CN100491981C - Chemical speed determining method of soil and crop nutrition content - Google Patents
Chemical speed determining method of soil and crop nutrition content Download PDFInfo
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- CN100491981C CN100491981C CNB2006100170826A CN200610017082A CN100491981C CN 100491981 C CN100491981 C CN 100491981C CN B2006100170826 A CNB2006100170826 A CN B2006100170826A CN 200610017082 A CN200610017082 A CN 200610017082A CN 100491981 C CN100491981 C CN 100491981C
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Abstract
The invention relates to a chemical test method for earth and crop nutrient. It includes the following steps: earth sample gathering and processing, rapid testing earth alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, and rapidly available potassium, gaining the tested liquid of earth or crop and dropping into the two holes in dropping board, comparing the standard color gradation and calculating rapid test value by regression equation. The advantages of the invention are easy to operate, rapid, certain accuracy, and convenient to carry, etc.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs in the agricultural technology field the method for measuring of carrying out to soil and crop nutrition content.
Background technology
Agricultural occupies an important position in our country, and for increasing both production and income, need execute a large amount of chemical fertilizer every year.The average folding in the whole nation is used 11.21 kilograms/mu of pure amount of nutrients (NPK) for every mu according to statistics, and the province that has reaches 16.77 kilograms as Jilin Province.The Renminbi that applies the chemical fertilizer input is roughly about 25～40 yuan for every mu.Indivedual peasant households are for pursuing high yield, and the pure nutrient of chemical fertilizer is used more than 20 kilogram for every mu, drop into and are increased to 80 yuan of left and right sides Renminbi.Do like this and run counter to the rule that applies fertilizers scientifically, cause diminishing returns, Higher output is not accompanied by a higher income, increases production cost.How applying fertilizer is just calculated science, should be according to different soils, and Different Crop, different fertilizer types, tillage and cultivation characteristics, the various fertilizer of reasonably selecting and arrange in pairs or groups.It is appropriate to reach the suitable nitrogen phosphoris and potassium fertilizer ratio of consumption, the base manure combination of topdressing, and the needs of nutrition when satisfying the Different Crop different growing reach high yield and high quality high-efficient culture fertility, and are free from environmental pollution.
Apply fertilizers scientifically for reaching, at first should carry out soil test, understand the feeder capability of soil, lack what element, what lack, how nitrogen phosphoris and potassium fertilizer ratio arranges in pairs or groups; Second step will be known the crop species of plantation, nutrient uptake feature, and target outputs etc. are formulated fertilizer application formula.For what fertilizer peasant household buys, how to use the proposition reasonable plan.
The fertility state of soil not only depends on the content of various nutrients, but also depends on the form that they exist.After the form that has must transform, could be absorbed by crop, be called the late effect property nutrient, what have can directly be absorbed by crop, is called the quick-acting nutrient, as the phosphorus of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, water-soluble and replacement property, potassium etc.In agricultural production, often with the content of available nutrient as the foundation of weighing soil fertility present situation and decision measures of fertilizer, therefore, their content of results of regular determination is significant.
Do in the fabric texture the concentrating of nutrients than their concentration in soil for high, there were significant differences in the crop in different output plot for identity element.Therefore, organize the chemical fast determining of juice, can find out the needs of the crop in different output plot, instruct topdressing of crop different growing fertilizer.It is simple to make in the fabric texture chemical fast determining method of nutrient, grasp easily, and measurement result and plant growth situation correlativity is bigger, thereby is one of effective means of crop nutrition diagnosis.
Survey the soil chemical examination, Routine Test Lab is the cost height not only, and takes length.Following brief introduction is the operation steps of the method for the conventional determining available nutrient of soil once:
1, the mensuration of soil available potassium:
1N Na
2SO
4Lixiviate---tetraphenylboron year the sodium method:
Operation steps: take by weighing wind desiceted soil 5 grams by 1 millimeter sieve aperture put into triangular flask (as sample is the sour earth iron content. aluminium is many especially, should add powdery CaCO
30.1 about gram) adding 1N Na
2SO
425 milliliters of leaching liquors, (this is liquid to be measured) filtered in the vibration of jumping a queue in 20 minutes.
Draw 8 milliliters of filtrates in test tube, add 1 milliliter of formaldehyde-EDTA alkali lye and shake up and leave standstill 5 minutes.Syringe with the band syringe needle is drawn 1 milliliter of 3% tetraphenylboron sodium, effectively injects the test tube of containing liquid to be measured fast, shakes up energetically, makes the poling fine particle, places 10 minutes.Select bluish violet optical filter (wavelength 420nm) and 1 centimetre of cell for use, turbid the finishing of internal ratio half an hour.Do blank test simultaneously.
The potassium typical curve is drawn: draw respectively the potassium titer (0,5,10,15,20,25,30PPm) 8 milliliters in test tube, handle equally with liquid to be measured, carry out than turbid at last.With absorption value (A) or penetrability (T) is ordinate, K
PpmNumber plots typical curve for horizontal ordinate on square paper or semilogarithmic paper.The content that can check in corresponding potassium from typical curve according to the absorption value or the penetrability of liquid to be measured.The result calculates
Soil available potassium PPm=liquid K to be measured
PPm* V/W
In the formula: V-adding digestion agent milliliter number, W-sample oven-dried weight (gram).
2, the mensuration of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen
The alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method:
Operation steps: take by weighing by No. 60 sieve air-dry sample 2.0 grams, evenly be layered on the diffusion boat mistress, flatly rotate diffusion boat gently, sample is paved.
2 milliliters of the boric acid indicator solutions of adding 2% in the inner room of diffusion boat are coated alkaline glycerine at the mistress edge of ware then, cover frosted glass.And rotation for several times, so that frosted glass and ware limit are bonding fully, one side of turn-off frosted glass slowly makes diffusion boat expose a slit again, adds 5 milliliters of 1.0N sodium hydroxide solutions rapidly in the mistress of ware, covers completely with frosted glass immediately.
Flatly rotate diffusion boat gently, make the abundant mixing of solution and soil, fix with bungee, the constant temperature oven of putting into 40 ℃ subsequently carefully took out after 24 hours, with 0.01N H
2SO
4The ammonia amount that standard solution titration diffusion boat inner room BAS absorbs, terminal point is to be converted to reddish violet by blue-green, writes down the standard acid amount (V) that is spent.The result calculates:
Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (PPm)=(V-V
0) * N * 14.0/W * 10
3
In the formula: W-oven dry soil sample is heavy
3, the mensuration of neutrality and calacareous soil rapid available phosphorus
0.5M NaHCO
3Method
Operation steps: the air-dry sample 5.00 that takes by weighing by No. 20 sieves restrains in 200 milliliters of triangular flasks, adds NaHCO
3100 milliliters of solution add the without phosphorus activated charcoal of a horn scoop again, the jam-pack bottle stopper, and vibration is 30 minutes on vibrating machine, uses without phosphorus filter paper filtering immediately, and filtrate is undertaken in 100 milliliters of triangular flasks.
Draw 10 milliliters of filtrates and (draw 2.5-5 milliliters when phosphorus content is high, should add 0.5M sodium bicarbonate solution to 10 milliliter simultaneously) in 50 milliliters of measuring bottles, add in the wherein unnecessary sulfuric acid of 5 milliliters of utilizations of 7.5N molybdenum trisulfate antimony anti-mixing developer and sodium bicarbonate, fully shake up, add water behind the discharge carbon dioxide and be settled to scale, fully shake up (last sulfuric acid concentration is 0.65N) again.
On photolometer, use the Red lightscreening plate colorimetric after half an hour, or, must do blank determination simultaneously during colorimetric with 72 types (or 721 types) spectrophotometer colorimetrics (wavelength 700nm).
The phosphorus typical curve is drawn: draw 0,1,2,3,4,5 milliliter of 5PPm phosphorus standard solution respectively in 50 milliliters of measuring bottles, each measuring bottle is 0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5PPm phosphorus, add anti-5 milliliters of the developers that mix of 10 milliliters of 0.5M sodium bicarbonates and 7.5N sulfuric acid-molybdenum antimony more one by one, equally carry out colorimetric with liquid to be measured then.On semilogarithmic paper, be depicted as curve.The result calculates:
Soil quick-effective phosphor (the PPm)=color solution PPm * amount of taking multiple * 100/5
The amount of taking multiple in the formula---50/10 or 50/5
By top method as can be seen: survey the soil chemical examination, Routine Test Lab is the cost height not only, and takes length, makes troubles for the use in vast rural area.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides the chemical fast determining method of a kind of soil and crop nutrition content, when solve surveying soil chemical examination and crop nutrition content detection, the Routine Test Lab cost height of existence, take long problem.The technical scheme that the present invention takes is: comprise the following steps:
One, the collection of soil sample and processing
(1) method of sampling: 1. are diagonal line sampling methods: it is little to be suitable for area, and below 1 hectare, physical features is flat, and 5-10 point adopted in the sampling plot that fertility is equal, diagonal angle, and it is a compound sample that the sample of gathering is mixed.2. be the checkerboard type sampling method: it is medium to be suitable for area, the 1-2 hectare, and physical features is neat, and 10-15 point adopted in the sampling plot of some fertility difference, and mixing is a compound sample.3. be snakelike sampling method: it is big to be suitable for area, general 2-3 hectare, and the physical features unevenness, the uneven sampling of fertility plot, it is a compound sample that 15-20 point mixes.
During sampling, on sampled point, scrape off the thick veneer of soil of 1-2 centimetre earlier, vertically get 20 centimetres of the degree of depth with spades, wide 10 centimetres, thick 2 centimetres native sheet, high yield plot sampling depth can reach 40 centimetres, and the soil sample that each sampled point is adopted spreads on Polypropylence Sheet at the edge of a field then, the bulk of crumbing, pick up chad, mishmashes such as plant and animal residues are fully mixed thoroughly, just become mixed soil sample, available inquartation is repeatedly eliminated, till surplus 0.25-0.5 kilogram, in the bag of packing into, write numbering exactly with pencil, sampling plot title, date collected, if the ridging cultivation is gathered on the platform of ridge, sampling depth should be counted from ridge platform mid-height.
Two, the speed of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is surveyed:
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 0.5 gram, be laid in the measuring cup, other cut with bottle cap in the circle equirotal filter paper, place the bottle cap inner face, drip 5～6 of the dilute sulfuric acids of 2 mol on the paper, dripping quantity is close to degree of being on the bottle cap can make filter paper, the dropper that adopts is 20 ± 1=1 milliliter, tight bottle cap is covered immediately with 2 milliliters in dropper or rapid implantation concentration 20% NaOH of syringe in central authorities at the bottom of bottle, does not make gas leakage; Horizontally rotate measuring cup, alkali lye is fully contacted with soil sample, then measuring cup is carefully lain against water temperature and be on 40 ℃ the water surface, take out after 15 minutes, open bottle cap immediately, be placed in another dry small beaker, stir with 5 ml distilled water washing bottles, ammonium sulfate on the filter paper fully is dissolved in the distilled water, obtains soil liquid to be measured;
(2) draw each 8 of two parts of solution in this small beaker with dropper, be placed on respectively in the hole of ceramic whiteware spot plate;
(3) production standard color range, accurately draw 2ppm nitrogen respectively, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, this 2ppm, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, the compound method of potassium hybrid standard liquid: accurately take by weighing dry analysis pure phosphoric acid potassium dihydrogen 0.4390 gram with analytical balance, potassium nitrate 0.7220 gram, ammonium chloride 0.3820 gram, glazier's salt 1.3247 grams, be placed on be dissolved in water in the beaker after, nondestructively transfer in 1000 milliliters of volumetric flasks, and with distilled water a little repeatedly washes beaker, also change in this volumetric flask, be settled to scale with distilled water at last, fully shake up; This stoste is phosphorous, nitrate nitrogen, each 100ppm of ammonium nitrogen, contains potassium 1000ppm; Add 5 toluene with anticorrosion; Get 2 milliliters of above-mentioned stostes, 16 milliliters respectively with pipette, place two 100 milliliters of volumetric flasks respectively, all be settled to scale, fully shake up with distilled water; This two liquid is respectively and contains nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 2ppm of phosphorus, contains potassium 20ppm and contain nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 16ppm of phosphorus, contains potassium 160ppm; According to the form below dilutes, and is made into series standard liquid.
(4) in the hole of the liquid of soil liquid to be measured and each grade standard, respectively add 1 of No. 1,20% sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, 2 of each Jia Naishi reagent: how formula reagent compound method is for this: dissolving 5 gram potassium iodides are in 15 ml distilled waters, slowly add saturated mercuric chloride solution, till red precipitate no longer disappears; Add 40 milliliter of 50% NaOH again, be diluted to 100 milliliters.After leaving standstill, draw the top clarified solution, store in the brown bottle, use the rubber stopper jam-pack, stir evenly, compare with the standard color range after 5 minutes, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured.
The result calculates:
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (mg/kg)=colorimetric reading (mg/kg) * 10;
Again calculating the conventional sense value among the calculated value substitution equation y=ax+b, a, b value take following method to draw in the equation: the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of measuring 30 samples of certain great soil group with conventional method, measure the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of these 30 samples then with this method, try to achieve two cell means, and then obtain a in the equation, b value;
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (kg/ha)=record mg/kg * 2.25;
Three, the speed of soil quick-effective phosphor is surveyed
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add without phosphorus activated charcoal 0.05 gram, add 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, fully shake 200 times, in drying receptacle, filtrate is to be measured with dried filter paper filtering, or pours in the small beaker, filter paper, the pointed end rolled well are put into cup soil, and the clear liquid that permeates after about 5 minutes in the filter paper cone-shaped body is used for measuring;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of these soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate, stir;
(3) preparation standard color range is accurately drawn this 2ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid respectively, according to the form below dilution, preparation series standard solution.
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, this hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdate system compound method is: 1.5% ammonium molybdate: take by weighing 15 gram ammonium molybdates and be dissolved in 300 milliliters of 60 ℃ of distilled water, the cooling back is stirred the limit and is added 300 milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acids, treat that solution is cooled to room temperature, with distilled water diluting to 1000 milliliter, store in the brown bottle; Fully stir, treat bubble collapse after, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will developing the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
Result's calculating
Soil quick-effective phosphor P content (mg/kg)=colorimetric reading (mg/kg) * 5
Again calculated value substitution equation y
P=ax
PCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
P
2O
5＝P×2.29
Ask per hectare available phosphorus contents (kg/ha)=soil quick-effective phosphor (P) content (mg/kg) * 2.25
Four, the speed of soil available potassium is surveyed
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add 16% sodium sulphate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, firmly shake 200 times, with dried filter paper filtering in drying receptacle, or pour in the cuvette, make pointed end put into cup soil the middling speed filter paper of rolling well, after about 5 minutes, use for measuring with the clear liquid that permeates in the filter paper cone-shaped body;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of black spot plate.
(3) preparation is accurately drawn this 2ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid respectively than turbid standard, and the according to the form below dilution is with preparation series standard solution.
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 1 in 3%EDTA-formaldehyde, stir evenly; The compound method of this 3%EDTA-formaldehyde: take by weighing 3 gram EDTA-sodium, be dissolved in 50 ml distilled waters, add 50 milliliters in 37% formaldehyde, add 6 milliliters of 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonates and 2 again, 6-dinitrophenol dinitrophenolate 0.1 gram, fully mixed dissolution; Respectively add 1 of 3% tetraphenylboron sodium, stir evenly, the compound method of this 3% tetraphenylboron sodium: take by weighing 0.3 gram tetraphenylboron sodium, be dissolved in 10 ml distilled waters, add 1 0.2 mol sodium hydroxide solution, making the pH value is 8～9, places the back of spending the night and filters; After 3～4 minutes with liquid to be measured with than turbid standard relatively, record is than turbid reading;
The result calculates:
Soil quick-acting potassium content (mg/kg)=than turbid reading (mg/kg) * 5
Again calculated value substitution equation y
K=ax
KCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
K
2O＝K×1.2
Soil quick-acting potassium content (kg/ha)=soil quick-acting potassium content (mg/kg) * 2.25
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Five, the speed of soil moisture content is surveyed
Claim that earlier empty aluminium box is heavy, the back claims fresh soil sample 5 grams in the aluminium box, adds 3～4 milliliters of alcohol, fully stirs evenly, light, when treating that burning will be use up, stir soil sample, do not dryout as soil sample to help its burning fully, add 2～3 ml ethanols again, rekindle, till soil sample is loose granular; Weigh after the cooling.
Result's calculating
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Six, the speed of soil acidity or alkalinity is surveyed
Get a little soil sample of soybean grain size, be placed on after crumbing in the ceramic whiteware spot plate hole, add 3～5 distilled water, add 3～5 general mixed indicators again, this general mixed indicator compound method is: take by weighing thymol blue 0.025 gram, methyl red 0.065 gram, bromothymol blue 0.40 gram, phenolphthalein 0.25 gram, be dissolved in 400 milliliter of 50% alcohol and add aquae destillata to about 800 milliliters, drip 0.1 mol NaOH, make solution become yellow green, add water to 1000 milliliter at last by peony; Make soil sample drenched, and a little surplus liquid is arranged, stir, soil sample and indicator are fully acted on, leave standstill one after the meeting, the inclination spot plate makes solution that a little outflow be arranged, with pH standard color range colorimetric, and the record soil pH value;
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Seven, the speed of crop nutrition content is surveyed
(1), the acquisition process of crop tissue sample
(1) selection of sample strain: multidraw, the sample strain has sufficient representativeness; Various kinds strain number is generally more than ten strains;
(2) Cai Yang time: when selecting fine day 8-10 in the morning;
(3) position of sampling is selected to dredge and is organized flourishingly, and the less histoorgan of chlorophyll content is as the sampling position.
(4) behind the processing sample collecting of sample, must be earlier that the part of dried-up death is clean with the removals such as grogs dust of being infected with on plant; Then all positions that need are sheared off, shred 1～2 millimeter length, fully mixing is to be measured;
(2), the speed of making nitrogen in the fabric texture is surveyed
(1), gets a part of juice of pressing with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds; 40 times of distilled water dilutings of the juice that extrudes; Maybe with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds, take by weighing 0.5 gram, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, 20 milliliters of adding distil waters firmly shake 200 times, filter, and leave standstill, and are to be measured;
(2) pressure juice after the above dilution of absorption or leachate are two parts each 8, are placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate operation steps (3) the production standard color range during the speed of as follows soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is surveyed;
(3) in the hole of leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 35% acetic acid, respectively add nitric acid examination powder 0.05 gram and stir evenly, the compound method of this nitric acid examination powder is: take by weighing chemical pure barium sulphate 100 grams, dried 4 hours for 105 ℃, levigate mistake 60 hole sizers, divide to do four parts, respectively with the levigate manganese sulfate of 10 grams, 2 gram zinc powders, levigate, cross 80～100 hole sizers, the 4 levigate sulfanilic acid of gram and levigate first one naphthylamines of 2 grams and mix, add the levigate citric acid of 75 grams at last, mixing is levigate together; Compare with the standard color range after 5 minutes, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured;
Result's calculating
Make content (ppm)=colorimetric reading (ppm) the x extension rate of nitrate nitrogen in the fabric texture
(3), the speed of making Phos in the fabric texture is surveyed
(1) draws above this and make two parts each 8 of pressure juice after the fabric texture dilution or leachates, be placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate; The operation steps of rapid available phosphorus (3) production standard color range in the as follows soil;
(2) in the hole of crop leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, fully stir, after treating bubble collapse, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will develop the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
The result calculates: content of inorganic phosphorus (ppm)=colorimetric reading (ppm) x extension rate;
(4), the speed of making potassium in the fabric texture is surveyed
Draw these two parts each 8 in the pressure juice of doing after fabric texture leachate or the dilution, be placed in two holes of black porcelain spot plate they (3) (4) of the operation steps of available potassium in the as follows step 4 soil.
Result's calculating
Make the content (ppm) of potassium in the fabric texture (or tissue fluid)=than turbid reading (ppm) x extension rate.
The purpose that the present invention speed is surveyed is: it is a kind of faster with respect to conventional analysis, speed that Soil Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium speed are surveyed, cost is cheaper, testing apparatus is simpler, and method of testing is more simplified, and measuring accuracy can satisfy Soil Nitrogen, phosphorus, the potassium measuring technology equipment of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation requirement.
Present stage, China's rural economy, rural development and rural demography were resolved gradually, but with regard to the crop yield that how to reduce cost, improve, increase economic benefit, this is to need the urgent contradiction that rationally solves in the agricultural production all the time, now reach the reasonable use of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, reach one of purpose of volume increase, synergy with regard to the as fired basis instinct of fast survey technology equipment.The promotion and application of fast for this reason survey technology and instrument are to survey the indispensable supplementary means of soil metering fertilising in the agricultural production process.
Application of the present invention is very extensive, mainly contains: (1) county, the service of township's agricultural technique spread station soil testing and fertilizer recommendation.(2) chemical fertilizer factory, seed sales department.(3) plants hospital, rural area.(4) clay fertilizer department, the soil fertility investigation.(5) farmingization service department, (6) rural basic level such as village, farm, scientific and technological demonstration pilot project oneself survey the soil service.
The invention solves many conventionals method of analysis needs the instrument and equipment costliness, the problem that the analytic process operation is very loaded down with trivial details.Conventional method of analysis is simplified,, is shortened extraction time, simplified determination step, used instead colorimetric method as reducing the volume of leaching liquor, make it to operate quick, easy, measure accurately, easily grasped by the masses.
The accuracy requirement of the soil analysis technical manual of formulating according to Ministry of Agriculture whole nation fertilizer master station, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen allow that relative error is 10%, available phosphorus is 5%, available potassium is 5%.The precision that the present invention measures nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 4.27%, available phosphorus are 5%, available potassium is 2.35%.Meet the requirements fully.
The invention has the advantages that: soil and crop nutrition content speed measuring tool has strong production specific aim, be a kind of means that apply fertilizers scientifically, so it has following characteristics and requirement: easy and simple to handle, quick, grasped by the masses easily; Certain accuracy is arranged; Economy, apparatus is easy to carry.
Embodiment
To be embodied as example in Jilin Province in recent years, further set forth the present invention below.
One, the collection of soil sample and processing
(1) method of sampling: 1. are diagonal line sampling methods: it is little to be suitable for area, and below 1 hectare, physical features is flat, and 5-10 point adopted in the sampling plot that fertility is equal, diagonal angle, and it is a compound sample that the sample of gathering is mixed.2. be the checkerboard type sampling method: it is medium to be suitable for area, the 1-2 hectare, and physical features is neat, and 10-15 point adopted in the sampling plot of some fertility difference, and mixing is a compound sample.3. be snakelike sampling method: it is big to be suitable for area, general 2-3 hectare, and the physical features unevenness, the uneven sampling of fertility plot, it is a compound sample that 15-20 point mixes.
During sampling, on sampled point, scrape off the thick veneer of soil of 1-2 centimetre earlier, vertically get 20 centimetres of the degree of depth with spades, wide 10 centimetres, thick 2 centimetres native sheet, high yield plot sampling depth can reach 40 centimetres, and the soil sample that each sampled point is adopted spreads on Polypropylence Sheet at the edge of a field then, the bulk of crumbing, pick up chad, mishmashes such as plant and animal residues are fully mixed thoroughly, just become mixed soil sample, available inquartation is repeatedly eliminated, till surplus 0.25-0.5 kilogram, in the bag of packing into, write numbering exactly with pencil, sampling plot title, date collected, if the ridging cultivation is gathered on the platform of ridge, sampling depth should be counted from ridge platform mid-height.
Two, the speed of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is surveyed:
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 0.5 gram, be laid in the measuring cup, other cut with bottle cap in the circle equirotal filter paper, place the bottle cap inner face, drip 5～6 of the dilute sulfuric acids of 2 mol on the paper, dripping quantity is close to degree of being on the bottle cap can make filter paper, the dropper that adopts is 20 ± 1=1 milliliter, tight bottle cap is covered immediately with 2 milliliters in dropper or rapid implantation concentration 20% NaOH of syringe in central authorities at the bottom of bottle, does not make gas leakage; Horizontally rotate measuring cup, alkali lye is fully contacted with soil sample, then measuring cup is carefully lain against water temperature and be on 40 ℃ the water surface, take out after 15 minutes, open bottle cap immediately, be placed in another dry small beaker, stir with 5 ml distilled water washing bottles, ammonium sulfate on the filter paper fully is dissolved in the distilled water, obtains soil liquid to be measured;
(2) draw each 8 of two parts of solution in this small beaker with dropper, be placed on respectively in the hole of ceramic whiteware spot plate;
(3) production standard color range, accurately draw 2ppm nitrogen respectively, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, this 2ppm, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, the compound method of potassium hybrid standard liquid: accurately take by weighing dry analysis pure phosphoric acid potassium dihydrogen 0.4390 gram with analytical balance, potassium nitrate 0.7220 gram, ammonium chloride 0.3820 gram, glazier's salt 1.3247 grams, be placed on be dissolved in water in the beaker after, nondestructively transfer in 1000 milliliters of volumetric flasks, and with distilled water a little repeatedly washes beaker, also change in this volumetric flask, be settled to scale with distilled water at last, fully shake up; This stoste is phosphorous, nitrate nitrogen, each 100ppm of ammonium nitrogen, contains potassium 1000ppm; Add 5 toluene with anticorrosion; Get 2 milliliters of above-mentioned stostes, 16 milliliters respectively with pipette, place two 100 milliliters of volumetric flasks respectively, all be settled to scale, fully shake up with distilled water; This two liquid is respectively and contains nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 2ppm of phosphorus, contains potassium 20ppm and contain nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 16ppm of phosphorus, contains potassium 160ppm; According to the form below dilutes, and is made into series standard liquid.
(4) in the hole of the liquid of soil liquid to be measured and each grade standard, respectively add 1 of No. 1,20% sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, 2 of each Jia Naishi reagent: how formula reagent compound method is for this: dissolving 5 gram potassium iodides are in 15 ml distilled waters, slowly add saturated mercuric chloride solution, till red precipitate no longer disappears; Add 40 milliliter of 50% NaOH again, be diluted to 100 milliliters.After leaving standstill, draw the top clarified solution, store in the brown bottle, use the rubber stopper jam-pack, stir evenly, compare with the standard color range after 5 minutes, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured.
The result calculates:
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (mg/kg)=colorimetric reading (mg/kg) * 10;
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content (kg/ha)=record mg/kg * 2.25;
Again calculated value substitution equation y
N=ax
NCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b, a, b value take following method to draw in the equation: the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of measuring 30 samples of certain great soil group with conventional method, measure the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of these 30 samples then with this method, try to achieve two cell means, and then obtain a in the equation, b value.
According to this formula of Jilin Province's concrete condition substitution:
East: Y
N=126.72+1.32x r=0.6186
*
Western: Y
N=59.05+0.922x r=0.9795
*
Middle part: Y
N=-5.16+2.55x r=0.9848
*
Three, the speed of soil quick-effective phosphor is surveyed
Soil quick-effective phosphor comprises the phosphate of the water-soluble and weak acid dissolubility in the soil.After rapid available phosphorus in the soil is come out by lixiviate, measure with phosphorus molybdenum blue colorimetric method usually.
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add without phosphorus activated charcoal 0.05 gram, add 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, fully shake 200 times, in drying receptacle, filtrate is to be measured with dried filter paper filtering, or pours in the small beaker, filter paper, the pointed end rolled well are put into cup soil, and the clear liquid that permeates after about 5 minutes in the filter paper cone-shaped body is used for measuring;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of these soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate, stir;
(3) preparation standard color range is accurately drawn this 2ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid respectively, according to the form below dilution, preparation series standard solution.
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, this hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdate system compound method is: 1.5% ammonium molybdate; Take by weighing 15 gram ammonium molybdates and be dissolved in 300 milliliters of 60 ℃ of distilled water, the cooling back is stirred the limit and is added 300 milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acids, treats that solution is cooled to room temperature, with distilled water diluting to 1000 milliliter, stores in the brown bottle; Fully stir, treat bubble collapse after, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will developing the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
Result's calculating
Soil quick-effective phosphor P content (mg/kg)=colorimetric reading (mg/kg) * 5
Again calculated value substitution equation y
P=ax
PCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
This formula of concrete condition substitution according to Jilin Province:
East: Y
P=4.128+1.82x r=0.8391
*
Middle part: Y
P=4.827+1.69x r=0.8608
*
Western: Y
P=-0.1826+1.41x r=0.9754
*
P
2O
5＝P×2.29
Ask per hectare available phosphorus contents (kg/ha)=soil quick-effective phosphor (P) content (mg/kg) * 2.25
Four, the speed of soil available potassium is surveyed
The soil available potassium comprises water-soluble potassium and the replacement property potassium in the soil.Adopt the tetraphenylboron sodium turbidimetry.
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add 16% sodium sulphate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, firmly shake 200 times, with dried filter paper filtering in drying receptacle, or pour in the cuvette, make pointed end put into cup soil the middling speed filter paper of rolling well, after about 5 minutes, use for measuring with the clear liquid that permeates in the filter paper cone-shaped body;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of black spot plate.
(3) preparation is accurately drawn this 2ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid, 16ppm nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium hybrid standard liquid respectively than turbid standard, and the according to the form below dilution is with preparation series standard solution.
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 1 in 3%EDTA-formaldehyde, stir evenly; The compound method of this 3%EDTA-formaldehyde: take by weighing 3 gram EDTA-sodium, be dissolved in 50 ml distilled waters, add 50 milliliters in 37% formaldehyde, add 6 milliliters of 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonates and 2 again, 6-dinitrophenol dinitrophenolate 0.1 gram, fully mixed dissolution; Respectively add 1 of 3% tetraphenylboron sodium, stir evenly, the compound method of this 3% tetraphenylboron sodium: take by weighing 0.3 gram tetraphenylboron sodium, be dissolved in 10 ml distilled waters, add 1 0.2 mol sodium hydroxide solution, making the pH value is 8～9, places the back of spending the night and filters; After 3～4 minutes with liquid to be measured with than turbid standard relatively, record is than turbid reading;
The result calculates:
Soil quick-acting potassium content (mg/kg)=than turbid reading (mg/kg) * 5
Again calculated value substitution equation y
K=ax
KCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
According to this formula of Jilin Province's concrete condition substitution:
East: Y
K=-8.989+1.394x r=0.8039
*
Middle part: Y
K=35.857+0.87x r=0.9084
*
Western: Y
K=61.735+0.93x r=0.6713
*
K
2O＝K×1.2
Soil quick-acting potassium content (kg/ha)=soil quick-acting potassium content (mg/kg) * 2.25
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Five, the speed of soil moisture content is surveyed
Moisture often changes in the soil, and, usually alter a great deal.For the ease of comparing the content of nutrient in the soil, often represent measurement result with nutrient content in the dry ground.For this reason, must measure moisture in the soil, so that calculate the wet soil weight that is equivalent to some dry ground, simultaneously, measure moisture in the soil, whether moisture adapts to plant growth in the soil for understanding.
Claim that earlier empty aluminium box is heavy, the back claims fresh soil sample 5 grams in the aluminium box, adds 3～4 milliliters of alcohol, fully stirs evenly, light, when treating that burning will be use up, stir soil sample, do not dryout as soil sample to help its burning fully, add 2～3 ml ethanols again, rekindle, till soil sample is loose granular; Weigh after the cooling.
Result's calculating
The past soil moisture content generally is to calculate the basis with the dry ground.
Here with the wet soil basic representation.When speed was surveyed nutrient, according to soil moisture content, the wet soil that calculates suitable some dry ground was heavy, and computing method are exemplified below: establishing and recording certain plot soil moisture content is 20%, required to take by weighing 2 gram dry ground when speed is surveyed nutrient, and at this moment the wet soil that should take by weighing heavily is:
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Six, the speed of soil acidity or alkalinity is surveyed
Get a little soil sample of soybean grain size, be placed on after crumbing in the ceramic whiteware spot plate hole, add 3～5 distilled water, add 3～5 general mixed indicators again, this general mixed indicator compound method is: take by weighing thymol blue 0.025 gram, methyl red 0.065 gram, bromothymol blue 0.40 gram, phenolphthalein 0.25 gram, be dissolved in 400 milliliter of 50% alcohol and add aquae destillata to about 800 milliliters, drip 0.1 mol NaOH, make solution become yellow green, add water to 1000 milliliter at last by peony; Make soil sample drenched, and a little surplus liquid is arranged, stir, soil sample and indicator are fully acted on, leave standstill one after the meeting, the inclination spot plate makes solution that a little outflow be arranged, with pH standard color range colorimetric, and the record soil pH value;
In one embodiment of the present invention: also comprise:
Seven, the speed of crop nutrition content is surveyed
(1), the acquisition process of crop tissue sample
(1) selection of sample strain, the sample strain should be by sufficient representativeness.Want multidraw, when selecting the sample strain, should combine with experienced old farmer according to measuring requirement, from the appearance of plant, aspects such as growing way are considered.The plant that the field wing is other, excessive too small and should not gather by the plant of disease and pest or mechanical damage.If sample for a certain specific purpose, just should note the typicalness of sample strain.And should choose the typical plant that the contrast meaning is arranged simultaneously, make speed survey the result can mutually than situation under say something, various kinds strain number is generally more than ten strains.
(2) Cai Yang time is made the nutrient in the object because crop is among the continuous metabolism, in different growing, and even round the clock, different variations is arranged all, therefore will fix the sampling time within one day as far as possible.Generally be advisable during 8-10 in fine morning, the physiological activity of crop has become active at that time, the root system absorption rate of underground part and overground part just are being tending towards the light that rises and action intensity near mobile equilibrium.At this moment make the reserves of inorganic nutriment in the fabric texture, can reflect the absorption of root system nutriment and the relativeness of crop assimilation needs.Should not sample behind cloudy day and the rain.
(3) selection at the position of sampling sampling position, primary principle are rich lack the sensitivity of this position to nutrient, secondly are not disturb colorimetric.According to these principles, general select to dredge organize flourishingly, the less histoorgan of chlorophyll content is as the sampling position.The decision more complicated at concrete sampling position, the experience of various places is also inequality, below to lifting the sampling position use for reference of several chief crops.
Wheat: use stem base portion line and staff control seedling stage; Core behind the jointing leaf sheath and the stem of the 1st～2 leaf under the leaf.
Paddy rice: comprise leaf sheath with leaf and stem seedling stage; Can not calculate climax leaves with the leaf sheath of the 1.th, 2 leaf under the lobus cardiacus, the leaf that does not launch fully at promptly maturescent the latest leaf top mid-term; Core after the idiophase 10～20 in inferior lobe second leaf sheath of fringe.
Corn: seedling stage is with one centimetre of basal part of stem (comprising this section leaf sheath); 7～9 leaf phases got top second and launch the vein and leaf sheath junction one centimeter length of leaf; Adopt the fringe phase and go under first fruit ear arteries and veins base portion and leaf sheath junction one centimeter length in the relative blade.
Chinese sorghum: the seedling phase (final singling phase) goes stem base section tillering node to go out 0.5 centimetre length; 7～9 leaf phases were got middle arteries and veins base portion 0.5 centimetre length of second leaf in top.
(4) behind the processing sample collecting of sample, must be earlier that the part of dried-up death is clean with the removals such as grogs dust of being infected with on plant, water washes or cleans with wet cloth in case of necessity.Then all positions that need are sheared off, shred 1～2 millimeter length, fully mixing is to be measured.
(2), the speed of making nitrogen in the fabric texture is surveyed
The speed of nitrate nitrogen is surveyed in the dry land plant,
Nitrogen enters in the object with nitrate nitrogen and ammonium attitude from soil, dry crop kind ammonium nitrogen at normal growth participates in the synthetic of protein rapidly, seldom accumulation, nitrate nitrogen then has some progressively to transform, thereby often there are a certain amount of accumulation, its content can reflect that within the specific limits nitrogen nutrition level and soil in the dry farming plant body supply nitrogen status.
Do that nitrate nitrogen in the fabric texture can be pressed juice or with surveying with nitric acid examination powder method speed after the flooding.
(1), gets a part of juice of pressing with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds.Available sample is contained in the clean plastic casing, is about 10 centimetres, wide about 2.5 centimetres, be placed on after the doubling in the bench vice that pincers worker uses and push.40 times of distilled water dilutings of the juice that extrudes;
Maybe with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds, take by weighing 0.5 gram, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, 20 milliliters of adding distil waters firmly shake 200 times, filter, and leave standstill, and are to be measured.
(2) pressure juice after the above dilution of absorption or leachate are two parts each 8, are placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate operation steps (3) the production standard color range during the speed of as follows soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is surveyed;
(3) in the hole of leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 35% acetic acid, respectively add nitric acid examination powder 0.05 gram and stir evenly, the compound method of this nitric acid examination powder is: take by weighing chemical pure barium sulphate 100 grams, dried 4 hours for 105 ℃, levigate mistake 60 hole sizers, divide to do four parts, respectively with the levigate manganese sulfate of 10 grams, 2 gram zinc powders, levigate, cross 80～100 hole sizers, the 4 levigate sulfanilic acid of gram and levigate first one naphthylamines of 2 grams and mix, add the levigate citric acid of 75 grams at last, mixing is levigate together; Compare with the standard color range after 5 minutes, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured;
Result's calculating
Make content (ppm)=colorimetric reading (ppm) the x extension rate of nitrate nitrogen in the fabric texture.
(3), the speed of making Phos in the fabric texture is surveyed
Rapid available phosphorus is absorbed by crop root in the soil, enter and do that the back major part is converted into organophosphorus rapidly in the object, remainder part exists in the plant with the form of Phos and shifts, mainly be present in and teach in the tissue, the content of this part phosphorus is the phosphorus supply situation of precursor reactant crop phosphorus nutrition level and soil greatly.
Make the Phos in the fabric texture,, survey with phosphorus molybdenum blue colorimetric method speed with pressing juice method or extraction.
(1) draws above this and make two parts each 8 of pressure juice after the fabric texture dilution or leachates, be placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate; The operation steps of rapid available phosphorus (3) production standard color range in the as follows soil;
(2) in the hole of crop leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, fully stir, after treating bubble collapse, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will develop the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
The result calculates: content of inorganic phosphorus (ppm)=colorimetric reading (ppm) x extension rate;
(4), the speed of making potassium in the fabric texture is surveyed
Draw these two parts each 8 in the pressure juice of doing after fabric texture leachate or the dilution, be placed in two holes of black porcelain spot plate they (3) (4) of the operation steps of available potassium in the as follows step 4 soil.
Result's calculating
Make the content (ppm) of potassium in the fabric texture (or tissue fluid)=than turbid reading (ppm) x extension rate.
It below is the concrete application of gained index.
Table 1 soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen level and fertilizer effectiveness
Table 2 soil quick-effective phosphor level and p fertilizer efficiency
Table 3 soil available potassium level and effect of potassium fertilizer
The application that crop nutrition content speed is surveyed the result
Make contained nutrient index in the object: often because of crop species, breeding time, volume increase level, the differences such as assay method measuring the position, adopted.Introduce below about crop nutrition content speed and survey graded index, for reference.
Soil speed of the present invention is surveyed effect, carries out in the test spread process in Jilin Province, only applies 1234 families in 12 counties (city), surveys 3,120,000 mu of native areas, increases by 1971 tons of corn yields, increases income 990,000 yuan of Renminbi, saves 430,000 yuan of chemical fertilizer expenses.Increase income and economize on spending 1,420,000 yuan altogether, mu is increased income and economized on spending 44.56 yuan.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient comprises the following steps:
(1), the collection of soil sample and processing
The method of sampling: the diagonal line sampling method: it is little to be suitable for area, and below 1 hectare, physical features is flat, and 5-10 point adopted in the sampling plot that fertility is equal, diagonal angle, and it is a compound sample that the sample of gathering is mixed; Or checkerboard type sampling method: it is medium to be suitable for area, the 1-2 hectare, and physical features is neat, and 10-15 point adopted in the sampling plot of some fertility difference, and mixing is a compound sample; Or snakelike sampling method: it is big to be suitable for area, general 2-3 hectare, and the physical features unevenness, the uneven sampling of fertility plot, it is a compound sample that 15-20 point mixes;
During sampling, on sampled point, scrape off the thick veneer of soil of 1-2 centimetre earlier, vertically get 20 centimetres of the degree of depth with spades, wide 10 centimetres, thick 2 centimetres native sheet, high yield plot sampling depth reaches 40 centimetres, the soil sample that each sampled point is adopted spreads on Polypropylence Sheet at the edge of a field then, and the bulk of crumbing is picked up mishmash, fully mix thoroughly, just become mixed soil sample, repeatedly eliminate with inquartation, till surplus 0.25-0.5 kilogram, in the bag of packing into, write numbering exactly with pencil, sampling plot title, date collected;
(2), the speed of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is surveyed:
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 0.5 gram, be laid in the measuring cup, other cut with bottle cap in the circle equirotal filter paper, place the bottle cap inner face, drip 5～6 of the dilute sulfuric acids of 2 mol on the paper, dripping quantity is close to degree of being on the bottle cap can make filter paper, the dropper that adopts is 20 ± 1=1 milliliter, tight bottle cap is covered immediately with 2 milliliters in dropper or rapid implantation concentration 20% NaOH of syringe in central authorities at the bottom of bottle, does not make gas leakage; Horizontally rotate measuring cup, alkali lye is fully contacted with soil sample, then measuring cup is carefully lain against water temperature and be on 40 ℃ the water surface, take out after 15 minutes, open bottle cap immediately, be placed in another dry small beaker, stir with 5 ml distilled water washing bottles, ammonium sulfate on the filter paper fully is dissolved in the distilled water, obtains soil liquid to be measured;
(2) draw each 8 of two parts of solution in this small beaker with dropper, be placed on respectively in the hole of ceramic whiteware spot plate;
(3) production standard color range is accurately drawn the second hybrid standard liquid that contains the first hybrid standard liquid of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 2ppm of phosphorus and potassium 20ppm and contain nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 16ppm of phosphorus and potassium 160ppm respectively; According to the form below dilutes, and is made into series standard liquid;
(4) in the hole of soil liquid to be measured and titers at different levels, respectively add 1 of No. 1,20% sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, 2 of each Jia Naishi reagent stir evenly, after 5 minutes with the standard color range relatively, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured;
The result calculates:
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in mg/kg=colorimetric reading in mg/kg * 10;
Again calculated value substitution equation Y
N=aX
NCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b, a, b value take following method to draw in the equation: the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of measuring 30 samples of certain great soil group with conventional method, measure the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of these 30 samples then with the fast determining method of this alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content, try to achieve two cell means, and then obtain a in the equation, b value;
Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in kg/ha=measured value in mg/kg * 2.25;
(3), the speed of soil quick-effective phosphor is surveyed
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add without phosphorus activated charcoal 0.05 gram, add 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, fully shake 200 times, in drying receptacle, filtrate is to be measured with dried filter paper filtering, or pours in the small beaker, the filter paper pointed end of rolling well is put into cup soil, and the clear liquid that permeates after about 5 minutes in the filter paper cone-shaped body is used for measuring;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of these soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate, stir;
(3) preparation standard color range is accurately drawn the aforesaid first hybrid standard liquid and the second hybrid standard liquid respectively; The according to the form below dilution, preparation series standard solution;
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, fully stir, after treating bubble collapse, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will develop the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
Result's calculating;
Soil quick-effective phosphor P content in mg/kg=colorimetric reading in mg/kg * 5;
Again calculated value substitution equation y
P=ax
PCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
P
2O
5＝P×2.29；
Ask the per hectare available phosphorus contents in kg/ha=soil quick-effective phosphor P content in mg/kg * 2.25;
(4), the speed of soil available potassium is surveyed
(1) takes by weighing the fresh soil sample that is equivalent to dry ground 2 grams, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, add 16% sodium sulphate 10ml, making native liquor ratio is 1:5, firmly shake 200 times, with dried filter paper filtering in drying receptacle, or pour in the cuvette, make pointed end put into cup soil the middling speed filter paper of rolling well, after about 5 minutes, use for measuring with the clear liquid that permeates in the filter paper cone-shaped body;
(2) draw each 8 of two portions of soil extracts with dropper, be placed on respectively in two holes of black spot plate;
(3) preparation is accurately drawn the aforesaid first hybrid standard liquid and the second hybrid standard liquid respectively than turbid standard; The according to the form below dilution is with preparation series standard solution;
(4) in the hole of soil extract and titers at different levels, respectively add 1 of 3% EDTA-formaldehyde, stir evenly; Respectively add 1 of 3% tetraphenylboron sodium, stir evenly, the compound method of this 3% tetraphenylboron sodium: take by weighing 0.3 gram tetraphenylboron sodium, be dissolved in 10 ml distilled waters, add 1 0.2 mol sodium hydroxide solution, making the pH value is 8～9, places the back of spending the night and filters; After 3～4 minutes with liquid to be measured with than turbid standard relatively, record is than turbid reading;
The result calculates:
The soil quick-acting potassium content in mg/kg=than turbid reading in mg/kg * 5;
Again calculated value substitution equation y
K=ax
KCalculate the conventional sense value among the+b;
K
2O＝K×1.2；
The soil quick-acting potassium content in kg/ha=soil quick-acting potassium content in mg/kg * 2.25.
2, a kind of chemical fast determining method of crop nutrition content comprises the following steps:
(1), the acquisition process of crop tissue sample
(1) selection of sample strain: multidraw, the sample strain has sufficient representativeness; Various kinds strain number is generally more than ten strains;
(2) Cai Yang time: when selecting fine day 8-10 in the morning;
(3) position of sampling is selected to dredge and is organized flourishingly, and the less histoorgan of chlorophyll content is as the sampling position;
(4) behind the processing sample collecting of sample, must remove the part of dried-up death and the grogs dust of being infected with on plant clean earlier; Then all positions that need are sheared off, shred 1～2 millimeter length, fully mixing is to be measured;
(2), the speed of making nitrogen in the fabric texture is surveyed
(1), gets a part of juice of pressing with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds; 40 times of distilled water dilutings of the juice that extrudes; Maybe with behind the crop tissue sample mixing that shreds, take by weighing 0.5 gram, be placed in the dry plastic bottle, 20 milliliters of adding distil waters firmly shake 200 times, filter, and leave standstill, and are to be measured;
(2) pressure juice after the above dilution of absorption or leachate are two parts each 8, are placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate; The production standard color range is accurately drawn the second hybrid standard liquid that contains the first hybrid standard liquid of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 2ppm of phosphorus and potassium 20ppm and contain nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, each 16ppm of phosphorus and potassium 160ppm respectively; According to the form below dilutes, and is made into series standard liquid;
(3) in the hole of leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 35% acetic acid, respectively add nitric acid examination powder 0.05 gram and stir evenly, compare with the standard color range after 5 minutes, obtain the concentration of liquid to be measured;
Result's calculating:
The content of making nitrate nitrogen in the fabric texture in ppm=colorimetric reading in ppm * extension rate;
(3), the speed of making Phos in the fabric texture is surveyed
(1) draws above this and make two parts each 8 of pressure juice after the fabric texture dilution or leachates, be placed in two holes of ceramic whiteware spot plate; The preparation standard color range is accurately drawn the aforesaid first hybrid standard liquid and the second hybrid standard liquid respectively; The according to the form below dilution, preparation series standard solution;
(2) in the hole of crop leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 2 of 3.6 mol hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdates, fully stir, after treating bubble collapse, stir with bright tin bar again, till no longer deepening to the blue look that generates, leachate and standard color range colorimetric after will develop the color in 5～20 minutes write down the colorimetric reading;
The result calculates: content of inorganic phosphorus in ppm=colorimetric reading in ppm * extension rate;
(4), the speed of making potassium in the fabric texture is surveyed
Draw these two parts each 8 in the pressure juice of doing after fabric texture leachate or the dilution, be placed in two holes of black porcelain spot plate, preparation is accurately drawn the aforesaid first hybrid standard liquid and the second hybrid standard liquid respectively than turbid standard; The according to the form below dilution is with preparation series standard solution;
In the hole of making fabric texture leachate and titers at different levels, respectively add 1 of 3% EDTA-formaldehyde, stir evenly; Respectively add 1 of 3% tetraphenylboron sodium, stir evenly, the compound method of this 3% tetraphenylboron sodium: take by weighing 0.3 gram tetraphenylboron sodium, be dissolved in 10 ml distilled waters, add 1 0.2 mol sodium hydroxide solution, making the pH value is 8～9, places the back of spending the night and filters; After 3～4 minutes with liquid to be measured with than turbid standard relatively, record is than turbid reading;
Result's calculating:
The content of making potassium in fabric texture or the tissue fluid in ppm=than turbid reading with ppm * extension rate.
3, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1: also comprise:
The speed of soil moisture content is surveyed
Claim that earlier empty aluminium box is heavy, the back claims fresh soil sample 5 grams in the aluminium box, adds 3～4 milliliters of alcohol, fully stirs evenly, light, when treating that burning will be use up, stir soil sample, do not dryout as soil sample to help its burning fully, add 2～3 ml ethanols again, rekindle, till soil sample is loose granular; Weigh after the cooling.
Result's calculating:
4, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1: also comprise:
The speed of soil acidity or alkalinity is surveyed
Get a little soil sample of soybean grain size, be placed on after crumbing in the ceramic whiteware spot plate hole, add 3～5 distilled water, add 3～5 general mixed indicators again, this general mixed indicator compound method is: take by weighing thymol blue 0.025 gram, methyl red 0.065 gram, bromothymol blue 0.40 gram, phenolphthalein 0.25 gram, be dissolved in 400 milliliter of 50% alcohol and add aquae destillata to about 800 milliliters, drip 0.1 mol NaOH, make solution become yellow green, add water to 1000 milliliter at last by peony; Make soil sample drenched, and a little surplus liquid is arranged, stir, soil sample and indicator are fully acted on, leave standstill one after the meeting, the inclination spot plate makes solution that a little outflow be arranged, with pH standard color range colorimetric, and the record soil pH value.
5, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1 is characterized in that: how formula reagent compound method is: dissolving 5 gram potassium iodides add saturated mercuric chloride solution, till red precipitate no longer disappears slowly in 15 ml distilled waters; Add 40 milliliter of 50% NaOH again, be diluted to 100 milliliters, after leaving standstill, draw the top clarified solution, store in the brown bottle, use the rubber stopper jam-pack.
6, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: this hydrochloric acid-ammonium molybdate system compound method is: 1.5% ammonium molybdate: take by weighing 15 gram ammonium molybdates and be dissolved in 300 milliliters of 60 ℃ of distilled water, the cooling back is stirred the limit and is added 300 milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acids, treat that solution is cooled to room temperature, with distilled water diluting to 1000 milliliter, store in the brown bottle.
7, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the compound method of 3% EDTA-formaldehyde: take by weighing 3 gram EDTA-sodium, be dissolved in 50 ml distilled waters, add 50 milliliters in 37% formaldehyde, add 6 milliliters of 0.5 mol sodium bicarbonates and 2 again, 6-dinitrophenol dinitrophenolate 0.1 gram, fully mixed dissolution.
8, the chemical fast determining method of crop nutrition content according to claim 2 is characterized in that: the compound method of nitric acid examination powder is: take by weighing chemical pure barium sulphate 100 grams, dried 4 hours for 105 ℃, levigate mistake 60 hole sizers divide and do four parts; Mix levigate mistake 80～100 hole sizers with 10 gram manganese sulfates, 2 gram zinc powders respectively; Mix with 4 levigate sulfanilic acid of gram and levigate first one naphthylamines of 2 grams respectively, add the levigate citric acid of 75 grams at last, mixing is levigate together.
9, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the compound method of the described first hybrid standard liquid: accurately take by weighing dry analysis pure phosphoric acid potassium dihydrogen 0.4390 gram, potassium nitrate 0.7220 gram, ammonium chloride 0.3820 gram, glazier's salt 1.3247 grams with analytical balance, be placed on be dissolved in water in the beaker after, nondestructively transfer in 1000 milliliters of volumetric flasks, and with distilled water a little repeatedly washes beaker, also change in this volumetric flask, be settled to scale with distilled water at last, fully shake up; This stoste is phosphorous, nitrate nitrogen, each 100ppm of ammonium nitrogen, contains potassium 1000ppm; Add 5 toluene with anticorrosion; Get 2 milliliters of above-mentioned stostes with pipette, place 100 milliliters of volumetric flasks, all be settled to scale, fully shake up with distilled water.
10, the chemical fast determining method of soil nutrient according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the compound method of the described second hybrid standard liquid: accurately take by weighing dry analysis pure phosphoric acid potassium dihydrogen 0.4390 gram, potassium nitrate 0.7220 gram, ammonium chloride 0.3820 gram, glazier's salt 1.3247 grams with analytical balance, be placed on be dissolved in water in the beaker after, nondestructively transfer in 1000 milliliters of volumetric flasks, and with distilled water a little repeatedly washes beaker, also change in this volumetric flask, be settled to scale with distilled water at last, fully shake up; This stoste is phosphorous, nitrate nitrogen, each 100ppm of ammonium nitrogen, contains potassium 1000ppm; Add 5 toluene with anticorrosion; Get 16 milliliters of above-mentioned stostes with pipette, place 100 milliliters of volumetric flasks, all be settled to scale, fully shake up with distilled water.
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| CN102680529B (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2014-05-07 | 中国农业大学 | Quick analysis method of organic fertilizer nutrient content |
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