CN106495770A - A kind of efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material - Google Patents
A kind of efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material Download PDFInfo
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- CN106495770A CN106495770A CN201610916913.7A CN201610916913A CN106495770A CN 106495770 A CN106495770 A CN 106495770A CN 201610916913 A CN201610916913 A CN 201610916913A CN 106495770 A CN106495770 A CN 106495770A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/50—Treatments combining two or more different biological or biochemical treatments, e.g. anaerobic and aerobic treatment or vermicomposting and aerobic treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material.The present invention carries out compost fermentation by garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry mixing to be tuned into the fermentation materials of different carbon-nitrogen ratios, after fermentation a period of time, by detecting that the indexs such as its temperature, acid-base value, electrical conductivity, total carbon content, total nitrogen content determine whether fermenting-ripening to analyze.The present invention is by determining the physical and chemical parameter in digest process, the Changing Pattern of recording parameterses, to study compost whether fermenting-ripening, more rapidly and efficiently, horn of plenty agriculture and forestry organic waste material comprehensive utilization of resources establishes solid foundation to the method adopted in the present invention compared with other criterion.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agriculture and forestry organic waste material comprehensive utilization of resources technical field, and in particular to one kind utilizes agriculture and forestry organic waste material
Efficient high-rate composting fermentation process.
Background technology
With China's animal husbandry and the fast development of Chinese garden planting industry, national poultry farming amount and Chinese garden planting area are gradually
Increase, about produce more than 2,000 ten thousand tons of feces of livestock and poultry and substantial amounts of deadwood leaveves every year, but these feces and deadwood leaveves
If deal with improperly and not only resulting in the wasting of resources but also Pollution from livestock and poultry, appropriation of land can be caused, be unfavorable for that city is beautiful
The problems such as change.
Additionally, the solid waste such as garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry contains substantial amounts of organic matter and nutrients resource, according to estimating
Calculate and nitrogen 470-550 can be provided ten thousand tons, ten thousand tons of phosphorus 280-310, ten thousand tons of potassium 560-590, more than 600,000,000 tons of organic matter, also containing substantial amounts of
Trace element, this are valuable Organic Fertilizer Resources, if give appropriate process utilizing, very big by rising to China's agricultural production
Facilitation.
Compost can not only make the pathogen in above-mentioned garbage innoxious by hot fermentation under microbial action, organic
Thing humification, stabilisation, it is finally reached and becomes thoroughly decomposed, but also the compound fertilizer of preciousness can be further processed into.But, modern agriculture
Under the conditions of, feces of livestock and poultry has that time-consuming using traditional composting technology, and the shortcomings of pollution environment, limiting feces of livestock and poultry makes
Raising with quality；Also exist and becoming thoroughly decomposed compost effect on driving birds is not good of excessively cause, or compost immature, C/N is improper etc., and reason is made
Into feces and deadwood leaveves garbage can not be made full use of, it is impossible to ensure the problem of compost quality.
Content of the invention
The invention provides a kind of efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material, the present invention mainly utilizes garden
Woods garbage（Deadwood leaveves）With feces of livestock and poultry（Chicken manure, cattle manure and pig manure）Different proportion mixing is carried out, biological sending out then is carried out
Ferment, is sent out by the simple and quick efficient judgement compost of the indexs such as the PH of measure compost fermentation product, temperature, electrical conductivity, carbon-nitrogen ratio
Whether ferment ripe, it is to avoid comparatively laborious, be not suitable for the index system and method that modernize large-scale production.
For achieving the above object, the present invention is employed the following technical solutions and is achieved：
A kind of efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material, it comprises the following steps：
（1）The selection in compost place；
（2）The preparation of fermentation materials：By garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry according to C/N=25:1~35:1 is obtained fermentation heap material；
（3）Build the pretreatment of heap and material：In dung yard on the ground, two are excavated in criss-cross air drain, fermentation materials are adjusted
Water content to 60%-65%；
（4）Fermentation：Deadwood is spread on two air drain infalls, on deadwood, spreads one layer of leaves, then will be prepared again
Put fermented successively by heap for the fermentation heap material of good garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry；
（5）During the fermentation, the water content of adjustment fermentation heap keeps it in 50%-60%, and after fermentation more than 30d, compost does not have
There is foul smell taste and product is in loose dark brown pellet shape；PH is determined in 5.5-8.0；C/N in heap body is less than 20；Compost is extracted
Less than 8ms/cm, the EC values of liquid judge that fermentation is completed.
Further：The step（1）The selection standard in middle compost place is：Leeward on the sunny side, close to water source, be easy to compost
The transport of material, by the place Land leveling for choosing or shallow hole.
Further：The step（2）Described in feces of livestock and poultry include chicken manure, cattle manure and pig manure, the garden waste
Including leaveves and the ground product of branch.
Further：The step（3）The depth and width of middle cross ditch are 20 centimetres.
Further：The step（4）In be paved with hard deadwood on two air drain infalls, and little at two
At ditch crossing center, then placement waddy perpendicular to the ground respectively spreads one layer of sludge or fine earth in two air drains as absorption
Under ooze the heelpiece of nutriment in a fertilizer；Uniform layer overlay leaveves above the deadwood, then place again one layer of deadwood leaves ground product and
One layer of feces, the ground product of deadwood leaveves and feces alternating stacks successively, two kinds of raw materials are each four layers, every kind of raw material from ground floor to
4th layer according to 1:2:3:4 weight ratio is stacked successively.
Further：The step（5）In thermometer is inserted into 20- below reactor face from three different azimuths
At 25cm, 9 o'clock of every morning periodic monitor heap temperature.
Further：The step（2）Middle pig manure and deadwood leaveves are optimum fermentation heap according to C/N=25/1.
Further：The step（5）Middle fermentation 30d-45d.
Further：The step（5）Water Soluble Organic Carbon content when middle fermentation is completed<1.7%.
Further：The step（5）A turning was carried out during middle compost per 5 days.
Compared with prior art, advantages of the present invention and have the technical effect that：The invention provides one kind is with different material（Chicken
Excrement, cattle manure and pig manure）With garden waste（Deadwood leaveves）Mix the method for carrying out compost fermentation in varing proportions.The present invention sends out
Fermenting process is divided into two steps, and first, compost fermentation, builds heap and fermentation at selection, the modulation of dispensing of banking up including place of banking up；Its
Secondary, a turning was carried out during compost per 5 days, is sampled row index measure of going forward side by side, and is carried out according to the PCm for determining
Water content is adjusted.Testing index includes reactor temperature and to the water content of sample, acid-base value, total carbon in raw material and reactor
Content, total nitrogen content, effective P content, active potassic content, EC values and its cellulose, hemicellulose, content of lignin, water solublity have
Machine carbon, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen.By determining the physical and chemical parameter in digest process, the Changing Pattern of recording parameterses studies compost
Whether fermenting-ripening, the method adopted in the present invention compared with other criterion more rapidly and efficiently, discard by horn of plenty agricultural
Thing comprehensive utilization of resources establishes solid foundation.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is temperature changing trend in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is change of moisture content trend in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is acid-base value variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is total carbon content variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is total nitrogen content variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 6 is available phosphorus content variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 7 is fermentation heap effective K variation tendency of the present invention；
Fig. 8 is conductivity variations trend in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Fig. 9 is content of cellulose variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 10 is hemicellulose level variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 11 is content of lignin variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 12 is the degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 13 is Water Soluble Organic Carbon changes of contents trend in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 14 is ammonium nitrogen variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 15 is nitrate nitrogen content variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention；
Figure 16 is carbon-nitrogen ratio variation tendency in fermentation heap of the present invention.
Specific embodiment
Technical scheme is further described in detail below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
Embodiment 1
The efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of the utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material of the present invention is comprised the following steps：
First, compost fermentation
1st, bank up the selection in place
Leeward on the sunny side, close to water source, be easy to the transport of compost material, place of banking up choose after by its Land leveling or shallow
Hole.
The modulation of dispensing of the 2nd, banking up
First heap：Chicken manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=25：1；
Second heap：Cattle manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=25：1；
3rd heap：Cattle manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=30：1；
4th heap：Pig manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=30：1；
5th heap：Cattle manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=35：1；
6th heap：Chicken manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=30：1；
7th heap：Pig manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=25：1.
, build heap and fermentation
3.1 bank up the design in place and the pre-treatment of raw material
On the place of flattened compacting, " ten " font ditch is excavated as the air drain of fermentation heap, deep wide each 20 centimetres（With rice
Chi is measured, must be accurate）.According to the PCm of fermentation raw material, fermentation raw material（Deadwood leaveves ground product, chicken manure, pig
Excrement and cattle manure）Water content be adjusted to 65%.
The enforcement of 3.2 placement methods
Hard deadwood is paved with " ten " font ditch infall, as the air drain of compost bottom, and is handed in two ditches
Fork center, placement waddy perpendicular to the ground, used as compost full communication between the higher and lower levels duct.Then in one layer of the air drain middle berth of fermentation heap
The sludge or fine earth of thick 2cm is used as the heelpiece for oozing nutriment in a fertilizer under absorption.Above the hard deadwood uniform layer overlay without
The leaveves of crushing；Then the fermentation materials for preparing are carried out compost fermentation, the ground floor of fermentation heap places the powder of deadwood leaveves
Mince, make the area of bottom some larger as far as possible, be paved into a circle, the second layer places feces, the ground product of deadwood leaveves and
Feces stack alternately and repeatedly totally eight layers of order, two kinds of raw materials（The ground product and feces of deadwood leaveves）Four layer are respectively, and
Every kind of raw material is from ground floor to the 4th layer according to 1:2:3:4 weight is stacked than successively, and it is sending out for 180 kg finally to pile weight
Ferment heap.
2nd, the indices of raw material are determined
Sampled from fermentation heap using five point sampling, i.e.,：Cornerwise midpoint is first determined as center sampling point, then right
The equidistant point of four Ge Yu centers sampling points is selected on linea angulata as sampling point.And respectively in compost fermentation the 0th, 5,10,15,
Sample after 20,25,30,35,40,45 d turnings.
Fermentation heap temperature monitoring
Thermometer is inserted into below reactor face at 25 ~ 30cm from three different azimuths, 9 o'clock of every morning supervises in real time
Survey heap temperature.
As shown in Figure 1, the temperature change of heap body is divided into three phases i.e. temperature rise period, hot stage and temperature-fall period.?
Temperature rise period, Organic substance progressively degrade in the presence of microorganism, discharge substantial amounts of heat, are stepped up heap temperature, when
Temperature is gradually risen to 55 DEG C, and heap body enters the megathermal period.In the megathermal period, heap body continuous high temperature kills pathogenic bacteria etc., and this stage
Microorganism is gradually degraded the Organic substance of remaining in heap body.When Organic substance therein is progressively degraded to be exhausted, heap body enters cooldown period
（Temperature is less than 50 DEG C）, when heap temperature is down to ambient temperature, heap body becomes thoroughly decomposed substantially.
The measure of water content
Taking initial weight 15.000g testing samples and being placed in 105 DEG C of baking ovens 24h is dried until constant weight（Measurement error exists twice
Within 0.05g）, determine moisture.
As shown in Figure 2, the water content of each fermentation heap drastically declines in beginning in the 5th day or so, keeps after a couple of days again on slow
Rise, water content is preferred for 50%-60%, so being all adjusted to water content per five days.Excess moisture, reduces free porosity,
Air diffusion is affected, anaerobic state is easily caused, while producing percolate process problem；Moisture is less than 40%, and microbial activity drops
Low, compost temperature declines therewith.
The measure of acid-base value
Sample is taken using air-drying or being placed in 35-40 DEG C of drying baker and be dried process, 10 mesh were then crushed（2 mm）Sieve.
Take the sample 5g after drying and crushing to be put in sample bottle, add the distilled water of 50ml volumes, 180rpm shaking tables vibrate 60min, quiet
During putting 1-3h, standing, air should be avoided from entering sample bottle；The measurement of pH is carried out after calibration pH meter.
From Fig. 3,7 groups of fermentation heaps terminate PH 6.0-8.5, due to raw material from the fermentation initial stage to becoming thoroughly decomposed
During different fermentations, PH variation tendencies are also different, but meet country and become thoroughly decomposed requirement（5.5-8.5）.
The measure of total carbon content
Total Carbon analysis are comprised the following steps that：Take 2.000g to be put in the crucible of constant weight, crucible is positioned in Muffle furnace
600 DEG C are warming up to, 15min is ashed；Move crucible in exsiccator to cool down and weigh；It is solid that the weight difference that weighs twice is volatility
Body（VS）Weight.
Estimation equation=the 0.47VS of total carbon, VS=（a-b）/（a-c）, a is weight of the sample plus crucible；After b is for ashing
Weight of the sample plus crucible；Weight of the c for crucible.
As shown in Figure 4, with fermentation to carry out total carbon content on a declining curve in prometaphase, in 30 days or so the Ge Fa that ferment
Ferment heap total carbon content keeps stable.In composting process, carbon source is consumed, and changes into carbon dioxide and humic matter.
The measure of total nitrogen content
1.5.1 the preparation of sample
Take and crush dry sample 1.000g（18 mesh）It is placed in digestion tube, while determining its moisture.1.5.2 sample
Clear up：
Plus 10ml concentrated sulphuric acids are in digestion tube, 5g Na after mixing, are added2SO4 and 0.5g CuSO4, heating clear up 4h, treat sample
Clear up and continue to clear up 2h for celadon, ammonium salt is reacted completely, cool down after clearing up end.1.5.3 the distillation of ammonia：
35% NaOH of 50ml are added to disappear and are boiled in pipe by setting program, plus 1.5% boric acid of 50ml is to absorption bottle, and by condensing tube
Below end insertion absorbing liquid 1cm, start triumphant formula azotometer and distill to distillate without ammonia（Distillate is not occurred with nessler reagent
Chromogenic reaction), stop distillation.
1.5.4 the measure of ammonium：
In sample distillate, the bromocresol green-C.I. 13020. mixed indicator of 2 ~ 3 drops is added, molten with the normal hydrochloric acid that has demarcated
Drop determines distillate so as to be changed into reddish violet from aeruginouss.Record hydrochloric acid volume used（mL).
1.5.5 blank assay：When clearing up sample, do blank with sucrose, in addition to sample is not added with, remaining operation all with
Before identical.Blank assay and sample determination are synchronously carried out, the volume of acid needed for determining.（It is usually no more than 0.4mL）.
As shown in Figure 5, the slow trend for rising after each fermentation heap total nitrogen content presents and falls before, the conversion of nitrogen are then divided into
Three parts, Part I are scattered and disappeared in the form of ammonia, and Part II is to be converted into nitre by Nitrification and Denitrification
Hydrochlorate and nitrite, Part III are then by the organism assimilation such as microorganism.Though the content of full nitrogen has also declined,
For full carbon, relative reduction is less, thus after composting terminates, the content relative increase of full nitrogen in heap body.
And as shown in Figure 16, with the carrying out of composting process, the C/N of fertilizer constantly declines.In theory, at the end of compost,
C/N in heap body should be 16 or so, it is considered that composting production C/N can consider when being less than 20 and become thoroughly decomposed substantially.
The measure of available phosphorus content
1.6.1 the preparation of standard curve
5 g mLs are taken respectively-1Phosphorus standard solution 0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0ml in five 150ml triangular flasks, plus
10ml 0.5mol·L-1NaHCO345ml is supplied with distilled water afterwards, is shaken up, be subsequently adding the anti-reagent of 5ml molybdenum antimony and mix colour developing,
After standing 30min, under 880nm wavelength, ultraviolet spectrophotometer is determined, and is that abscissa light absorption value is sat for vertical with phosphorus concentration of standard solution
Mark and draw and make its standard curve.
1.6.2 the process of sample
Weigh crushing（20 mesh）Air-dry dry sample 2.5g（It is accurate to 0.001g) in 150ml triangular flasks, add 50ml
0.5mol/l NaHCO3Solution, vibrates 30min, is filtered with without phosphorus filter paper immediately, collects filtrate.
1.6.3 effective phosphorus yield in sample
Filtrate 5ml is drawn in 150ml triangular flasks, plus 10ml 0.5mol/l NaHCO3Solution extremely, then is added with burette
35ml distilled water, then the anti-reagent of pipet addition 5ml molybdenum antimony, shakes up, and after standing 30min, carries out colorimetric with 880nm wavelength.
From Fig. 6, the trend that available phosphorus content is increased after presenting and falling before in each fermentation heap.Available phosphoruss
Show the fertility of fertilizer to a certain extent, available phosphorus content maintains higher level in fertilizer, microorganism in compost is lived
Property and quantity can just maintain higher level, and the available phosphorus content of No. 7 heaps is significantly larger than remaining each heap as can be seen from Figure.
The measure of available potassium
1.7.1 preparation of reagents
Digestion agent（1mol/L ammonium acetates, PH=7.0):Weigh 77.10g ammonium acetates（NH4OAc analyses are pure）Dilute, constant volume
To nearly 1L.（If pH is not 7.0, then 7.0 are adjusted with acetic acid,diluted or dilute ammonium hydroxide, be finally settled to 1L with water）.
Potassium standard solution：0.1907g potassium chloride（Analyze pure 110 DEG C to dry 2 hours）It is dissolved in 1mol/L ammonium acetate solutions,
And 1L is settled to 1mol/L ammonium acetate solutions.As contain 100 mL-1Potassium standard solution.Take this potassium standard solution 0,
2.5mL, 5.0mL, 10.0mL, 15.0mL, 20.0mL, 40.0mL enter in 100mL volumetric flasks, fixed with 1mol/L ammonium acetate solutions
Hold, obtain 0,2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0,20.0,40.0 mL-1The potassium standard solution of variable concentrations.
1.7.2 the preparation of standard curve
With setting to 0,2.5,5.0,10.0,15.0,20.0,40.0 mL-1Variable concentrations potassium standard solution, uses 0 mL-Potassium mark
It is zero that quasi- solution adjusts inspection stream reading on flame photometer, then surveys the galvanometer reading of each concentration potassium standard solution, in scale paper
On with potassium solution concentration as abscissa, galvanometer reading be vertical coordinate, draw standard curve.
1.7.3 the measure of sample effective K content
Weigh 0.5g crushing（2mm）Air-dried sample adds 50mL1mol/L ammonium acetate solutions, concussion of jumping a queue in extraction flask
After 30min, filter paper is filtered, and collects filtrate.Take filtrate its potassium content, record inspection stream reading is measured with flame luminosity.
Available potassium（Mg/kg, K）=prepare liquid（µɡ·mL-1）×v/m
The potassium mL for checking in-1Number --- ----find corresponding potassium ppm numbers from standard curve.
The mL numbers of v --- ----addition digestion agent.
M --- ----sample oven-dried weight（g）.
From Fig. 7, each fermentation heap effective K content presents to be stablized, and drastically declines during 25-30 days,
Keep after 30 days stable.Mainly using compost effective K, quick-acting potassium content maintains high level, the quantity of microorganism for microorganism
Higher level can just be maintained with activity, the quick-acting potassium content of No. seven heaps other heaps a little higher than are known by figure.
The measure of value
Take the sample after crushing and be added to conical flask, and according to 20%（w/v）Solid-to-liquid ratio adds deionized water, sealing concussion 3min
4000rpm centrifugations 10min takes supernatant afterwards, and its EC value surveyed by conductivity meter.
From Fig. 8, in each fermentation heap, electrical conductivity presents downward trend, keeps within 25 days or so stable.Electrical conductivity
Reflect the content of the total ion concentration in compost extraction, i.e. soluble-salt.In the range of finite concentration, the salinity of solution
It is proportionate with electrical conductivity (EC).Soluble-salt in compost is to produce one of key factor of toxic action to crop, mainly
It is made up of organic acid salt and inorganic salt etc..When EC values are less than 8.0ms/cm, to, used by plant growing unrestraint, knowing 7 by figure
The EC values of group fermentation heap are in below 8.0ms/cm, therefore exclude the impact of salt damage.
Cellulose, hemicellulose, content of lignin are determined
Cellulose, hemicellulose, content of lignin measure with reference to " Wang Jinzhu, Wang Yuanxiu, Li Feng etc. fine in corn straw
The measure [J] of dimension element, hemicellulose and lignin. Shandong food fermentation, 2010, (03) " literature method.
From Fig. 9-Figure 12, in each group fermentation heap, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin are with the prolongation of fermentation time
Content is gradually lowered, and understands that the 7th heap ferments and dropped to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin when 45 days by its degradation rate figure
Solution at most, therefore can organize the foundation that fermentation heap is particularly suited for compost fermentation as which is evaluated.
Water Soluble Organic Carbon（WSOC）Measure
1.10.1 the preparation of standard curve
Take 0 respectively from oxalic acid solution of the concentration for 100mg/L, 0.1,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5ml in 10ml test tubes,
Then plus 2.5mL10mmol/L Mn (III)-pyrophosphoric acid and the dense H of 2.5mL add water and complement to 5ml,2SO4, shake up, after standing 1h,
Colorimetric at 490 or 500nm.
1.10.2 the measure of sample
Sample is taken according to water and sample with 5:1 ratio is mixed after 200r/min concussion 2h, and 12500r/min is centrifuged 20min
After filter, take filtrate survey WSOC values.
Assay method is as follows：In 10mL test tubes, add 0 ~ 5mL of prepare liquid (organic carbon content being made in 0 ~ 25mg), if not
Sufficient 5mL, then add water to 5mL, then plus 2.5mL10mmol/L Mn (III)-pyrophosphoric acid and the dense H of 2.5mL2SO4, shake up, quiet
After putting 1h, colorimetric at 490 or 500nm.
As shown in Figure 13, in each group fermentation heap, Water Soluble Organic Carbon content was on a declining curve, in 30 days or so decrease speeds
Tend towards stability.In composting process, microorganism preferentially using water soluble organic substance, is insufficient for microorganism in water soluble organic substance
When growth and breeding and metabolism need, microorganism is water-soluble state compared with difficult degradation and hardly degraded organic substance, then makes full use of, thus organic
The content of the water soluble organic substance in fertilizer has certain directive significance for the evaluation of rotten degree.Apply in water solublity index compared with
Many but the specific standards of Water Soluble Organic Carbon determine not yet for Water Soluble Organic Carbon, typically by Water Soluble Organic Carbon content<
1.7% used as the index for evaluating compost maturity.
The measure of ammonium nitrogen
1.11.1 the preparation of standard curve
From the NH that concentration is 0,5.0,10.0,20.0,40.0 ppm (ug/mL)4 +1.0ml solution is respectively taken in-N standard solution
In the color comparison tube of 25ml, KCl solution is added to 10.0ml, to there is a certain amount of NH4 +Add 4ml alkaline phenols molten in-N solution
Liquid, then 10ml liquor natrii hypochloritises are added with charger, graduation mark is dropped to KCl, shaken up, after placing 1h, use spectrophotometer
Colorimetric at the 630nm, reads absorbance A.
1.11.2 the measure of sample
About 2.000g soil samples are weighed in conical flask with electronic analytical balance, the KCl solution of 40ml is added, is put in vibrating machine
On, 1h is vibrated, is filtered in the volumetric flask of 50ml, while doing blank assay.To there is a certain amount of NH4 +Add in-N solution
4ml alkaline phenol solution, then 10ml liquor natrii hypochloritises are added with charger, graduation mark is dropped to KCl, shake up, after placing 1h,
With spectrophotometer at the 630nm colorimetric, read absorbance A.
As shown in Figure 14, in each fermentation heap, ammonium nitrogen content is on a declining curve, and keeps stable at 30 days or so.Before compost
Phase, in heap body, substantial amounts of nitrogen is volatilized in the form of ammonium nitrogen.Will whether rotten as compost less than 0.04% for ammonium nitrogen content in heap body
The standard of ripe degree.
The measure of nitrate nitrogen
1.12.1 the preparation of standard curve
Draw 0,0.50,1.00,1.50,2.00,2.50 ml of nitrate nitrogen standard reserving solution and be separately added into 6 50 ml volumetric flasks
In, pure water constant volume is used, is mixed.Its concentration is respectively 0,1.00,2.00,3.00,4.00,5.00 mg/L.With 1 cm quartz ratio
Color ware, mensuration absorbance at 220 nm and 275 nm wavelength calculate △ A（△A=A220-A275）, draw nitrate
Standard curve.
1.12.2 the measure of sample
5 grams of sample, adds 100 milliliters of 2 moles of every liter of Klorvess Liquids, extracts 20 minutes, after taking-up in the broken generator of ultrasound
200 milliliters are settled to, vacuum filtration removes dregs, in the sample that sucking filtration is obtained, add 1 gram of activated carbon adsorption 6 hours.Sucking filtration goes
Except activated carbon, supernatant liquid is obtained, colorimetric under wavelength 225 and 275 nanometers calculates △ A values, calculates using △ A mark songs
Concentration.
As shown in Figure 15, in each fermentation heap, nitrate nitrogen content is in rising trend, tends towards stability at 30 days or so.After compost
Phase, it is easier to Nitrification in heap body, gradually rises the content of the nitrate nitrogen in heap body.By NH4-N/NO3-N<0.16 makees
Mark for compost maturity.
Summarized from above analysis result：Rotten degree of the present invention using the efficient high-rate composting fermentation of agriculture and forestry organic waste material
Criterion as follows：
（1）Temperature change is divided into the stage of three phases i.e. temperature rise period, hot stage and cooling.When temperature is gradually risen to 55
DEG C, heap body enters the megathermal period.In the megathermal period, heap body continuous high temperature kills pathogenic bacteria etc., and this stage microorganism is gradually degraded heap
The Organic substance of remaining in body.When Organic substance therein is progressively degraded to be exhausted, heap body enters cooldown period（Temperature is less than 50 DEG C）, when
When heap temperature is down to ambient temperature, heap body becomes thoroughly decomposed substantially.
（2）The control of water content, water content are preferred for 50%-60%, excess moisture, are reduced free porosity, are affected air
Diffusion, easily causes anaerobic state, while producing percolate process problem；Moisture is less than 40%, and microbial activity reduces, compost temperature
Degree declines therewith.
（3）The change of acid-base value, when heap body peracid（< 6）Or cross alkali（>9）, growing environment therein is not suitable for microorganism
Growth and breeding, thus, during the composting for carrying out fertilizer, the suitable pH scopes of compost are 6.7-9.0, and optimum range is
5.5-8.0.
（4）Total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N, with the carrying out of compost, carbon progressively changes into carbon dioxide and larger molecular organicses（Such as
Humus etc.）, cause the content of full carbon in heap body progressively to decline.Though the content of full nitrogen has also declined, for full carbon
Relative reduction less, thus after composting terminates, the content relative increase of full nitrogen in heap body.So entering with composting process
OK, the C/N of fertilizer constantly declines.In theory, at the end of compost, the C/N in heap body should be 16 or so, it is considered that compost is produced
Product C/N can consider when being less than 20 and become thoroughly decomposed substantially.
（5）EC values, the value have reacted the total ion concentration in compost extraction, you can the content of soluble, certain
Salinity and electrical conductivity correlation in concentration range, in solution.Be experimentally confirmed when in compost extraction salt from
When sub- concentration is higher than 8ms/cm, wherein too high salt branch produces to the growth of microorganism and the growth metabolism of Organic substance and suppresses to make
With.
（6）Water Soluble Organic Carbon, in composting process, microorganism, should in water solublity index preferentially using water soluble organic substance
With more for Water Soluble Organic Carbon, but the specific standards of Water Soluble Organic Carbon determine not yet, typically contain Water Soluble Organic Carbon
Amount<1.7% used as the index for evaluating compost maturity.
（7）Ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, compost early stage, in heap body, substantial amounts of nitrogen is volatilized in the form of ammonium nitrogen.The compost later stage,
It is easier to Nitrification in heap body, gradually rises the content of the nitrate nitrogen in heap body.Ammonium nitrogen content in heap body is less than
0.04% used as the compost whether standard of rotten degree.By NH4-N/NO3-N<0.16 as compost maturity mark.
（8）The content of available phosphoruss, the trend that available phosphorus content is increased after presenting and falling before in each fermentation heap.Effectively
Phosphorus shows that the fertility of fertilizer, the content of available phosphoruss reach more than 200mg/kg to a certain extent so that microorganism in compost
Activity and quantity can maintain higher level.
（9）The content of available potassium, presents and stablizes, drastically decline during 25-30 days, and after 30 days, available potassium contains
Amount >=0.17%, mainly using compost effective K, quick-acting potassium content maintains certain level, the quantity of microorganism for microorganism
Just can be maintained accordingly with activity.
（10）In each group fermentation heap, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin are gradually lowered with the prolongation content of fermentation time,
Degradation rate >=19.18% of cellulose；Hemicellulose degradation rate >=19.59%；Lignin degradation rate >=15.75%.
To sum up analyze, and by observing physical behavior and the chemical index of this seven heaps fermented product, it was demonstrated that the 7th heap is more
Suitable compost fermentation.
（1）Physical behavior：7th heap, compost latter temperature reduce naturally, and no longer attract mosquitos and flies；Without foul smell taste；
Composting production forms loose dark brown pellet shape.Temperature change complies fully with three phases, and is finally close to external environment temperature
Degree.Water content is not below 40%.
（2）Chemical index：At the end of compost, pH is in the range of 5.5-8.0；C/N in heap body is less than 20；NH4-N/
NO3-N< 0.16；The content of available phosphoruss reaches 449.68mg/kg；Quick-acting potassium content is 0.41%；The degradation rate of cellulose is
28.13%, hemicellulose degradation rate is 32.14%, and Lignin degradation rate is 41.99%.
In sum, the 7th heap：Pig manure and deadwood leaveves mixture, C/N=25：1 is the most efficiently quick heap of ferment effect
Body.
Above example is only in order to illustrating technical scheme, rather than is limited；Although with reference to aforementioned reality
Apply example to be described in detail the present invention, for the person of ordinary skill of the art, still can be to aforementioned enforcement
Technical scheme described in example is modified, or carries out equivalent to which part technical characteristic；And these are changed or replace
Change, do not make the essence of appropriate technical solution depart from the spirit and scope of claimed technical solution of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of a kind of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material, it is characterised in that it comprises the following steps：
（1）The selection in compost place；
（2）The preparation of fermentation materials：By garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry according to C/N=25:1~35:1 is obtained fermentation heap material；
（3）Build the pretreatment of heap and material：In dung yard on the ground, two are excavated in criss-cross air drain, fermentation materials are adjusted
Water content to 60%-65%；
（4）Fermentation：Deadwood is spread on two air drain infalls, on deadwood, spreads one layer of leaves, then will be prepared again
Put fermented successively by heap for the fermentation heap material of good garden waste and feces of livestock and poultry；
（5）During the fermentation, the water content of adjustment fermentation heap keeps it in 50%-60%, and after fermentation more than 30d, compost does not have
There is foul smell taste and product is in loose dark brown pellet shape；PH is determined in 5.5-8.0；C/N in heap body is less than 20；Compost is extracted
Less than 8ms/cm, the EC values of liquid judge that fermentation is completed.
2. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（1）The selection standard in middle compost place is：Leeward on the sunny side, close to water source, be easy to the transport of compost material, by chosen
Place Land leveling or shallow hole.
3. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（2）Described in feces of livestock and poultry include that chicken manure, cattle manure and pig manure, the garden waste include the crushing of leaveves and branch
Thing.
4. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（3）The depth and width of middle cross ditch are 20 centimetres.
5. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（4）In be paved with hard deadwood on two air drain infalls, and at two ditch crossing centers, hang down with ground
The straight heelpiece that lays waddy, ooze nutriment in a fertilizer under then respectively one layer of sludge of paving or fine earth are as absorption in two air drains；In deadwood
Uniform layer overlay leaveves, then place the ground product and one layer of feces of one layer of deadwood leaves, the powder of deadwood leaveves again above
Mince and stacked with feces alternating successively, two kinds of raw materials are each four layers, every kind of raw material is from ground floor to the 4th layer according to 1:2:3:4 weight
Amount ratio is stacked successively.
6. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（5）In thermometer is inserted into below reactor face at 20-25cm from three different azimuths, 9 o'clock of every morning is fixed
When monitor heap temperature.
7. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（2）Middle pig manure and deadwood leaveves are optimum fermentation heap according to C/N=25/1.
8. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（5）Middle fermentation 30d-45d.
9. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described
Step（5）Water Soluble Organic Carbon content when middle fermentation is completed<1.7%.
10. the efficient high-rate composting fermentation process of utilization agriculture and forestry organic waste material according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Institute
State step（5）A turning was carried out during middle compost per 5 days.
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| CN108191565A (en) * | 2018-01-03 | 2018-06-22 | 青岛农业大学 | For improveing the compost product of tobacco-growing soil and its application |
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| CN108191565A (en) * | 2018-01-03 | 2018-06-22 | 青岛农业大学 | For improveing the compost product of tobacco-growing soil and its application |
| CN108689732A (en) * | 2018-06-29 | 2018-10-23 | 陕西微阅信息技术有限公司 | A kind of high-rate composting method of fruit tree |
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| CN111039703A (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2020-04-21 | 北京市新海园林工程有限公司 | Garden waste composting process and composting product prepared by same |
| CN113493355A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2021-10-12 | 钦州市凤源泉生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method of organic compound fertilizer capable of increasing content of calcium and magnesium elements |
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| CN114538999A (en) * | 2021-12-22 | 2022-05-27 | 广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所 | Organic fertilizer prepared from wastes of gardens and livestock and application of organic fertilizer in soil |
| CN115611665A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2023-01-17 | 沈阳化工研究院有限公司 | Preparation method of organic fertilizer from Chinese medicinal material waste |
| CN115304410A (en) * | 2022-10-12 | 2022-11-08 | 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所 | Method for treating Chinese herbal medicine solid waste |
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Application publication date: 20170315 |