骤制备的产物，在实施例39和41中70％被酯基转移化(编号70)和在实施例40和42中94％被酯基转移化(编号94)，在每一种情况都是被辛酸基进行酯基转移化。每种产物可以单独使用和与DVA1以等比例使用。实施例  燃料   CFPP    处理量    CFPP，    结合使用No．    No．    ℃      ppm    a， b    (a)    (b)    (a)+(b)39      -12    50              1，70    -21    -24    -2640      -12    50              1，94    -21    -21    -2541       -7   100              1，70    -12    -15    -1742       -7   100              1，94    -12    -11    -15

Claims (23)

1．一种燃料油组合物，包括一种燃料油和总量为油重0．005-1％的一种蜡增长抑制剂添加剂组合物，它是所述燃料油的抑制剂，所述添加剂组合物包括：
(a)一种油溶性乙烯共聚物，它除了有衍生自乙烯的单元外还有式Ⅰ单元
-CH2-CRR1-    Ⅰ
和式Ⅱ单元
-CH2-CRR2    Ⅱ
在共聚物中式Ⅰ和式Ⅱ单元的总比例为7．5到35％(摩尔)，其中每个R独立地代表H或CH3和每个R1和R2独立地代表式OOCR3基团，其中式Ⅰ中的R3代表有至多8个碳原子的碳氢烃基，而式Ⅱ中的R3代表有5-8个碳原子的碳氢烃基，附加条件是式Ⅰ单元与式Ⅱ单元不同且如果式Ⅰ单元代表-CH2-CH(OOCCH3)-，则式Ⅰ单元的摩尔比例至少为5％或
(b)包括
(ⅰ)一种作为所述燃料油抑制剂的油溶性蜡增长抑制剂乙烯共聚物，该共聚物除了有衍生自乙烯的单元外，还有7．5-35％(摩尔)的式Ⅰ单元，
-CH2-CRR1-    Ⅰ
(ⅱ)一种作为所述燃料油抑制剂的油溶性蜡增长抑制剂乙烯共聚物，它除了有衍生自乙烯的单元外还有7．5到35％(摩尔)的式Ⅱ单元
-CH2-CRR2    Ⅱ
其中每个R独立地代表H或CH3，每个R1和R2独立地代表式COOR3或OOCR3基团，其中每个R3独立地代表有至多8个碳原子的碳氢烃基，附加条件是
(A)当R1和R2每个代表OOCR3时，共聚物(ⅰ)是乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和／或其中R3是有2到7碳原子的直链烷基的共聚物，且在共聚物(ⅱ)中，R3代表有2到7个碳原子的直链烷基，
(B)式Ⅰ单元与式Ⅱ单元不同；和
(C)组分(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)数均分子量差值不大于2000。
2．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中R3代表有至少4个碳原子的直链烷基。
3．按照权利要求1或2的组合物，其中R1和R2皆代表-OOCR3。
4．按照权利要求1或2的组合物，其中R代表H。
5．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中聚合物组分(b)(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)每个的数均分子量至多为14000。
6．按照权利要求5的组合物，其中Mn在2000到5500范围内。
7．按照权利要求5或6的组合物，其中聚合物组分(b)(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)每个含10-25％(摩尔)的式Ⅰ单元或式Ⅱ单元。
8．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中聚合物或至少一种聚合物是经乙烯-不饱和酯共聚物的皂化和再酯化制备的。
9．按照权利要求1或8的组合物，其中R1和R2代表-OOCR3和聚合物是经乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的皂化和再酯化制备的。
10．按照权利要求1的组合物，它也包括一种蜡成核剂。
11．按照权利要求10的组合物，其中蜡成核剂是一种乙烯-乙烯酯共聚物，其酯含量至少比聚合物(a)的酯含量或聚合物b(ⅰ)和(ⅱ)的酯含量的低者低2％(摩尔)。
12．按照权利要求1的组合物，它也包括一种梳状聚合物。
13．按照权利要求12的组合物，其中梳状聚合物有如下的通式：
Figure 9310785200041
其中：D=R11、COOR11、OCOR11、R12COOR11或OR11，
E=H、CH3、D或R12，
G=H或D，
J=H、R12、R12COOR11或芳基或杂环基，
K=H、COOR12、OCOR12、OR12或COOH，
L=H、R12、COOR12、OCOR12、COOH或芳基，
R11≥C10烃基，
R12≥C1烃基，
m和n代表摩尔比，m为1．0-0．4，n为0-0．6。
14．按照权利要求12或13的组合物，其中梳状聚合物是乙酸乙烯酯与富马酸酯的共聚物。
15．按照权利要求14的组合物，其中酯基是12-20个碳原子的烷基。
16．按照权利要求15的组合物，其中酯基是由具有14个碳原子的醇或具有14和16个碳原子的醇的混合物衍生的。
17．按照权利要求1的组合物，它包括两种或多种不同梳状聚合物的混合物。
18．按照权利要求17的组合物，其中混合物包括(ⅰ)富马酸14碳烷基酯-乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物和(ⅱ)的富马酸14碳和16碳烷基混合酯-乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。
19．按照权利要求1的组合物，它也包括极性氮化合物。
20．按照权利要求19的组合物，它含有总量为油重0．001-0．1％的添加剂组合物。
21．按照权利要求20的组合物，它含有总量为油重0．004-0．06的添加剂组合物。
22．一种添加剂浓缩液，包括在油品或与油品混溶的溶剂中的在权利要求1-19中任一项定义的添加剂组合物。
23．权利要求1到21中任一项定义的添加剂组合物在改进燃料油低温性能中的应用。
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