CN106463701B - 用于电化学储能器的电极材料、制造电极材料的方法以及电化学储能器 - Google Patents
用于电化学储能器的电极材料、制造电极材料的方法以及电化学储能器 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于电化学储能器的电极材料,所述电极材料由复合材料构成,其中所述复合材料至少包括导电基质和活性材料。其中,所述导电基质包括纳米级管形硅质结构。本发明还涉及一种制造电极材料的方法。此外,本发明还涉及一种电化学储能器,其包括至少一个具有这种电极材料的电极。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于电化学储能器的电极材料,所述电极材料由复合材料构成,其中所述复合材料至少包括导电基质和活性材料。本发明还涉及一种制造电极材料的方法以及一种电化学储能器。
背景技术
由DE 10 2004 016 766 A1已知一种用于锂离子电池的电极材料,其中该电极材料具有5-85wt%(重量百分比)的纳米级硅颗粒物,其BET比表面积为5至700m2/g,平均一次粒径为5至200nm。此外,该电极材料具有0-10wt%的导电炭黑、5-80wt%且平均粒径为1μm至100μm的石墨以及5-25wt%的粘合剂,其中各成分的占比之和最多为100wt%。
此外,由DE 10 2011 008 815 A1已知一种制造表面上具有纳米级硅颗粒物的碳载体的方法以及一种表面上具有平均颗粒大小为1nm至20nm的硅颗粒物的碳载体。在该方法中,使得硅前体与碳载体在惰性有机溶剂中发生接触,其中通过添加还原剂并/或通过加热将该硅前体分解为在碳载体上析出的纯硅。
发明内容
本发明的目的是,提供一种与现有技术相比有所改进的用于电化学储能器的电极材料、一种有所改进的制造电极材料的方法以及一种有所改进的电化学储能器。
在所述电极材料方面,本发明用以达成上述目的的解决方案为如下特征:所述电极材料由复合材料构成,其中所述复合材料至少包括导电基质和活性材料,其中,所述导电基质包括纳米级管形硅质结构,在所述方法方面,本发明用以达成上述目的的解决方案为如下特征:将确定的量的三氯氢硅注入第一容器;将硅晶片部件放入第二容器;使所述第一容器和第二容器与管件相连,并使用液滴封堵所述管件;使用高频电磁辐射照射所述三氯氢硅;将所述硅晶片部件上析出的反应产物分离,在所述电化学储能器方面,本发明用以达成上述目的的解决方案为如下特征:电化学储能器包括至少一个具有如上所述的电极材料的电极。
用于电化学储能器的电极材料由复合材料构成,其中所述复合材料至少包括导电基质和活性材料。在本发明中,所述导电基质包括纳米级管形硅质结构。
借助如此构造的电极材料能够实现具有机械稳定性的电极,所述电极还具有较高的电化学性能。尤其通过纳米级的管形硅质结构能够使导电基质达到较高的机械稳定性,其相对现有技术中已知的硅质结构得到了显著的改进。由此能够对电化学储能器的充电和放电过程中由于活性材料的迁入和迁出而导致的电极体积变化进行补偿。由此能相对现有技术显著地改进电化学储能器的性能和使用寿命。
在此,所述活性材料被以可化学断开的方式结合到所述纳米级管形硅质结构,其中“可化学断开”在此指活性材料能够在电化学储能器的放电过程中迁出。在此,例如锂作为活性材料被氧化为锂离子和电子,其中锂离子从阳极向阴极迁移。本发明的电极材料的复合材料从而优选构造为用于阳极的涂层材料。
根据一种优选的实施例,所述导电基质还包括多孔的机械柔性的碳结构,由此提高了所述电极材料的导电性。由于所述碳结构的机械柔性的设计,能够额外地改进对充电和放电过程中电极体积变化的补偿。
为了制造上述的电极材料,本发明提出一种方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)将一定量的三氯氢硅注入第一容器;
b)将一硅晶片部件放入第二容器;
c)使这两个容器与一管件连接,并使用一液滴封堵所述管件;
d)使用高频电磁辐射照射三氯氢硅;
e)将所述硅晶片部件上析出的反应产物分离
通过根据步骤d)对三氯氢硅的照射操作来对其进行加热,其中所述管件内的液滴、如葡萄糖液滴融化,并且三氯氢硅流入所述第二容器,在所述第二容器中布置有所述硅晶片的部件。随后,反应产物通过气相析出而在所述硅晶片的部件上以涂层的形式析出。所述方法以简单、有效的方式实现了电极材料的制造,所述电极材料包括纳米级管形硅质结构。
为了在气相析出过程中实现纳米级管形硅质结构,根据步骤d)使用持续发射的高频电磁辐射对三氯氢硅进行照射。可借助经过改装的微波炉来实现这一点,所述微波炉相比一般已知的微波炉包括第二高压变压器以及额外还有两个高压电容器和四个高压二极管。所述持续发射的辐射导致对三氯氢硅的持续加热,从而尤其能制造纳米级的管形硅质结构。
在此,所述纳米级管形硅质结构的尺寸大小取决于所规定的高频电磁辐射的辐射功率。由此能控制纳米级管形硅质结构的尺寸大小。
此外,本发明还涉及一种电化学储能器,其具有至少一个包括上述电极材料的电极。
下面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行详细说明。
附图说明
图中:
图1为电池的单电池的分解示意图;
图2为用于实施根据图2所示方法的装置的透视示意图;以及
图3为用于在制造电极材料过程中照射电极材料的微波炉的电力电子装置的电路示意图。
所有附图中相同的部件用同一参考符号表示。
具体实施方式
图1示出未详细示出的电池的单电池。所述电池尤指充电电池,如锂硫电池。
单电池1指的是所谓的软包电池(Pouchcell或Coffee bagcell),其中多个所述单电池1以电串联和/或并联的方式相互连接在一起,以构成所述电池,并且通过作为单电池1的电接头的板形导体1.1进行所述连接。
所述单电池1设计为扁平的、大体上矩形的电能储能元件,所述储能元件包括由多层交替堆叠的膜式阳极1.2.1、隔片1.2.2和阴极1.2.3构成的电极膜装置1.2,所述电极膜装置被由两个成型为壳式的膜区段所构成的膜式外壳1.3围绕。
阳极1.2.1在此构造为负极,而阴极1.2.3构造为正极。阳极1.2.1和阴极1.2.3下面统称电极。
单电池1的电极分别由衬底构成并涂布有导电基质,活性材料以指定的方式结合入所述基质中。所述电极在此构造为固体,其中所述电池优选也可用于较高的温度范围,从而能用作高温电池。
用于阴极的导电基质例如由导电碳结构、如石墨或炭黑构成。用于阳极1.2.1的导电基质由导电碳结构和硅质结构构成,因为硅尽管导电能力弱于碳,但能结合更多的活性材料。
所述活性材料可在整个电极上均匀地结合入所述导电基质中。所述活性材料用于尤其在电池的充电和放电过程中,在阳极1.2.1和阴极1.2.3之间进行的化学反应。如果所述电池构造为锂硫电池,则用于阴极1.2.3的活性材料例如是硫,而用于阳极1.2.1的活性材料为锂或锂合金。
在电池放电过程中,嵌入阳极1.2.1的锂被氧化为锂离子和电子。所述锂离子通过传导离子的隔片1.2.2迁移到阴极1.2.3,而同时电子通过外部电路被从阳极1.2.1传导到阴极1.2.3,其中在阴极1.2.3和阳极1.2.1之间可连接耗能装置,通过电子流对所述耗能装置进行供能。在阴极1.2.3上通过还原反应接纳锂离子,其中硫被还原成硫化锂。电池放电过程中的电化学反应为普遍公知的,且以锂硫电池为例可如下所述:
阳极1.2.1:Li→Li++e-;
阴极1.2.3:S8+2Li++e-→Li2S8→Li2S6→Li2S4→Li2S2→Li2S
在电池的充电过程中,将能源连接到所述电极上。在此,硫化锂中的锂被氧化为锂阳离子和电子,其中所述锂阳离子通过隔片1.2.2、而电子通过外部电路迁移回阳极1.2.1。
电池充电过程中活性材料即例如锂离子的迁入,以及电池放电过程中活性材料的迁出对于现有技术中已知的硅质结构、如纳米级球形硅质结构会导致很大的体积变化。这样导致电极材料的机械负荷很高,由此可能由于电极材料部分或全部脱离衬底而造成电极过早失效。
为了解决这个问题,本发明采用纳米级管形硅质结构,其结合入多孔的机械柔性的碳结构中。
下面说明一种本发明的制造电极材料的方法。
为此,图2示出用于实施所述方法的装置2。
装置2包括两个具有一定容积、例如分别为10ml的容器2.1、2.2。容器2.1、2.2分别借助液滴、例如聚四氟乙烯液滴形式的封堵元件以气密的方式封堵。在一个实施例中,容器2.1、2.2分别由光学透明的材料、如玻璃构成。
在第一容器2.1中注入一定量、如1.0至1.5ml的所谓三氯氢硅。其中,三氯氢硅是纯硅与氯化氢反应的产物。
在第二容器2.2中布置有硅晶片的部件。
容器2.1、2.2借助例如由玻璃构成的管件2.3相连。在管件2.3朝向第二容器2.2的端部区域中布置有例如由葡萄糖或其他糖类构成的液滴。在此,所述液滴构成人造液栓并从而封堵住管件2.3。
此外,装置2还包括产生高频电磁辐射的微波炉2.4,借助所述高频电磁辐射来照射第一容器2.1中所包含的三氯氢硅。
在此,持续发射所述高频电磁辐射,这一点可使用微波炉2.4的相应电力电子装置来实现,如图3中详细所示和所述。
通过使用高频电磁辐射持续照射三氯氢硅,将其加热至一定的温度,而不会如在脉冲照射的情况下可能发生的那样使三氯氢硅冷却。在此,第一容器2.1内的压力也会上升。
经过几秒钟的短暂时间后,管件2.3中的液滴融化,从而由于第一容器2.1和第二容器2.2之间的压力补偿而使加热后的三氯氢硅流入第二容器2.2。
在此,三氯氢硅与所述硅晶片发生反应,其中所述硅晶片被催化分解为硅和其他副产物如氯化氢,并作为反应产物在硅晶片上析出。在此,所述反应产物作为涂层析出在硅晶片上。随着对三氯氢硅的照射的进行,所述反应产物呈现相应的颜色,如涂层的颜色变深,由此可推断出反应的结束。
在硅晶片上析出的反应产物随后被冷却至一定的温度,并可借助切割工具从硅晶片上分离。通过三氯氢硅的催化分解,以及硅晶片上反应产物的析出,形成期望的纳米级管形硅质结构,所述硅质结构可无需进一步的净化而直接用于电极材料的制造。
在此,所述纳米级管形硅质结构的尺寸大小可受到所发射的高频电磁辐射的强度的影响。例如当以较低的功率来照射三氯氢硅时,所述纳米级管形硅质结构具有较大的长度。
图3以电路图的形式示出微波炉2.4的电路,其中所述电路图仅示出微波炉2.4的电路的一部分、尤其是电力电子装置。
微波炉2.4包括具有带正电荷的电极2.4.1.1和带负电荷的电极2.4.1.2的磁控管2.4.1。
带正电荷的电极2.4.1.1连接接地电位,从而带负电荷的电极2.4.1.2具有相对于接地电位的负电压。
为了运作产生高频电磁波的磁控管2.4.1,磁控管2.4.1与两个高压变压器2.4.2、2.4.3连接,所述高压变压器分别将施加在第一线圈上的交变电压、尤其是电源电压在第二线圈中提高到预先规定的电平、尤其是高压范围中的电平。
如此产生的交变高压分别借助高压电容器2.4.4、2.4.5和桥式整流电路进行分流、整流,并施加到磁控管2.4.1的带负电荷的电极2.4.1.2上,其中所述桥式整流电路分别包括两个并联的高压二极管2.4.6至2.4.9。
在此,施加在带负电荷的电极2.4.1.2上的经整流的高压分别以预先规定的频率周期性地在零伏与用于运作磁控管2.4.1的预先规定的高压之间变化。其中,为磁控管2.4.1分配一定的阈值电压。如果施加到磁控管2.4.1上的高压大于所述阈值电压,则电流短暂地流经磁控管2.4.1。
此处所述的微波炉2.4的特征尤其在于第二高压变压器2.4.3、两个高压电容器2.4.4、2.4.5和所述桥式整流电路,由此实现了持续发射的高频辐射。为此,施加在磁控管2.4.1上的高压交替地超过所述阈值电压,从而使得电流持续流经磁控管2.4.1。
借助对三氯氢硅的持续照射,大体上避免了如在脉冲照射的情况下可能发生的那样的三氯氢硅的冷却。由此能够实现反应产物在硅晶片上的最优析出并由此形成纳米级管形硅质结构。
Claims (3)
1.一种制造纳米级管形硅质结构的方法,所述纳米级管形硅质结构用于电化学储能器的电极材料,
其特征在于以下步骤:
a)将确定的量的三氯氢硅注入第一容器(2.1);
b)将硅晶片部件放入第二容器(2.2);
c)使所述第一容器(2.1)和第二容器(2.2)与管件(2.3)相连,并使用液滴封堵所述管件(2.3);
d)使用高频电磁辐射照射所述三氯氢硅;
e)将所述硅晶片部件上析出的反应产物分离。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,
其特征在于,在步骤d)中使用持续发射的高频电磁辐射来照射所述三氯氢硅。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,
其特征在于,所述纳米级管形硅质结构的尺寸大小取决于所规定的所述高频电磁辐射的辐射功率。
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