CN106574282A - 使用微生物的生产类菌孢素氨基酸的方法 - Google Patents
使用微生物的生产类菌孢素氨基酸的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106574282A CN106574282A CN201580024948.3A CN201580024948A CN106574282A CN 106574282 A CN106574282 A CN 106574282A CN 201580024948 A CN201580024948 A CN 201580024948A CN 106574282 A CN106574282 A CN 106574282A
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Abstract
本发明提供:生产类菌孢素氨基酸(MAA)的方法,所述方法包括:培养在菌体外产生MAA的微生物的步骤、将菌体与菌体外培养液分离的步骤和从菌体外培养液回收MAA的步骤;由下述式1表示的MAA;通过本发明的方法生产的MAA;或包含由下述式1表示的MAA的紫外线吸收用组合物;以及,用于预防选自急性皮肤反应、皮肤老化和皮肤癌的一种以上的症状或疾病的、包含通过本发明的方法生产的MAA或由下述式1表示的MAA的组合物。(1)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用微生物的生产类菌孢素(菌胞素)氨基酸的方法、通过前述方法生产的类菌孢素氨基酸和包含前述类菌孢素氨基酸的紫外线吸收剂。
背景技术
已知紫外线(UV)诱发红斑等的急性皮肤反应、皮肤老化和皮肤癌。太阳光线中所含的紫外线根据其波长可分为UV-A (320nm-400nm)、UV-B (280nm-320nm)和UV-C (200-280nm)的3类。其中,对生物体有影响的是UV-A和UV-B,UV-C通常不能透过大气,所以不成问题。
已知UV-B是室外晒黑的主因,与UV-A相比,相对能量大。若是被皮肤层吸收,则到达角质层和表皮,引起斑点和雀斑等的急性皮肤色素沉着。另外,也已知其参与老化和皮肤癌的发病,引起免疫抑制。
已知UV-A与UV-B相比波长长而能量小,但是与UV-B相比穿透至皮肤的更深处,一直到达真皮。其结果,不仅引起斑点和雀斑等急性皮肤色素沉着,而且引起真皮的弹力降低(光线性弹性组织变性),从而引起皱纹·松弛这样的早期皮肤老化现象。而且,近年来渐渐了解,UV-A也引起免疫抑制,参与癌前性皮肤病变和皮肤癌的发病。
UV-B的量根据季节、天气、纬度等而不同,相比之下,UV-A在全年内以一定量到达地表。因此,保护皮肤免于UV-A也是重要的。
现有的紫外线防御剂可分类为紫外线吸收剂和紫外线散射剂。紫外线吸收剂将紫外线能量转变成热能量释放,例如可举出4-叔丁基-4’-甲氧基二苯甲酰基甲烷等有机化合物。紫外线散射剂含有氧化钛(TiO2)、氧化锌(ZnO)等无机颗粒,在涂抹到皮肤上时,存在于皮肤表面的无机颗粒起到反射紫外线的壁垒(屏障)的作用。
紫外线吸收剂存在下述的问题:(1)易受光分解,稳定性差;(2)通过引起分子激发,促进黑色素生成,而引起发痒或过敏;(3)由于是化学合成物质,留给使用者的印象差。紫外线散射剂存在下述的问题:(1)在涂抹到皮肤上时易发白,容易造成皮肤暗沉的感觉;(2)引起活性氧的生成;(3)有堵塞皮肤的毛孔而妨碍皮肤呼吸之虞。由于这样的问题,对天然来源的安全的紫外线吸收物质的期待日益高涨。
类菌孢素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like Amino Acid,以下称为MAA)是已知广泛存在于珊瑚、红藻类、鱼的内脏、微藻类等水生生物中的天然的UV-A吸收物质。其中,已知shinorine是天然的最有效的UV-A吸收物质。迄今,尝试了通过化学合成来制备MAA,但是其步骤长而费事(专利文献1)。另外,也尝试了通过使用蓝细菌(cyanobacteria)的光照射法制备MAA,但是其产生量极少(非专利文献1)。而且,还尝试了从紫菜、藻类、贝等天然物提取MAA,但是任一者均无法得到充分的收量(专利文献2和非专利文献2~4)。另外,对于从天然物提取或从天然物生产,大多容易受气候条件等的影响而不稳定,难以稳定且大量地得到MAA。另一方面,也尝试了使微生物生成合成MAA的方法,但是这些方法需要从菌体内提取生物合成的MAA,所以进行使用菌体破碎、有机溶剂的提取等的操作(专利文献3和非专利文献5~6)。因此,存在操作费事且进一步需要除去菌体来源的夹杂物的纯化操作的问题。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:国际公开第02/39974号
专利文献2:日本特表2013-518871号公报
专利文献3:日本特开平6-62878号公报
非专利文献
非专利文献1:World J Microbiol Biotechnol (2008) 24:3111-3115
非专利文献2:Marine Biology 108,157-166 (1991)
非专利文献3:Photomedicine and Photobiology (2002),24,39-42
非专利文献4:Tetrahedron Letters 1979,3181-3182
非专利文献5:FEMS Yeast Res (2011),11:52-59
非专利文献6:J Bacteriol (2011),193 (21):5923-5928。
发明内容
发明所要解决的课题
本发明解决的课题包括提供稳定且大量地生产天然来源的安全的紫外线吸收物质的方法等。
用于解决课题的的手段
本发明人确立了下述方法:利用在菌体外产生MAA的微生物生物合成MAA,从菌体外的培养液大量地获得MAA。由此,发现与以往方法相比能够较为容易且稳定地生产天然来源的MAA,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供以下内容:
(1) 生产类菌孢素氨基酸的方法,所述方法包括:
培养在菌体外产生类菌孢素氨基酸的微生物的步骤,
将菌体与菌体外培养液分离的步骤,和
从菌体外培养液回收类菌孢素氨基酸的步骤;
(2) (1)所述的方法,其中,所述方法还包括纯化所回收的类菌孢素氨基酸的步骤;
(3) (1)或(2)所述的方法,其中,微生物为属于大肠杆菌、酵母、放线菌、微藻类或盘蜷纲的微生物;
(4) (3)所述的方法,其中,微生物为放线菌;
(5) (4)所述的方法,其中,放线菌为链霉菌(Streptomyces)属、束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema)属、假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)属或棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)属;
(6) (3)所述的方法,其中,微生物为盘蜷纲,该盘蜷纲为Aurantiochytrium属;
(7) (3)所述的方法,其中,微生物为酵母,该酵母为酵母(Saccharomyces)属;
(8) (1)~(7)的任一项所述的方法,其中,微生物含有异种来源的类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇;
(9) (8)所述的方法,其中,类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇为奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)来源的amir_4256、amir_4257、amir_4258和amir_4259基因;
(10) (8)所述的方法,其中,类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇的至少一个的基因的密码子被改变成被导入的微生物用密码子;
(11) (9)或(10)所述的方法,其中,微生物为阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 14893)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans) 1326株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 15675)、谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacteriumglutamicum) ATCC 13032株) (NITE保藏编号:NBRC 12168)、Aurantiochytrium sp. SAM2179株(FERM BP-5601)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) JM109株或酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) YPH499XW株;
(12) 由下述式1表示的类菌孢素氨基酸:
(式1);
(13) (12)所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,其中,所述类菌孢素氨基酸通过(1)~(11)的任一项所述的方法生产;
(14) 紫外线吸收用组合物,所述组合物包含:通过(1)~(11)的任一项所述的方法生产的类菌孢素氨基酸、或者(12)或(13)所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分;和
(15) 用于预防选自急性皮肤反应、皮肤老化和皮肤癌的一种以上的症状或疾病的组合物,所述组合物包含:通过(1)~(11)的任一项所述的方法生产的类菌孢素氨基酸、或者(12)或(13)所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分。
发明效果
依据本发明,与步骤数多而费事的以往的化学合成法相比,可以容易地生产MAA。另外,可以与以往进行的从紫菜或贝等天然物获得的方法相比更大量地获得MAA。因此,可以稳定地生产MAA。另外,由于可以从菌体外的培养液获得MAA,所以与将微生物菌体破碎以获得MAA的方法相比,纯化步骤被简化,故而可以迅速且高收率地得到高纯度的MAA。
附图说明
图1显示使用阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 14893)的菌体外培养液中和菌体内的shinorine和porphyra-334的生产量的比较。(A)显示shinorine,(B)显示porphyra-334。白色圆圈-实线:菌体外培养液,黑色圆圈-虚线:菌体内。
图2显示谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacteriumglutamicum) ATCC 13032株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 12168)的菌体外培养液中的shinorine和porphyra-334浓度的经时变化。黑色三角形显示shinorine,白色三角形显示porphyra-334。
具体实施方式
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供生产MAA的方法,所述方法包括:培养在菌体外产生MAA的微生物的步骤、将菌体与菌体外培养液分离的步骤和从菌体外培养液回收MAA的步骤。
依据本发明的方法,从微生物的培养上清液获得MAA。因此,可以与以往进行的利用天然物的方法相比更大量地获得MAA。另外,本方法不需要微生物自身的破碎步骤。因此,与作为以往方法的将藻类等天然物破碎以提取MAA的方法相比,可以削减时间和成本。另外,在包括破碎步骤的方法中,带入因破碎而产生的夹杂物使得其后的纯化步骤复杂,但是在本方法中,可以防止带入这样的夹杂物,所以可以使其后的纯化步骤容易。由此,也可以削减纯化所需要的时间和成本。
本发明中,“类菌孢素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acid,以下称为MAA)”是在可具有取代基的环己烯酮或环己烯亚胺骨架上键合有氨基酸的化合物的通称。
对于MAA,例如可举出:shinorine (以下,式2)、porphyra-334 (以下,式3)、asterina-330 (以下,式4)、palythene (以下,式5)、palythine (以下,式6)、菌孢素-甘氨酸(mycosporine-glycine) (以下,式7)、菌孢素-甘氨酸:缬氨酸(mycosporine-glycine :valine) (以下,式8)、菌孢素丝氨醇(mycosporine serinol) (以下,式9)等,但是不限于这些。
(式2)
(式3)
(式4)
(式5)
(式6)
(式7)
(式8)
(式9)。
本说明书中,“微生物”例如可举出:放线菌、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等细菌,霉和酵母等真菌,蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)等微藻类,和盘蜷纲(Labyrinthulea),但是不限于这些。
“放线菌”指属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的革兰氏阳性的真细菌。“放线菌”例如包括:变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)、紫红链霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)、天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)、阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)和灰色链霉菌(Streptomyces griseus)等链霉菌(Streptomyces)属,珍贵束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema pretiosum)和奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)等束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema)属,自养假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia autotrophica)、嗜热假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia thermophila)等假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)属,以及谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)等棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)属。放线菌可以从例如土中分离,还可以从微生物保藏分售机构获得。
“酵母”包括有子囊孢子的酵母、形成担孢子的酵母和属于不完全菌类的酵母。例如包括:酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)等酵母(Saccharomyces)属,粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)等裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces)属,红发夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)等发夫酵母(Phaffia)属,马克斯(思)克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)等克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces)属,解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)等耶氏酵母(Yarrowia)属,树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)等毕赤酵母(Pichia)属,以及产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)等假丝酵母(Candida)属。酵母可以从例如植物、动物、土中等分离,还可以从微生物保藏分售机构获得。
“微藻类(microalgae)”指从藻类(algae)中除去了多细胞生物的海藻类的具有微观结构的藻类。“藻类(algae)”指在进行产氧型光合作用的生物中除了主要在地上生活的苔藓植物、蕨类植物、种子植物之外的所有生物。藻类包括各种单细胞生物和多细胞生物。例如包括:海藻类,原核生物的蓝藻(Cyanobacteria),真核生物的灰藻植物门(灰藻门)(Glaucophyta)、红藻植物门(红藻门) (红藻) (Rhodophyta)、绿藻植物门(绿藻门)(Chlorophyta)等。微藻类还包括多个细胞形成群体的生物。另外,不局限于一定在水中生活,也有在土壤中或动物的体表等生活的生物。“蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)”例如包括:多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis)、点状念珠藻(Nostoc punctiforme)、林氏念珠藻(Nostoc linckia)、普通念珠藻(Nostoc commune)、裂褶念珠藻(Nostoc verrucosum)和灰色念珠藻(Nostoc muscorum)等。蓝藻可以从例如自然界分离,还可以从微生物保藏分售机构获得。
“盘蜷纲(Labyrinthulea)”是不等鞭毛类(Stramenopiles)所包含的阿米巴样的真核生物。盘蜷纲例如包括:Aurantiochytrium属、裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium)属、破囊壶菌(Thraustochytrium)属、吾肯氏壶菌(Ulkenia)属。盘蜷纲可以从例如海藻或地上植物等自然界分离,还可以从微生物保藏分售机构获得。
本说明书中,“在菌体外产生类菌孢素氨基酸的微生物”指具有生物合成MAA并在菌体外产生的能力的微生物,例如具有MAA生物合成酶基因的微生物。这些“在菌体外产生MAA的微生物”可以是野生株或实施了人工变异处理的株。作为人工变异处理,可举出基因重组、UV照射、X射线照射、利用诱变剂的处理等。另外,在菌体外产生MAA的微生物也可以是天然产生的突变株。“在菌体外产生MAA的微生物”还包括具有同种或异种来源的MAA生物合成酶基因的微生物。例如,可以是通过基因重组导入了异种来源的MAA生物合成酶基因的微生物。对于向上述微生物导入异种基因,可以使用本领域周知的方法。
通过基因重组将同种或异种来源的MAA生物合成酶基因导入微生物时,例如可以将启动子、5’非翻译区(UTR)、转化体选择用标记基因、3’非翻译区(UTR)或它们的一部分与该基因一起导入。此时,作为在各微生物中使用的那些,可以使用本领域技术人员周知的启动子等。进而,根据导入MAA生物合成酶基因的微生物的密码子使用频率,也可以适当改变该基因的密码子。作为本领域技术人员,能够利用例如Kazusa DNA研究所的数据库CodonUsage Database (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/)来调查某微生物的密码子使用频率。或者,也可以利用GENEART公司的基因序列设计程序GeneOptimizer (注册商标)等来调查密码子使用频率。而且,基于如此得到的密码子使用频率的信息,可以使用常规的手段优化对象的基因的密码子。
类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因例如可举出:奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因,假诺卡氏菌属菌(Pseudo nocardia sp.) P1来源的pseP1_010100031425 (SEQ ID NO: 5)、pseP1_010100031430(SEQ ID NO: 6)、pseP1_010100031435 (SEQ ID NO: 7)、pseP1_010100031440 (SEQ IDNO: 8)基因,多变鱼腥藻(Anabaena variabilis) ATCC 29413来源的Ava3855、Ava3856、Ava3857和Ava3858基因(参照Balskus EP等人,Science,(2010),329:1653-1656),点状念珠藻(Nostoc punctiforme) ATCC 29133来源的mysA、mysB、mysC和mysD基因(参照JOURNALOF BACTERIOLOGY,Nov. 2011,Vol. 193,No. 21,第5923-5928页)等,但不限于这些。例如在使用盘蜷纲时,在一个实施方案中,作为类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因,使用改变了密码子的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 9)、改变了密码子的amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 10)、改变了密码子的amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 11)和改变了密码子的amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 12)基因。
本发明的一个实施方案中,本说明书中使用的微生物为大肠杆菌、酵母、放线菌、微藻类或盘蜷纲。例如,本说明书中使用的微生物为大肠杆菌、酵母、放线菌或盘蜷纲。
在使用放线菌时,一个实施方案中可使用链霉菌(Streptomyces)属、束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema)属、假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)属或棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)属。另一个实施方案中可使用链霉菌属或棒状杆菌属。又一个实施方案中可使用变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)、阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)或谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacteriumglutamicum)。还一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)来源的amir_4256、amir_4257、amir_4258和amir_4259基因的放线菌。例如可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)来源的amir_4256 (SEQ IDNO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ IDNO: 4)基因的、阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680株(千叶县木更津市Kazusa镰足2-5-8,日本,独立行政法人制品评价技术基盘机构(NITE),专利微生物保藏中心(NPMD),NITE保藏编号:NBRC 14893)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans) 1326株(千叶县木更津市Kazusa镰足2-5-8,日本,独立行政法人制品评价技术基盘机构(NITE),专利微生物保藏中心(NPMD),NITE保藏编号:NBRC 15675)或谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) ATCC 13032株) (千叶县木更津市Kazusa镰足2-5-8,日本,独立行政法人制品评价技术基盘机构(NITE),专利微生物保藏中心(NPMD),NITE保藏编号:NBRC 12168)。
在使用盘蜷纲时,一个实施方案中可使用Aurantiochytrium属、裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium)属、破囊壶菌(Thraustochytrium)属或吾肯氏壶菌(Ulkenia)属。另一个实施方案中可使用Aurantiochytrium属。又一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因的盘蜷纲。还一个实施方案中可使用包含将密码子改变为盘蜷纲用密码子的amir_4256、amir_4257、amir_4258和amir_4259基因的盘蜷纲。另一个实施方案中可使用包含将密码子改变为盘蜷纲用密码子的amir_4256、amir_4257、amir_4258和amir_4259基因的Aurantiochytrium sp. SAM2179株(FERM BP-5601:需说明的是,该菌株是作为吾肯氏壶菌属菌(Ulkenia sp.) SAM2179株保藏的,但是根据事后的基因组解码进行了分类变更)。
在使用酵母时,一个实施方案中可使用酵母(Saccharomyces)属、裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces)属、发夫酵母(Phaffia)属、克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces)属、耶氏酵母(Yarrowia)属、毕赤酵母(Pichia)属或假丝酵母(Candida)属。另一个实施方案中可使用酵母(Saccharomyces)属。又一个实施方案中可使用具有木糖同化基因的酵母。还一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256(SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259(SEQ ID NO: 4)基因的酵母。另一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因的具有木糖同化基因的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) YPH499XW株。
在使用大肠杆菌时,一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因的大肠杆菌。又一个实施方案中可使用包含奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ IDNO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ IDNO: 4)基因的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) JM109株。
本说明书中,“菌体”指微生物细胞。另外,本说明书中,“菌体外培养液”指培养微生物得到的培养液中除去了微生物细胞的部分。即,菌体外培养液中包含用于培养的培养基中所含的各种成分、微生物在培养中产生的物质等。
将菌体与菌体外培养液分离的方法可由本领域技术人员适当选择。例如可以对培养微生物得到的培养液进行离心分离,将菌体与菌体外培养液分离。对于温度、时间和速度等离心分离的条件,可根据所用的微生物种类使用本领域技术人员周知的条件。或者,可以通过使用合适的过滤膜对培养微生物得到的培养液进行过滤,将菌体与菌体外培养液分离。另外,也可以在使用合适的聚集剂聚集菌体后进行离心分离或过滤。
从菌体外培养液回收MAA是指,除去菌体外培养液中包含的用于培养的培养基中所含的各种成分、微生物在培养中产生的MAA以外的物质等,获得主要含有MAA的溶液。从菌体外培养液回收MAA的方法也同样可由本领域技术人员适当选择。例如,可以使用膜过滤或合适的介质从菌体外培养液回收MAA。介质可由本领域技术人员适当选择。优选的实施方案中使用水系介质。水系介质可举出酸性、中性或碱性的水溶液或者含有盐的水溶液,但不限于这些。
另一个实施方案中,本发明提供还包括纯化所回收的MAA的步骤的上述本发明的方法。MAA的纯化可以使用用于从微生物的培养物纯化代谢产物的本领域技术人员周知的方法。例如,可以使用有机溶剂萃取、活性炭处理、凝胶过滤、离子交换柱层析、高效液相层析(HPLC)、结晶、电渗析(电透析)等得到纯化MAA。
本发明中也可视需要中和培养基。中和剂可使用公知的物质,例如碳酸钙、碳酸镁、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠等碳酸盐,氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙和氢氧化镁等氢氧化物,氨,生石灰,石灰石,消石灰等。某一实施方案中,本发明中使用的中和剂为碳酸钙、碳酸镁、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠等碳酸盐。中和剂可以在培养前添加到培养基中,也可以在培养期间添加。另外,中和剂的添加可以是连续的,也可以是间断的。中和剂的添加量可以通过测定培养基的pH值来容易地确定。pH值可以使用以往公知的方法(例如pH仪)测定。
本发明中,就用于培养微生物的培养基和其它培养条件(温度、时间、pH值、搅拌的有无等)而言,可根据培养的微生物种类由本领域技术人员适当选择。
在使用放线菌时,例如,可以使用放线菌用的半合成培养基(6%葡萄糖,0.2%NaCl,0.05% K2HPO4,0.01% MgSO4·7H2O,0.2% (NH4)2SO4,0.2%酵母提取物,0.005% FeSO4·7H2O,0.005% MnSO4·4H2O,0.005% ZnSO4·7H2O,0.5% CaCO3)、TSB培养基(0.25%葡萄糖,1.7%酪蛋白胰酶消化物,0.3%大豆木瓜蛋白酶消化物,0.5% NaCl,0.25% K2HPO4)或SYN培养基(0.7%酪蛋白氨基酸,0.2%酵母提取物,0.264% (NH4)2SO4,0.238% KH2PO4,0.556%K2HPO4,0.1% MgSO4·7H2O,0.0064% CuSO4·5H2O,0.0011% FeSO4·7H2O,0.0079% MnSO4·4H2O,0.0015% ZnSO4·7H2O,0.5% CaCO3)。在使用大肠杆菌时,例如可使用LB培养基、2×YT培养基、NZY培养基、M9培养基、SOC培养基或YPD培养基。在使用酵母时,例如可使用SD培养基、YPD培养基或YPAD培养基。
对于上述培养基,为了改良微生物培养,也可以适当改变后使用。例如,可通过培养基中葡萄糖初期浓度的增加或痕量元素溶液(Trace element solution) (×200)(CuSO4·5H2O 64mg,FeSO4·7H2O 11mg,MnSO4·4H2O 79mg,ZnSO4·7H2O 15mg/50mL)的添加来改变培养基。
又一个实施方案中,本发明提供通过上述本发明的方法生产的MAA。本发明生产的MAA不仅包括已经确定结构的MAA,而且包括具有新的结构的MAA。一个实施方案中,这样的MAA为shinorine、porphyra-334、palythine、菌孢素丝氨醇(mycosporine serinol)或菌孢素-甘氨酸或者它们的任意组合。作为具有新的结构的MAA的实例,可举出菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸(以下,式10)。因此,某一实施方案中,本发明提供菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸。另一个实施方案中,本发明提供通过上述本发明的方法生产的菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸。
(式10)
就MAA的鉴定方法而言,可使用以往公知的方法。例如,可使用高效液相层析-飞行时间质谱法(HPLC-TOFMS)。同样地,就新的MAA的鉴定方法,也可使用以往公知的方法。例如,可以通过组合高分辨率质谱法(HR-MS:High Resolution Mass Spectrometry)和核磁共振(NMR:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)法来鉴定新的MAA。另外,也可使用HPLC根据保留时间和UV光谱的结果鉴定MAA。或者,也可以通过使用具备光电二极管阵列检测器和HR-MS检测器的HPLC测定紫外吸收光谱和精确质量,以鉴定新MAA。
本发明还提供紫外线吸收用组合物,所述组合物包含:作为活性成分的有效量的通过本发明的方法生产的MAA或上述菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的其它成分。除了化妆品、药品领域之外,本发明的紫外线吸收用组合物还可用作涂料组合物或其它涂布剂。例如,在施用于人皮肤时,本发明的紫外线吸收用组合物包含约0.05~10重量%通过本发明的方法生产的MAA,且可包含约5~40重量%的油性介质、约1~10重量%乳化剂、微量的助剂和水等水性介质。
本发明还提供用于预防选自急性皮肤反应、皮肤老化和皮肤癌的一种以上的症状或疾病的组合物,所述组合物包含:通过本发明的方法生产的MAA或上述菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分。作为活性成分,该组合物包含通过本发明的方法生产的有效量的MAA。
例如,上述本发明的组合物为霜剂、洗剂、糊剂、软膏、乳液(水包油型乳液、油包水型乳液、多重乳液、微乳液、PET-乳液、皮克林乳液(Pickering emulsion))、凝胶(水凝胶、乙醇凝胶)、悬液剂、泡沫剂、喷雾剂、片剂或粉末等的以施用于皮肤为目的的通常的化妆品或药品可呈现的形态。
另外,作为上述本发明的组合物中可包含的对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分,可包含下述的通常的化妆品、类药品或药品的助剂和添加剂:苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵、氯己双铵、丁醇、苯甲醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯等对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯、儿茶酚、间苯二酚、环己醇和间甲酚等防腐剂;抗坏血酸和蛋氨酸等抗氧化剂;磷酸、柠檬酸和其它有机酸等缓冲剂;山梨坦酯、Tween (注册商标)、硅多元醇、硬脂酸钾和乙氧基化脂肪酸酯等乳化剂;乳化稳定剂;阴离子性、阳离子性、非离子性或两性聚合物;EDTA等螯合剂;油性介质(矿物油等烃系油、石蜡、天然油、硅油、棕榈酸异丙酯等脂肪酸酯、硬脂醇等脂肪醇);增稠剂;保湿剂;软化剂;聚乙二醇(PEG)等表面活性剂;酸化剂或碱化剂;香料;芳香剂;染料;着色剂;或在化妆品、类药品或药品中通常配合的其它成分等。
实施例
以下示出实施例以更具体且详细地说明本发明,但是实施例仅用于本发明的示例,并不旨在限制本发明。
(实施例1)
1. 使用链霉菌产生MAA
本发明人使用变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)和阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)产生了MAA。另外,本发明人进行了菌体外培养液和菌体内的MAA产生量的比较(图1)。
1-1. MAA生物合成酶基因的导入
1-1-1. 向变铅青链霉菌导入MAA生物合成酶基因
作为MAA生物合成酶基因,使用了奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO:3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因。将这些基因在PLD启动子(参照日本特开2002-51780号公报)的控制下连接到具有pIJ101的复制起点的载体上,制作了基因表达载体。使用该基因表达载体转化变铅青链霉菌1326株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 15675),得到了MAA生产株。变铅青链霉菌的转化按照以往公知的方法进行。
1-1-2. 向阿维链霉菌导入MAA生物合成酶基因
通过同源重组将上述基因amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)导入阿维链霉菌MA-4680株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 14893)中,得到了MAA生产株。阿维链霉菌的同源重组按照以往公知的方法进行。
1-2. 变铅青链霉菌和阿维链霉菌的预培养
在5mL的AVM培养基(以下,参照表1)中,添加在上述1-1中制作的具有MAA生物合成酶基因的变铅青链霉菌1326株或阿维链霉菌MA-4680株的孢子的甘油原液。在28℃、160rpm下振荡培养这些放线菌48小时。
[表1]
1-3. 变铅青链霉菌和阿维链霉菌的主(正式)培养
将0.1%量的预培养液添加到500mL带挡板培养瓶中的50mL TSBt培养基(以下,参照表2~4)中。需说明的是,在培养开始时向TSBt培养基中进一步追加葡萄糖,以使葡萄糖的初期浓度为50g/L。在28℃、160rpm下振荡培养2周。
[表2]
[表3]
[表4]
1-4. MAA的测定
在主(正式)培养期间,在规定的时间采集1mL培养液,测定600nm下的浊度。将采集的培养液在14000rpm下离心分离20分钟,分离了菌体外培养液与沉淀物(菌体)。分离的菌体外培养液用作菌体外培养液样品。在分离的菌体中添加1mL的甲醇,通过搅拌破碎菌体。接着,离心分离,回收上清(菌体样品)。通过HPLC测定了菌体外培养液样品和稀释的菌体样品中各自的shinorine和porphyra-334的生产量。HPLC测定条件如下表所示。
[表5]
1-5. 结果
阿维链霉菌MA-4680株的结果示于图1。图1(A)显示shinorine的分布,图1(B)显示porphyra-334的分布。对于shinorine和porphyra-334的任一者,均确认到:与菌体内相比,菌体外培养液中大量分布。根据这些结果显示,在培养开始后2周的时间点,菌体外培养液中的shinorine生产量与菌体内的shinorine生产量相比为约5倍。对于porphyra-334,也同样显示,菌体外培养液中的生产量与菌体内的生产量相比为约7倍。就变铅青链霉菌1326株而言,培养约1周时,菌体外生产了150mg/L,菌体内生产了50mg/L的shinorine。培养约2周时,菌体外生产了510mg/L,菌体内生产了105mg/L的shinorine。
(实施例2)
2. 新的MAA (菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸)的产生
2-1. 与实施例1同样地,将生产MAA的阿维链霉菌培养了2周。不过,初期葡萄糖浓度为100g/L。其结果,除了shinorine和porphyra-334之外,菌体外培养液中生产了新的MAA即菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸。所得的菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸的生产量为25mg/L。在表5所示的条件下进行HPLC分析时,保留时间为15分钟左右。
2-2. 新的MAA (菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸)的鉴定
上述新的MAA的鉴定如下进行。在分析中使用具备光电二极管阵列检测器和HR-MS检测器的HPLC,测定了紫外吸收光谱和精确质量。HPLC测定条件如下表所示。
[表6]
关于在9分钟左右洗脱的峰的紫外吸收光谱,在333nm左右(附近)具有吸收极大值,与shinorine、porphyra-334形状相同。另外,通过ESI (碎裂电压200.0V)将该峰离子化,用TOF检测器测定了精确质量。m/z ([M+H]+):317.1338 (关于C13H21N2O7 +的计算值:317.1349)。
(实施例3)
3. 使用棒状杆菌产生MAA
本发明人使用谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)产生了MAA。
3-1. MAA生物合成酶基因的导入
3-1-1. 向谷氨酸棒状杆菌导入MAA生物合成酶基因
作为MAA生物合成酶基因,使用了奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum) DSM43827来源的amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO:3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)基因。将这些基因在gapA启动子(参照Appl MicrobiolBiotechnol (2008) 81:291-301)的控制下连接到具有pBL1的复制起点的载体上,制作了基因表达载体。使用该基因表达载体,通过电穿孔法转化到谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC 13032株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 12168,独立行政法人制品评价技术基盘机构(NITE),专利生物保藏中心(IPOD),千叶县木更津市Kazusa镰足2-5-8)中,得到了MAA生产株。电穿孔法按照以往公知的方法进行。
3-2. 谷氨酸棒状杆菌的预培养
在50mL的BHI培养基(以下,参照表7)中,添加在上述3-1中制作的具有MAA生物合成酶基因的谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC 13032株的甘油原液。在30℃、180rpm下振荡培养这些谷氨酸棒状杆菌24小时。
[表7]
3-3. 谷氨酸棒状杆菌的主(正式)培养
将3%量的预培养液添加到坂口(Sakaguchi)烧瓶中的50mL BHI培养基中。需说明的是,在培养开始时向BHI培养基中追加5mL的400g/L葡糖酸钠,使葡糖酸钠的初期浓度为20g/L。为了调整pH值,添加了5mL的10%碳酸钙溶液。在30℃、180rpm下振荡培养48小时。
3-4. MAA的测定
在主(正式)培养期间,在规定的时间采集1mL培养液,测定600nm下的浊度。将采集的培养液在15000rpm下离心分离10分钟,分离了菌体外培养液与沉淀物(菌体)。使用孔径0.2μm的膜过滤器过滤分离的菌体外培养液,将滤液用作菌体外培养液样品。通过HPLC测定了菌体外培养液样品中的shinorine和porphyra-334的生产量。HPLC测定条件与表5中记载的条件相同。
3-5. 结果
结果示于图2。对于shinorine和porphyra-334的任一者,均确认了在菌体外培养液中存在。
(实施例4)
4. 使用酵母产生MAA
本发明人使用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)产生了MAA。
4-1. MAA生物合成酶基因的导入
4-1-1. YPH499XW株的构建
用BssHII从质粒pWX1X2XK(参照Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5407-14)上切下在TDH3启动子的控制下分别表达编码木糖同化基因的XYL1 (木糖发酵酵母(Scheffersomycesstipitis)来源的木糖还原酶) (SEQ ID NO: 13),XYL2 (木糖发酵酵母来源的木糖醇脱氢酶) (SEQ ID NO: 14)和XKS1 (酿酒酵母来源的木酮糖激酶) (SEQ IDNO: 15)的盒(cassette)。将这些盒连接到用BssHII切断的具有TRP1选择标记物的pRS404载体(ATCC 保藏编号:ATCC 87515)上,制作了基因组整合用载体pIWX1X2XK。用EcoRV处理该基因组整合用载体pIWX1X2XK。使用所得的片段转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) YPH499株(Genetics 1989 May;122(1):19-27),得到了具有木糖同化性的YPH499XW株。酿酒酵母的转化按照以往公知的方法进行。
4-1-2. 向酿酒酵母YPH499XW株导入MAA生物合成酶基因
将MAA生物合成酶基因amir4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)和amir4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)以在TDH3启动子和ADH1启动子的控制下表达的方式连接到具有2μ的复制起点和URA3选择标记物的pAT426载体(FEMS Yeast Res. 2014 May;14(3):399-411)上,制作了基因表达载体pAT426-amir4256-7。另外,将MAA生物合成酶基因amir4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir4259(SEQ ID NO: 4)以在TDH3启动子和ADH1启动子的控制下的方式连接到具有2μ的复制起点的pAT425载体(FEMS Yeast Res. 2014 May;14(3):399-411)上,制作了基因表达载体pAT425-amir4258-9。使用这些基因表达载体pAT426-amir4256-7和pAT425-amir4258-9转化YPH499XW株,得到了作为MAA生产株的YPH499XW-MAA株。酿酒酵母的转化按照以往公知的方法进行。
4-2. YPH499XW-MAA株的预培养
将在上述5-1中制作的具有MAA生物合成酶基因的YPH499XW-MAA株的甘油原液在SD-LUW琼脂培养基(以下,参照表8)上培养。其后,在5mL的SX-LUW液体培养基(以下,参照表9)中接种所得的菌落。在30℃、150rpm下振荡培养13天。
[表8]
[表9]
4-3. YPH499XW-MAA株的主(正式)培养
将2%量的预培养液添加到300mL带挡板培养瓶中的100mL SD-LU液体培养基中。在30℃、150rpm下振荡培养48小时。
4-4. MAA的测定
在培养13天后,采集4mL培养液,测定600nm下的浊度。将采集的培养液在3,000rpm下离心分离5分钟,分离了菌体外培养液与沉淀物(菌体)。使分离的菌体外培养液通过PTFE过滤器(0.45μm),所得的溶液用作菌体外培养液样品。
4-5. 结果
测定了菌体外培养液的MAA浓度。结果,在菌体外生产了0.19mg/L的shinorine。
(实施例5)
5. 使用盘蜷纲产生MAA
本发明人使用盘蜷纲产生了MAA。
5-1. MAA生物合成酶基因的导入
5-1. 向盘蜷纲导入MAA生物合成酶基因
将上述基因amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQ ID NO: 2)、amir_4258(SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)的密码子改变为Aurantiochytrium sp.SAM2179株(FERM BP-5601)用密码子(分别为SEQ ID NO: 9~12)。通过同源重组将改变了的这些基因导入Aurantiochytrium SAM2179株中,得到了MAA生产株。盘蜷纲的同源重组按照以往公知的方法进行。
5-2. Aurantiochytrium的预培养
在含有1.5%琼脂的GY海水培养基平板(以下,参照表10)上添加在上述5-1中制作的具有MAA生物合成酶基因的Aurantiochytrium SAM2179株的甘油原液。在28℃培养该Aurantiochytrium 2天。
[表10]
5-3. Aurantiochytrium的主(正式)培养
在10mL的GY海水培养基(以下,参照表11)中,在28℃,300rpm下振荡培养在上述5-2中预培养的Aurantiochytrium 5天。
[表11]
5-4. MAA的测定
在主(正式)培养后,将培养液在15000rpm下离心分离10分钟,分离了菌体外培养液与沉淀物(菌体)。用孔径0.2μm的膜过滤器过滤分离的菌体外培养液,所得的溶液用作菌体外培养液样品。通过HPLC测定了菌体外培养液样品中的shinorine的生产量。HPLC测定条件与表5中记载的条件相同。
5-5. 结果
在菌体外生产了1.5mg/L的shinorine。
(实施例6)
6. 使用大肠杆菌生产MAA
本发明人使用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)生产了MAA。
6-1. MAA生物合成酶基因的导入
6-1-1. 向大肠杆菌导入MAA生物合成酶基因
作为上述MAA生物合成酶基因,使用了amir_4256 (SEQ ID NO: 1)、amir_4257 (SEQID NO: 2)、amir_4258 (SEQ ID NO: 3)和amir_4259 (SEQ ID NO: 4)。将这些基因在tac启动子的控制下连接到具有pBR322的复制起点的载体pkk223-3 (GenBank No. M77749)上,制作了基因表达载体。使用该基因表达载体转化了大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)JM109株(TAKARA BIO公司制造,制品代码:9052),得到了MAA生产株。大肠杆菌的转化按照以往公知的方法进行。
6-2. 大肠杆菌的预培养
在5mL的LB培养基(以下,参照表12)中,添加在上述6-1中制作的具有MAA生物合成酶基因的大肠杆菌JM109株的甘油原液。在37℃、160rpm下振荡培养这些大肠杆菌18小时。
[表12]
6-3. 大肠杆菌的主(正式)培养
将2%量的预培养液接种到500mL带挡板培养瓶中的50mL LB培养基中。需说明的是,在培养开始时向LB培养基中追加葡糖酸钠(终浓度50g/L),以使葡糖酸钠的初期浓度为50g/L,并进一步追加碳酸钙使其终浓度为0.5%。在30℃、160rpm下振荡培养1周。
6-4. MAA的测定
在开始主(正式)培养的24小时后采集1mL培养液,在14000rpm下离心分离10分钟,分离了菌体外培养液与沉淀物(菌体)。分离的菌体外培养液用作菌体外培养液样品。通过HPLC测定了菌体外培养液样品中的shinorine的生产量。HPLC测定条件与表5中记载的条件相同。
6-5. 结果
测定了菌体外培养液的MAA浓度。结果,在菌体外生产了0.82mg/L的shinorine。
根据上述内容显示,使用微生物产生MAA,可以从菌体外培养液回收MAA。另外显示,可以获得新的MAA即菌孢素-甘氨酸-丙氨酸。依据本方法,可以从菌体外培养液得到MAA,因此,从与其后的纯化步骤的关系来看是非常有利的。
产业上的利用可能性
依据本发明的方法,可以使用微生物稳定且大量地生产MAA。另外,如此得到的MAA可用作紫外线吸收用组合物的有效成分。因此,本发明可在化妆品和药品等领域中利用。
序列表自由文本
SEQ ID NO: 9:用于SAM2179的密码子优化的amir_4256
SEQ ID NO: 10:用于SAM2179的密码子优化的amir_4257
SEQ ID NO: 11:用于SAM2179的密码子优化的amir_4258
SEQ ID NO: 12:用于SAM2179的密码子优化的amir_4259。
Claims (15)
1.生产类菌孢素氨基酸的方法,所述方法包括:
培养在菌体外产生类菌孢素氨基酸的微生物的步骤,
将菌体与菌体外培养液分离的步骤,和
从菌体外培养液回收类菌孢素氨基酸的步骤。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述方法还包括纯化所回收的类菌孢素氨基酸的步骤。
3.权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,微生物为属于大肠杆菌、酵母、放线菌、微藻类或盘蜷纲的微生物。
4.权利要求3所述的方法,其中,微生物为放线菌。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中,放线菌为链霉菌(Streptomyces)属、束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema)属、假诺卡氏菌(Pseudonocardia)属或棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium)属。
6.权利要求3所述的方法,其中,微生物为盘蜷纲,该盘蜷纲为Aurantiochytrium属。
7.权利要求3所述的方法,其中,微生物为酵母,该酵母为酵母(Saccharomyces)属。
8.权利要求1~7的任一项所述的方法,其中,微生物含有异种来源的类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇。
9. 权利要求8所述的方法,其中,类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇为奇迹束丝放线菌(Actinosynnema mirum)来源的amir_4256、amir_4257、amir_4258和amir_4259基因。
10.权利要求8所述的方法,其中,类菌孢素氨基酸生物合成酶基因簇的至少一个的基因的密码子被改变成被导入的微生物用密码子。
11. 权利要求9或10所述的方法,其中,微生物为阿维链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis) MA-4680株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 14893)、变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyceslividans) 1326株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 15675)、谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacteriumglutamicum) ATCC 13032株(NITE保藏编号:NBRC 12168)、Aurantiochytrium SAM2179株(FERM BP-5601)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) JM109株或酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) YPH499XW株。
12.由下述式1表示的类菌孢素氨基酸:
(式1)。
13.权利要求12所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,其中,所述类菌孢素氨基酸通过权利要求1~11的任一项所述的方法生产。
14.紫外线吸收用组合物,所述组合物包含:通过权利要求1~11的任一项所述的方法生产的类菌孢素氨基酸、或者权利要求12或13所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分。
15.用于预防选自急性皮肤反应、皮肤老化和皮肤癌的一种以上的症状或疾病的组合物,所述组合物包含:通过权利要求1~11的任一项所述的方法生产的类菌孢素氨基酸、或者权利要求12或13所述的类菌孢素氨基酸,和对于化妆品、类药品或药品可接受的成分。
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US20170202762A1 (en) | 2017-07-20 |
WO2015174427A1 (ja) | 2015-11-19 |
JP5927593B2 (ja) | 2016-06-01 |
CN106574282B (zh) | 2020-11-06 |
US10307356B2 (en) | 2019-06-04 |
KR20170002587A (ko) | 2017-01-06 |
EP3144392A4 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
EP3144392B1 (en) | 2019-07-10 |
KR102148740B1 (ko) | 2020-08-27 |
JPWO2015174427A1 (ja) | 2017-04-20 |
ES2742162T3 (es) | 2020-02-13 |
EP3144392A1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
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