CN106524939A - Crack three-dimensional state monitoring system and monitoring method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种裂缝三维状态变化监测方法，包括以下步骤：1、利用裂缝一侧的激光测距仪对另一侧的三角反光架的三个顶点分别进行测量，测得三角反光架的三个顶点到激光测距仪探头中心的距离、竖直角和水平角；2、重复步骤1，得到不同时期测量的数据；3、根据不同时期测量的数据计算三角反光架的三个顶点的位置变化，得到裂缝的空间坐标变化。本发明同时提供了裂缝三维状态变化监测系统，包括激光测距仪和三角反光架，激光测距仪和三角反光架通过监测墩固定于地面，三角反光架的三个顶点设有一个全反射棱镜。本发明结构简单、高精度、方便易用、可靠性好，适合滑坡或其他地质灾害致裂裂缝三维立体监测。
The invention provides a method for monitoring the three-dimensional state change of a crack, comprising the following steps: 1. Using a laser rangefinder on one side of the crack to measure the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame on the other side respectively, and measure the triangular reflective frame The distance, vertical angle, and horizontal angle from the three vertices to the center of the laser rangefinder probe; 2. Repeat step 1 to obtain data measured in different periods; 3. Calculate the three vertices of the triangular reflector according to the measured data in different periods The position changes, and the spatial coordinate changes of the cracks are obtained. The invention also provides a three-dimensional state change monitoring system for cracks, including a laser range finder and a triangular reflective frame, the laser range finder and the triangular reflective frame are fixed on the ground through the monitoring pier, and a total reflection prism is arranged at the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame . The invention has the advantages of simple structure, high precision, convenience and ease of use, and good reliability, and is suitable for three-dimensional monitoring of cracks caused by landslides or other geological disasters.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种裂缝三维状态变化监测方法及监测系统，属于工程地质裂缝及地质灾害致裂裂缝监测领域。The invention relates to a monitoring method and a monitoring system for three-dimensional state changes of cracks, which belong to the field of monitoring engineering geological cracks and cracks caused by geological disasters.
背景技术Background technique
三峡库区内高切坡群多分布于人口集中居住区域与道路沿线且具有“陡”、“高”的形态特征，其稳定性的状态好坏严重关系到库区移民的生命财产安全与经济建设活动，对于其采取监测措施十分必要。地表裂缝变化是判断滑坡稳定性分析的关键参数与重要表征，其监测作为滑坡监测中的重要一环，必不可少。In the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the high-cut slope groups are mostly distributed in the densely populated residential areas and along the roads, and have the morphological characteristics of "steep" and "high". It is necessary to take monitoring measures for construction activities. The change of surface fissures is a key parameter and an important characterization for judging the stability analysis of landslides. As an important part of landslide monitoring, its monitoring is indispensable.
国内对地表裂缝的监测手段主要为通过多种方案测得裂缝宽度变化的位移计，如：基于应变片的、基于光纤光栅的、基于收敛计的、基于裂缝传感器的以及LF型差阻式裂缝计。上述集中仪器多为单一维度的监测手段，监测信息过于简单。中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所基于特制三向游标卡尺设计的三维裂缝仪以及李晓设计的IGG-1型机械式裂缝计，能较好的反应裂缝的三维数值变化，但机械式设计使其精度尚有进一步的提升空间。国外在地表裂缝监测拥有许多专业仪器，如加拿大Roctest公司的的JM系列裂缝计、PF25裂缝计、REPP遥控型裂缝计、英国SOIL公司的振弦式裂缝计以及其他公司生产的测缝计、裂缝计、位移计(多点)以及土体位移计，都不能实现裂缝的地表三维状态监测，或者监测精度低而不具有参考价值。此外还有基于INSAR、三维激光扫描以及GPS、微破裂成像等技术对裂缝分布状态及发育规律的监测，但过于宏观，无法精密监测单一裂缝的发育过程，或是只能反映地裂缝的沉降特征。Domestic monitoring methods for surface cracks are mainly displacement meters that measure crack width changes through various schemes, such as: based on strain gauges, based on fiber gratings, based on convergent gauges, based on crack sensors, and LF type differential resistance cracks count. Most of the above-mentioned centralized instruments are single-dimensional monitoring methods, and the monitoring information is too simple. The three-dimensional fracture meter designed by the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences based on the special three-way vernier caliper and the IGG-1 mechanical fracture meter designed by Li Xiao can better respond to the three-dimensional numerical changes of fractures, but the mechanical design makes it less accurate. There is still room for further improvement. There are many professional instruments for surface fracture monitoring abroad, such as the JM series crack meter, PF25 crack meter, REPP remote control crack meter from Canada Roctest company, the vibrating wire crack meter from British SOIL company, and the crack meter and crack meter produced by other companies. None of the displacement meters, displacement meters (multi-point) and soil displacement meters can realize the three-dimensional surface state monitoring of cracks, or the monitoring accuracy is low and has no reference value. In addition, there are technologies such as INSAR, 3D laser scanning, GPS, and microfracture imaging to monitor the distribution and development of fractures, but they are too macroscopic to accurately monitor the development process of a single fracture, or they can only reflect the settlement characteristics of ground fissures. .
由于地裂缝致裂因素众多，其变形过程必然是复杂、立体的，单一维度的地裂缝状态变化监测不足以反应其变形特征与成因机理。因此，对地表裂缝的三维状态变化监测方法具有重要意义。Due to the many factors causing ground fissures, the deformation process must be complex and three-dimensional, and the single-dimensional monitoring of ground fissure status changes is not enough to reflect its deformation characteristics and genetic mechanism. Therefore, it is of great significance to monitor the three-dimensional state change of surface fractures.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了解决现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种裂缝三维状态变化监测方法及监测系统，结构简单、设计合理、技术成熟、高精度、性价比高、方便易用，可以监测滑坡或地质灾害致裂的裂缝三维状态变化，适合于工程地质领域使用。In order to solve the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a method and system for monitoring the three-dimensional state change of cracks, which has simple structure, reasonable design, mature technology, high precision, high cost performance, and is convenient and easy to use, and can monitor landslides or geological disasters. The three-dimensional state change of the cracked fracture is suitable for use in the field of engineering geology.
本发明为解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：提供了一种裂缝三维状态变化监测方法，包括以下步骤：The technical scheme adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problem is: a method for monitoring the three-dimensional state change of cracks is provided, which includes the following steps:
(1)利用固定于裂缝一侧的激光测距仪对固定于裂缝另一侧的三角反光架的三个顶点分别进行测量，每次测量时激光测距仪发射的激光被位于三角反光架的三个顶点的全反射棱镜反射，从而测得三角反光架的三个顶点分别到激光测距仪探头中心的距离、竖直角和水平角；(1) Use the laser range finder fixed on one side of the crack to measure the three vertices of the triangle reflective frame fixed on the other side of the crack respectively, and the laser emitted by the laser range finder is placed on the triangle reflective frame for each measurement. The total reflection prism of the three vertices is reflected, so as to measure the distance, vertical angle and horizontal angle from the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame to the center of the laser rangefinder probe respectively;
(2)重复步骤(1)，得到不同时期测量的数据；(2) Repeat step (1) to obtain data measured in different periods;
(3)根据不同时期测量的数据计算三角反光架的三个顶点的位置变化，得到裂缝的空间坐标变化。(3) Calculate the position changes of the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame according to the data measured in different periods, and obtain the spatial coordinate changes of the cracks.
步骤(1)进行测量时，三角反光架所在平面与裂缝走向平行。When measuring in step (1), the plane where the tripod is located is parallel to the direction of the crack.
步骤(1)所述三角反光架的三个顶点的全反射棱镜旁各设有一个靶标，所述靶标距其最近全反射棱镜的距离与激光测距仪探头距激光测距仪辅助灯的距离相同，测量时，将激光测距仪辅助灯瞄准靶标，以使得激光测距仪发射的激光被全反射棱镜反射。Next to the total reflection prism of the three vertices of the step (1) described triangular reflective frame, a target is respectively provided, the distance of the target from its nearest total reflection prism and the distance of the laser range finder probe from the laser range finder auxiliary light Similarly, when measuring, aim the auxiliary light of the laser rangefinder at the target so that the laser emitted by the laser rangefinder is reflected by the total reflection prism.
步骤(2)所述得到不同时期测量的数据，其时期间隔根据地质活动和裂缝发育情况确定，间隔范围为10天至一个月。The data measured in different periods are obtained in step (2), and the period interval is determined according to geological activities and fracture development, and the interval ranges from 10 days to one month.
步骤(3)所述根据不同时期测量的数据计算三角反光架的三个顶点的位置变化，具体包括各点的总空间变化以及阶段空间变化：According to the data measured in different periods in step (3), the position changes of the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame are calculated, specifically including the total space changes and stage space changes of each point:
顶点A的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex A is:
顶点A的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex A is:
顶点B的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex B is:
顶点B的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex B is:
顶点C的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex C is:
顶点C的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex C is:
其中，i∈[2,n]，n为测量时期总数，A(ΔxA,ΔyA,ΔzA)、B(ΔxB,ΔyB,ΔzB)和Among them, i∈[2,n], n is the total number of measurement periods, A(Δx A ,Δy A ,Δz A ), B(Δx B ,Δy B ,Δz B ) and
C(ΔxC,ΔyC,ΔzC)分别表示顶点A、B和C的位置变化量，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的距离，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的竖直角，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的水平角。C(Δx C , Δy C , Δz C ) represent the position changes of vertices A, B and C respectively, and respectively represent the distances from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the vertical angles from the vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the horizontal angles from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe at the i-th monitoring.
本发明同时提供了一种所述监测方法的裂缝三维状态变化监测系统，包括分别位于裂缝两侧的激光测距仪和三角反光架，所述激光测距仪和三角反光架分别通过监测墩固定于地面；所述三角反光架的三个顶点分别设有一个全反射棱镜。The present invention also provides a crack three-dimensional state change monitoring system according to the monitoring method, including a laser range finder and a triangular reflective frame respectively located on both sides of the crack, and the laser range finder and the triangular reflective frame are respectively fixed by monitoring piers on the ground; the three apexes of the tripod are respectively provided with a total reflection prism.
所述三角反光架三个顶点处的全反射棱镜旁各设有一个靶标，所述靶标距其最近全反射棱镜的距离与激光测距仪探头距激光测距仪辅助灯的距离相同。A target is respectively arranged beside the total reflection prism at the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame, and the distance between the target and the nearest total reflection prism is the same as the distance between the laser rangefinder probe and the laser rangefinder auxiliary light.
所述三角反光架除全反射棱镜的部位全部涂装黑色。The positions of the triangular reflective frame except the total reflection prism are all painted black.
本发明基于其技术方案所具有的有益效果在于：The beneficial effect that the present invention has based on its technical scheme is:
(1)本发明利用激光测距的方式获得裂缝两侧点与面位置的空间变化数据，能够准确反映裂缝的空间变化动态，得到裂缝的三维变化状态，由于激光测距的方式技术成熟，其精度相对于超声波、机械的测量方式更高，设计合理，可以更精确地测量出裂缝的三维变化状态；(1) The present invention obtains the spatial change data of points and surfaces on both sides of the crack by means of laser ranging, which can accurately reflect the spatial change dynamics of the crack and obtain the three-dimensional changing state of the crack. Due to the mature technology of the laser ranging method, its Compared with ultrasonic and mechanical measurement methods, the accuracy is higher, and the design is reasonable, which can more accurately measure the three-dimensional change state of the crack;
(2)本发明的测量方法采用激光测距这种非接触式的测量方式，测完可拆卸，相比于机械式测量方式更加不受环境影响、不易受潮；(2) The measurement method of the present invention adopts a non-contact measurement method such as laser ranging, which can be disassembled after the measurement, and is less affected by the environment and less susceptible to moisture than the mechanical measurement method;
(3)本发明的测量方法主要建造设施为两个测墩，使用的激光测距仪非测量时仍可用于他处，测量方法整体投入小、经济性好，整个方法中所涉仪器均为成熟技术，可靠性好，维护量小；(3) The main construction facilities of the measuring method of the present invention are two measuring piers, and the laser rangefinder used can still be used in other places when not measuring. The measuring method has a small overall investment and good economy. Mature technology, good reliability and low maintenance;
(4)本发明的测量方法可以三个全反射棱镜点反映三角反光架状态的变化，由于三角反光架与裂缝平面平行，可间接获得裂缝断面的三维状态变化，通过多期多维度裂缝发育信息的监测可更全面的揭示其发展趋势以及对地面建筑物和构筑物的影响，有助于更好的解释滑坡致灾机理、高切坡发育特征、矿产采空区地裂缝致灾机理；(4) The measurement method of the present invention can reflect the change of the state of the triangular reflective frame at three total reflection prism points. Since the triangular reflective frame is parallel to the plane of the crack, the three-dimensional state change of the fracture section can be obtained indirectly, and the multi-stage and multi-dimensional crack development information can be obtained. Monitoring can more comprehensively reveal its development trend and its impact on ground buildings and structures, and help to better explain the mechanism of landslide disasters, the development characteristics of high cut slopes, and the disaster mechanism of ground fissures in mining goafs;
(5)本发明的裂缝三维状态变化监测系统专门为其测量方法提供了一种实现方便、结构简单的硬件平台，其三角反光架三顶点处的全反射棱镜旁设有靶标，为远距离测距提供瞄靶基准，进一步提高测量准确性。(5) The crack three-dimensional state change monitoring system of the present invention provides a hardware platform with convenient implementation and simple structure for its measurement method. Targets are set beside the total reflection prism at the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame, which is used for long-distance measurement. The distance provides a target reference to further improve the measurement accuracy.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是为本发明的一个实施例中整体结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure in an embodiment of the present invention;
图2为本发明计算方法示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the calculation method of the present invention;
图3本发明激光测斜仪示意图；Fig. 3 laser inclinometer schematic diagram of the present invention;
图4为本发明的监测墩示意图；Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of monitoring pier of the present invention;
图5为本发明的三角反射板示意图Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a triangular reflector of the present invention
图中：1地面，2监测墩A，3激光测距仪，4三角反光架，5监测墩B，31脚螺旋，32数据显示屏，33水平转盘，34激光测距探头，35激光辅助灯，36竖直螺旋，37操作按钮，38水平螺旋，39底部螺孔，41全反射棱镜A，42全反射棱镜B，43全反射棱镜C，44靶标，51预留孔，52监测墩墩体。In the figure: 1 ground, 2 monitoring pier A, 3 laser rangefinder, 4 triangular reflector, 5 monitoring pier B, 31 foot screw, 32 data display, 33 horizontal turntable, 34 laser ranging probe, 35 laser auxiliary light , 36 vertical screw, 37 operation button, 38 horizontal screw, 39 bottom screw hole, 41 total reflection prism A, 42 total reflection prism B, 43 total reflection prism C, 44 target, 51 reserved hole, 52 monitoring pier body .
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with drawings and embodiments.
本发明提供了一种裂缝三维状态变化监测方法，包括以下步骤：The invention provides a method for monitoring the three-dimensional state change of a fracture, comprising the following steps:
(1)利用固定于裂缝一侧的激光测距仪对固定于裂缝另一侧的三角反光架的三个顶点分别进行测量，每次测量时激光测距仪发射的激光被位于三角反光架的三个顶点的全反射棱镜反射，从而测得三角反光架的三个顶点分别到激光测距仪探头中心的距离、竖直角和水平角；(1) Use the laser range finder fixed on one side of the crack to measure the three vertices of the triangle reflective frame fixed on the other side of the crack respectively, and the laser emitted by the laser range finder is placed on the triangle reflective frame for each measurement. The total reflection prism of the three vertices is reflected, so as to measure the distance, vertical angle and horizontal angle from the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame to the center of the laser rangefinder probe respectively;
(2)重复步骤(1)，得到不同时期测量的数据；(2) Repeat step (1) to obtain data measured in different periods;
(3)根据不同时期测量的数据计算三角反光架的三个顶点的位置变化，得到裂缝的空间坐标变化。(3) Calculate the position changes of the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame according to the data measured in different periods, and obtain the spatial coordinate changes of the cracks.
步骤(1)进行测量时，三角反光架所在平面与裂缝走向平行。When measuring in step (1), the plane where the tripod is located is parallel to the direction of the crack.
步骤(1)所述三角反光架的三个顶点的全反射棱镜旁各设有一个靶标，所述靶标距其最近全反射棱镜的距离与激光测距仪探头距激光测距仪辅助灯的距离相同，测量时，将激光测距仪辅助灯瞄准靶标，以使得激光测距仪发射的激光被全反射棱镜反射。Next to the total reflection prism of the three vertices of the step (1) described triangular reflective frame, a target is respectively provided, the distance of the target from its nearest total reflection prism and the distance of the laser range finder probe from the laser range finder auxiliary light Similarly, when measuring, aim the auxiliary light of the laser rangefinder at the target so that the laser emitted by the laser rangefinder is reflected by the total reflection prism.
步骤(2)所述得到不同时期测量的数据，其时期间隔根据地质活动和裂缝发育情况确定，间隔范围为10天至一个月：对于发育缓慢的地裂缝，一般控制在每个月一期，对于变化较大的地裂缝可精确至每十日一期，同时增加每期次数以避免偶然误差，提高精确性。所述监测期数n以该裂缝监测数据稳定或其他人为设定情况为条件确定。The data measured in different periods are obtained as described in step (2), and the period interval is determined according to geological activities and fracture development, and the interval range is 10 days to one month: for slow-growing ground fissures, it is generally controlled at one period per month, For ground fissures with large changes, it can be accurate to one period every ten days, and at the same time, increase the number of times per period to avoid accidental errors and improve accuracy. The number of monitoring periods n is determined on the condition that the crack monitoring data is stable or other conditions are artificially set.
步骤(3)所述根据不同时期测量的数据计算三角反光架的三个顶点的位置变化，具体包括各点的总空间变化以及阶段空间变化：According to the data measured in different periods in step (3), the position changes of the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame are calculated, specifically including the total space changes and stage space changes of each point:
顶点A的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex A is:
顶点A的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex A is:
顶点B的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex B is:
顶点B的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex B is:
顶点C的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex C is:
顶点C的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex C is:
其中，i∈[2,n]，n为测量时期总数，A(ΔxA,ΔyA,ΔzA)、B(ΔxB,ΔyB,ΔzB)和C(ΔxC,ΔyC,ΔzC)分别表示顶点A、B和C的位置变化量，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的距离，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的竖直角，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的水平角。Among them, i∈[2,n], n is the total number of measurement periods, A(Δx A ,Δy A ,Δz A ), B(Δx B ,Δy B ,Δz B ) and C(Δx C ,Δy C ,Δz C ) represent the position changes of vertices A, B and C respectively, and respectively represent the distances from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the vertical angles from the vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the horizontal angles from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe at the i-th monitoring.
过程中监测每一期得到的第i次与第i-1次的变化量可得到裂缝发育变形趋势，对比相应的边坡累积位移预测模型(例如斋藤模型)并应用于边坡或其他地质体的稳定性预测预报。During the monitoring process, the i-th and i-1 changes in each period can be used to obtain the crack development and deformation trend, and compare the corresponding slope cumulative displacement prediction model (such as the Saito model) and apply it to slopes or other geology body stability prediction.
本发明同时提供了一种所述监测方法的裂缝三维状态变化监测系统，参照图1，包括分别位于裂缝两侧的激光测距仪3和三角反光架4，所述激光测距仪3和三角反光架4分别通过监测墩固定于地面1，两个监测墩分别为监测墩A2和监测墩B5。The present invention simultaneously provides a crack three-dimensional state change monitoring system according to the monitoring method. Referring to FIG. The reflective frames 4 are respectively fixed on the ground 1 through monitoring piers, and the two monitoring piers are monitoring piers A2 and monitoring piers B5 respectively.
参照图3，激光测距仪3结构与自动经纬仪类似，三个脚螺旋31用于调节仪器水平，以保证仪器在水平工作面上工作，辅助以相关水平仪保证水平，数据显示屏32和操作按钮37用来显示、记录所测得水平角、竖直角和距离，水平螺旋38调节底部水平转盘33的左右转动，竖直螺旋36调节激光测距探头部分的竖直转动，激光辅助灯35用以配合激光测距探头34寻找测量目标，底部螺孔39用以固定于监测墩上。Referring to Fig. 3, the structure of the laser range finder 3 is similar to that of the automatic theodolite, and the three foot screws 31 are used to adjust the level of the instrument to ensure that the instrument works on a horizontal working surface, assisted by a related spirit level to ensure the level, a data display screen 32 and operation buttons 37 is used for displaying and recording the measured horizontal angle, vertical angle and distance, the horizontal screw 38 adjusts the left and right rotation of the horizontal turntable 33 at the bottom, the vertical screw 36 adjusts the vertical rotation of the laser distance measuring probe part, and the laser auxiliary lamp 35 is used To cooperate with the laser ranging probe 34 to find the measurement target, the bottom screw hole 39 is used to fix on the monitoring pier.
参照图5，监测墩墩体52顶部设有预留孔51，可以用来埋设三角反光架4，或者设置螺孔以固定激光测距仪3。墩体用于为三角反光架与激光测距仪提供承载平台，选用材质坚固耐侵蚀，重量大小选择以不影响裂缝发育为前提。Referring to FIG. 5 , the top of the monitoring pier body 52 is provided with a reserved hole 51 , which can be used to bury the triangular reflective frame 4 , or set screw holes to fix the laser rangefinder 3 . The pier body is used to provide a bearing platform for the triangular reflective frame and the laser rangefinder. The material is strong and corrosion-resistant, and the weight is selected on the premise that it will not affect the development of cracks.
参照图4，所述三角反光架固定于监测墩的预留孔中。其三个顶点A、B和C分别设有一个全反射棱镜，分别为全反射棱镜A41、全反射棱镜B42和全反射棱镜C43，用于将激光测距仪发射的激光原路反射回去；所述三角反光架三个顶点处的全反射棱镜旁各设有一个靶标44，所述靶标距其最近全反射棱镜的距离与激光测距仪探头距激光测距仪辅助灯的距离相同。所述三角反光架除全反射棱镜的部位全部涂装黑色。Referring to Fig. 4, the reflective triangle is fixed in the reserved hole of the monitoring pier. Its three vertices A, B and C are respectively equipped with a total reflection prism, which are total reflection prism A41, total reflection prism B42 and total reflection prism C43, which are used to reflect back the original path of the laser emitted by the laser range finder; A target 44 is respectively arranged beside the total reflection prism at the three vertices of the triangular reflective frame, and the distance between the target and the nearest total reflection prism is the same as the distance between the laser rangefinder probe and the laser rangefinder auxiliary light. The positions of the triangular reflective frame except the total reflection prism are all painted black.
以下为利用本发明的裂缝三维状态变化监测系统进行裂缝三维状态变化监测的过程：The following is the process of using the crack three-dimensional state change monitoring system of the present invention to monitor the three-dimensional state change of the fracture:
(1)对裂缝进行相关勘察工作后、确认重点监测位置；(1) Confirm the key monitoring positions after conducting relevant survey work on cracks;
(2)在裂缝的两侧分别靠近裂缝处分别设置监测墩A、监测墩B，监测墩A上端中心处设有螺孔，用于固定激光测距仪3，监测墩B上端固定三角反光架4，三角反光架4与裂缝走向平行。(2) Set monitoring pier A and monitoring pier B on both sides of the crack close to the crack respectively. There is a screw hole at the center of the upper end of monitoring pier A for fixing the laser range finder 3, and fixing the triangular reflective frame at the upper end of monitoring pier B 4. The tripod 4 is parallel to the direction of the crack.
(3)由于监测单一裂缝两侧相对位移变化，故不考虑其空间坐标，但需要固定其局部坐标系，利用螺丝将激光测距仪3通过底部螺孔39固定于监测墩A上，旋转脚螺旋31至水平，固定每次测量时初始方向一致作为x轴，每期测量测得激光测距探头34中心处到监测墩表面的高度以消除z轴误差；(3) Since the relative displacement changes on both sides of a single crack are monitored, its spatial coordinates are not considered, but its local coordinate system needs to be fixed. Use screws to fix the laser rangefinder 3 on the monitoring pier A through the bottom screw hole 39, and rotate the foot Screw 31 to the level, fix the initial direction of each measurement to be consistent as the x-axis, and measure the height from the center of the laser distance measuring probe 34 to the surface of the monitoring pier in each measurement to eliminate the z-axis error;
(4)打开顶部激光辅助灯35，操作水平螺旋38左右转动水平转盘33，上下转动竖直螺旋36，待激光辅助灯瞄准靶标44，进行测距，利用操作按钮37记录数据显示屏32所示水平角、竖直角、距离；(4) Turn on the top laser auxiliary light 35, operate the horizontal screw 38 to rotate the horizontal turntable 33 left and right, turn the vertical screw 36 up and down, wait for the laser auxiliary light to aim at the target 44, and perform distance measurement, and use the operation button 37 to record the data shown in the display screen 32 Horizontal angle, vertical angle, distance;
(5)按步骤(4)所述过程，依次测得全反射棱镜A、全反射棱镜B和全反射棱镜C点的水平角、竖直角、距离并进行记录；(5) by the described process of step (4), measure successively the horizontal angle of total reflection prism A, total reflection prism B and total reflection prism C point, vertical angle, distance and record;
(6)室内计算：(6) Indoor calculation:
参照图2，以第一期测量点A为例，以激光测距探头34中心处为原点，水平角竖直角测距第一期测得数据表示为各点坐标如下：Referring to Fig. 2, taking the measurement point A of the first phase as an example, taking the center of the laser ranging probe 34 as the origin, the horizontal angle vertical angle ranging The measured data in the first period are expressed as the coordinates of each point as follows:
则n期监测可继续得数据：Then the n-period monitoring can continue to obtain data:
A2、A3、A4……An；A 2 , A 3 , A 4 ... A n ;
B2、B3、B4……Bn；B 2 , B 3 , B 4 ... B n ;
C2、C3、C4……Cn。C 2 , C 3 , C 4 . . . C n .
对于各点，进行n期监测后，空间坐标变化量为：For each point, after n-period monitoring, the change in spatial coordinates is:
顶点A的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex A is:
顶点B的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex B is:
顶点C的总空间变化量为：The total spatial variation of vertex C is:
每个点的空间坐标的变化也即该点的空间三维变化，代表了两个监测墩之间的裂缝所产生的三维空间变化。A、B、C三点空间坐标变化可取平均值以减小误差。The change of the spatial coordinates of each point, that is, the three-dimensional spatial change of the point, represents the three-dimensional spatial change produced by the crack between the two monitoring piers. A, B, and C three-point spatial coordinate changes can be averaged to reduce errors.
顶点A的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex A is:
顶点B的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex B is:
顶点C的阶段空间变化量为：The stage space variation of vertex C is:
其中，i∈[2,n]，n为测量时期总数，A(ΔxA,ΔyA,ΔzA)、B(ΔxB,ΔyB,ΔzB)和C(ΔxC,ΔyC,ΔzC)分别表示顶点A、B和C的位置变化量，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的距离，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的竖直角，和分别表示第i次监测时顶点A、B和C到激光测距仪探头中心的水平角。过程中监测每一期得到的第i次与第i-1次的变化量可得到裂缝发育变形趋势，对比相应的边坡累积位移预测模型(例如斋藤模型)并应用于边坡或其他地质体的稳定性预测预报。Among them, i∈[2,n], n is the total number of measurement periods, A(Δx A ,Δy A ,Δz A ), B(Δx B ,Δy B ,Δz B ) and C(Δx C ,Δy C ,Δz C ) represent the position changes of vertices A, B and C respectively, and respectively represent the distances from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the vertical angles from the vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe during the i-th monitoring, and Respectively represent the horizontal angles from vertices A, B and C to the center of the laser rangefinder probe at the i-th monitoring. During the monitoring process, the i-th and i-1 changes in each period can be used to obtain the crack development and deformation trend, and compare the corresponding slope cumulative displacement prediction model (such as the Saito model) and apply it to slopes or other geology body stability prediction.
拓展而言，如若将监测墩A后撤至离裂缝较远处，借助GPS监测可将上述局部坐标系纳入北京坐标系监测其空间姿态的变化，同理可将监测墩A处的裂缝空间姿态纳入监测，从而得到该裂缝两侧的相对姿态的三维的变化过程。依此，该方法可以拓展到其他领域，如地基产生不均匀沉降的楼房姿态监测等。To expand, if the monitoring pier A is withdrawn farther away from the crack, with the help of GPS monitoring, the above local coordinate system can be incorporated into the Beijing coordinate system to monitor the change of its spatial attitude. Similarly, the spatial attitude of the crack at the monitoring pier A can be Incorporated into monitoring, so as to obtain the three-dimensional change process of the relative attitude on both sides of the crack. According to this, the method can be extended to other fields, such as the posture monitoring of buildings with uneven foundation settlement.
本发明的裂缝的三维监测方法具有结构简单、设计合理、高精度、性价比高、方便易用的特点，整个方法中所涉仪器均为成熟技术，可靠性好，维护量小。非常适合应用于滑坡或其他地质灾害致裂裂缝三维立体监测。The three-dimensional crack monitoring method of the present invention has the characteristics of simple structure, reasonable design, high precision, high cost performance, and convenience and ease of use. The instruments involved in the whole method are all mature technologies, with good reliability and low maintenance. It is very suitable for three-dimensional monitoring of cracks caused by landslides or other geological disasters.
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| CN111222094A (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2020-06-02 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Evaluation technology of residual error after application of Fouché fracture occurrence probability distribution calculation method |
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| CN114111583A (en) * | 2020-08-27 | 2022-03-01 | 神华神东煤炭集团有限责任公司 | A device and method for monitoring mining cracks based on laser ranging |
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