CN106459298B - 用于喷墨油墨的聚合粘合剂 - Google Patents
用于喷墨油墨的聚合粘合剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106459298B CN106459298B CN201580026077.9A CN201580026077A CN106459298B CN 106459298 B CN106459298 B CN 106459298B CN 201580026077 A CN201580026077 A CN 201580026077A CN 106459298 B CN106459298 B CN 106459298B
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- Prior art keywords
- latex
- weight
- cation exchange
- exchange resin
- monomer
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- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
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- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
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Abstract
一种用于改进胶乳的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:(a)提供包含聚合物粘合剂的胶乳,其中所述聚合物粘合剂通过聚合包含一种或多种烯系不饱和羧酸官能单体的单体混合物形成,以及(b)使包含所述聚合物粘合剂的所述胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂。所述胶乳作为聚合粘合剂用于油墨中。
Description
某些喷墨油墨含有液体介质;着色剂,如颜料或染料;和有助于将颜料分散于介质中并且将着色剂附着到打印表面的粘合剂或树脂。聚合物粘合剂已经被添加到喷墨油墨组合物以改进耐久性、改进打印质量以及减少渗色和形成羽形。然而,包含此类粘合剂可导致增加打印头维护问题,包括喷嘴的堵塞和结垢,即在加热器上或周围形成膜。另外,聚合物可倾向于在喷嘴板上形成膜。聚合物添加到喷墨油墨组合物还可引起降低颜料分散体稳定性和干扰气泡形成。
一种有用形式的聚合物粘合剂为胶乳形式(即,分散于水性介质中的聚合物颗粒)。US 6,541,590公开了经乳液聚合的聚合物粘合剂。已知乳液聚合的方法用以产生呈胶乳形式的聚合物。在本发明的过程中已经发现根据US 6,541,590的方法制备的一些胶乳聚合物粘合剂含有不期望的高含量的多价阳离子,如Zn+2。还发现过高含量的多价阳离子可导致一个或多个问题。例如,使用此类粘合剂制备的油墨可无法适当地执行。期望提供一种具有降低含量的多价阳离子的胶乳聚合物粘合剂。还期望提供一种用于制备此类胶乳聚合物粘合剂的方法。
在本发明的过程中还发现,期望胶乳聚合物粘合剂具有接近于某些目标值的复介电特性。期望胶乳聚合物粘合剂分别具有150欧姆的电阻和5.4E-07秒的弛豫时间(参数R1和τ,在以下详细定义)。另外,期望提供一种产生胶乳聚合物粘合剂的方法,所述胶乳聚合物粘合剂相比于通过先前方法产生的差异具有较小的参数R1和τ的批次间差异。
以下为发明内容。
本发明的第一方面为一种用于改进胶乳的方法,其包含以下步骤:
(a)提供包含聚合物粘合剂的胶乳,其中所述聚合物粘合剂通过聚合单体混合物形成,所述单体混合物包含以所述单体混合物的重量计大于4重量%到15重量%的一种或多种烯系不饱和羧酸官能单体,以及
(b)使包含所述聚合物粘合剂的所述胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂。
本发明的第二方面为一种用于改进胶乳的方法,其包含以下步骤:
(a)提供包含聚合物粘合剂的胶乳,其中所述聚合物粘合剂通过聚合单体混合物形成,所述单体混合物包含
(i)以所述单体混合物的重量计,大于4重量%到15重量%的一种或多种烯系不饱和羧酸官能单体,以及
(ii)以所述单体混合物的重量计,0.05重量%到5重量%的一种或多种包含疏水官能团和亲水性官能团的可聚合表面活性剂单体,其中所述疏水官能团包含在其内的可聚合基团;以及
(b)使包含所述聚合物粘合剂的所述胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂。
以下为附图说明。
图1示出了模型电路,其包括电阻R1,标记为1;恒相位元件CPE,标记为2;以及电阻R2,标记为3。
以下为具体实施方式。
在本发明的实践中,聚合物粘合剂优选地通过聚合包含可聚合表面活性剂单体的单体混合物形成。可聚合表面活性剂单体为具有可聚合基团(如烯丙基、丙烯基、甲基烯丙基或甲基丙烯基(本文中也称为(甲基)丙烯基或(甲基)烯丙基))的表面活性化合物,并且其在乳液聚合中可用作乳化剂。因此,可聚合表面活性剂优选地充当表面活性剂并作为共聚单体两者。可聚合表面活性剂可为阳离子、阴离子或非离子的。
优选地,聚合物粘合剂通过乳液聚合的方法制备。
合适的可聚合表面活性剂单体含有疏水官能团和亲水官能团,其中所述疏水官能团包含其包括在内的可聚合基团,例如阴离子表面活性剂单体如硫酸酯、磷酸酯、磺基丁二酸半酯以及带有可共聚反应性基团的磺基丁二酸二酯,和非离子表面活性剂单体如壬基苯氧基丙烯基聚乙氧基醇(例如,如来自Dai-ichi公司的Noigen RN-20)。优选的可聚合表面活性剂单体为壬基苯氧基丙烯基聚乙氧基硫酸盐(例如,如来自Dai-ichi公司的Hitenol);烷基烯丙基磺基丁二酸钠(例如,如来自汉高公司(Henkel Corp)的Trem LF-40);二-(三环(5.2.1.0 2,6)癸-3-烯-(8或9)氧基乙基)磺基琥珀酸铵;以及二-(三环(5.2.1.0 2,6)癸-3-烯-(8或9)磺基琥珀酸铵。另外,不饱和C6到C30有机酸的铵和金属盐可为合适的,这些可单独或与上述表面活性剂组合使用。这些酸的实例为:α甲基肉桂酸、α苯基肉桂酸、油酸、亚油酸(如US-A-5362832中所描述)、蓖麻油酸、塔罗油松香和脂肪酸的不饱和馏分、歧化松香酸、大豆油脂肪酸、橄榄油脂肪酸、葵花油脂肪酸、亚麻籽油脂肪酸、红花油脂肪酸、脱水山梨醇单油酸酯、松香酸、聚(氧化亚乙基)山梨醇倍半油酸酯以及Empol 1010二聚酸。合适的可聚合表面活性剂单体还包括例如马来酸酯衍生物(如US-A-4246387中所描述)和烷基苯酚乙氧基化物的烯丙基衍生物(如JP-62227435中所描述)。
以所述混合物的重量计,可聚合表面活性剂单体在单体混合物中的量优选为0.075wt%到2wt%,更优选0.075wt%到0.5wt%。
还考虑了其中不使用可聚合表面活性剂单体的实施例。在此类实施例中,优选使用不是可聚合表面活性剂的表面活性剂。在此类实施例中,优选的表面活性剂为阴离子表面活性剂,优选硫酸盐表面活性剂、磺酸盐表面活性剂或其混合物。在此类实施例中,以单体混合物的重量计,表面活性剂的优选量为0.075wt%到2wt%,更优选0.075wt%到0.5wt%。在此类实施例中,表面活性剂用作在形成聚合物粘合剂的水性乳液聚合方法中的乳液稳定剂。
烯系不饱和羧酸官能单体优选为C3到C20烯系不饱和羧酸、更优选选自由丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、富马酸、马来酸以及此类酸的酸酐组成的群组的单体;单体的碱性盐例如其铵盐、烷基季铵盐、锂盐、钠盐和钾盐;和此类单体的混合物。更优选为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸及其混合物。可替代地,烯系不饱和羧酸单体可为优选地分子量不大于5000道尔顿的丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸的低聚物。
以所述混合物的重量计,烯系不饱和羧酸单体在单体混合物中的量优选为大于4wt%到10wt%,更优选4.5wt%到9wt%。本文中短语“大于4wt%到X wt%”意指量大于4wt%并且还小于或等于X wt%”。
适合用于所述单体混合物中的其它烯系不饱和单体包括一种或多种选自如下(但不限于)以下的单体:经取代的例如羟基-或乙酰乙酰氧基-取代和未经取代的(C1到C50,优选C1-C22,最优选C1到C18)(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯、苯乙烯和经取代的苯乙烯、乙烯基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基乙酸酯、氟代甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、经取代的丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、经取代的甲基丙烯酰胺及其组合。在丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的酯中,优选的单体包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己酯、丙烯酸十二烷酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸十二烷酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁烯酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羟基乙酯以及(甲基)丙烯酸乙酰乙酰氧基酯。更优选地,单体选自由以下各者组成的群组:丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己酯、丙烯酸十二烷酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸十二烷酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁烯酯、苯乙烯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸乙烯酯、乙酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸羟基乙酯以及甲基丙烯酸羟基乙酯。
在一个实施例中,粘合剂包含丙烯酸乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸以及烷基烯丙基磺基丁二酸钠的加成共聚物。
优选地,粘合剂包含玻璃化转变温度Tg为至少-40℃、更优选地在-35℃到约120℃范围内、又更优选地在-35℃到20℃范围内并且甚至更优选在-30℃到10℃范围内的加成聚合物。Tg可通过差示扫描量热法在10℃/min下使用中点法测定。
本发明的实践涉及使用含有聚合物粘合剂的胶乳。在本文中胶乳已知为“胶乳聚合物粘合剂”。优选地,聚合物粘合剂呈分布在整个连续水性液体介质中的聚合颗粒的形式。优选地,胶乳聚合物粘合剂的体积平均直径在约100nm到400nm范围内。更优选地,体积平均直径在200nm到350nm范围内。平均粒径可通过光散射技术测定,如通过采用布鲁克海文仪器公司(Brookhaven Instruments Corporation)的“BI-90粒度分析仪”分析仪。
粘合剂聚合物的粒度分布可为单峰、双峰或多峰,但是模态对本发明的实践来说不认为是重要的。
聚合粘合剂的分子量不是重要的。然而,已发现粘合剂聚合物的分子量优选地在约10,000道尔顿到约2,000,000道尔顿;更优选地,50,000道尔顿到1,000,000道尔顿范围内。如本文所使用的分子量被定义为重均分子量并且可以THF为溶剂通过凝胶渗透色谱法测定。
加成聚合物可通过例如如EP-A-0747456中描述的本领域中已知的常规过硫酸盐引发的热方法,如分批、半分批、逐步加成或连续加成来制备。方法可为单级或多级。在多级方法中,完成聚合方法(90%或超过90%的单体转换为聚合物),并然后将其它单体引入到相同容器中,并且将其它单体在先前形成的聚合物存在下聚合。使单体聚合到优选地大于99%转化率,并然后在添加适当量的中和碱控制pH之后将反应冷却到室温(20℃至25℃)。用中和剂例如氨水、氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾或这些中和剂的组合将pH调节到pH 7至9之间,更优选地pH 7至8在之间。
本发明的方法涉及使用阳离子交换树脂。阳离子交换树脂为具有共价连接到聚合物链的酸性基团且具有与酸基团结合的阳离子的聚合物组合物。当含有溶解阳离子的水性组合物通过阳离子交换树脂时,对于最初与阳离子交换树脂上的酸基团结合的阳离子,存在被除去且由溶解于水性组合物中的阳离子替换的倾向。
阳离子交换树脂中的聚合物可为任何类型的聚合物。优选的聚合物由含有一种或多种乙烯基的单体聚合而成。优选的单体为丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、经取代或未经取代的丙烯酸酯、经取代或未经取代的甲基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯的衍生物及其混合物。优选的聚合物由含有一种或多种具有两个或更多个乙烯基的单体的单体混合物聚合而成。
在阳离子交换树脂上,优选的酸基团为羧酸酯、磷酸酯以及磺酸酯;更优选为羧酸酯和磺酸酯。酸基团可驻留在一种或多种单体上,或者酸基团可通过发生聚合之后的化学反应附接到聚合物主链或者可进行两者的组合。
在与含有胶乳的水性组合物接触之前,阳离子交换树脂可由其含有的阳离子表征。当90摩尔%或更多的阳离子为H+时,阳离子交换树脂被称为酸形式。当阳离子交换树脂为酸形式时,酸基团可为具有H原子附着的非离子酸基团形式或为阴离子和H+阳离子的形式。当存在于阳离子交换树脂的90摩尔%或更多的阳离子为碱金属阳离子时,阳离子交换树脂被称为碱性阳离子形式。当存在于阳离子交换树脂的90摩尔%或更多的阳离子为单一特定碱金属(例如钠)的阳离子时,阳离子交换树脂被称为特定碱金属形式(例如“钠形式”)。
阳离子交换树脂可由pKa来表征。pKa为3或高于3的阳离子交换树脂在本文中被认为是弱酸阳离子交换树脂。pKa低于3的阳离子交换树脂在本文中被认为是强酸阳离子交换树脂。
优选地,在与含有胶乳的水性组合物接触之前,阳离子交换树脂属于以下类别中的一种:(I)以碱性阳离子形式的阳离子交换树脂(强酸或弱酸)或(II)以酸形式的弱酸阳离子交换树脂。
优选地,阳离子交换树脂为珠粒的形式。优选地,珠粒的重均直径为0.01mm到1.0mm;更优选0.1mm到1.0mm。
本发明的方法涉及使胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂。“通过”的方法通过提供具有入口和出口的容器来实现。将阳离子交换树脂放入容器中;胶乳通过入口进入容器,接触阳离子交换树脂,并且通过出口离开容器,同时阳离子交换树脂通过过滤器或保留阳离子交换树脂同时使胶乳通过的其它装置保留在容器中。优选地,胶乳在压力下挤出容器。压力可通过重力或通过机械泵施加。
术语“通过”不包括其中将固定量的胶乳和固定量的阳离子交换树脂一起放入容器中,并且搅拌,接着通过过滤器倒入混合物以将阳离子交换树脂与胶乳分开的方法。
预期使胶乳聚合物粘合剂通过阳离子交换树脂将除去或显著减少多价阳离子的浓度。多价阳离子的实例为碱土金属的多价阳离子、过渡金属的多价阳离子以及其它金属的多价阳离子。例如,预期使胶乳聚合物粘合剂通过阳离子交换树脂将除去或显著减少锰、铁、钴、镍、铜以及锌的多价阳离子的浓度。
在通过阳离子交换树脂之后,胶乳聚合物粘合剂可结合到油墨组合物,优选地包含例如颜料、粘合剂以及水性介质的喷墨油墨组合物。优选地,相对于油墨组合物的总重量,粘合剂的存在量为0.1重量%到10重量%,优选0.5重量%到8重量%,更优选1重量%到5重量%。水性载体可为水;优选为去离子水。在一个实施例中,水性载体的存在量为油墨组合物的约40重量%到约95重量%,优选约55重量%到约80重量%,最优选约70重量%到约80重量%。对用于使用本发明的粘合剂的油墨组合物的合适混合物的选择取决于对配制的特定油墨的要求,如所期望的表面张力和粘度、所使用的颜料、着色油墨所需要的干燥时间以及油墨将打印到其上的纸的类型。
使用本发明的粘合剂的油墨组合物还可包括水可混溶材料,如保湿剂、分散剂、渗透剂、螯合剂、共溶剂、消泡剂、缓冲剂、杀生物剂、杀真菌剂、粘度改性剂、杀菌剂、表面活性剂、抗卷曲剂、抗渗色剂以及表面张力改性剂,所有这些均是本领域中已知的。
一般来说,以油墨的所有组分的总重量计,所使用的颜料量小于10重量%并且通常为3重量%至8重量%。优选地,颜料粒度为0.05到2微米,更优选不大于1微米并且最优选不大于0.3微米。
所使用保湿剂的量通过油墨的特性测定并且以油墨中所有组分的总重量计可在1重量%至30重量%,优选5重量%至15重量%范围内。可用于形成油墨的常用保湿剂的实例为:二醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、醇以及吡咯烷酮。也可使用本领域中已知的其它保湿剂。
合适渗透剂的使用将取决于油墨的特定应用。可用实例包括吡咯烷酮以及N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮。
如果使用,在油墨中消泡剂的量将通常在0.05重量%至0.5重量%范围内,并且更通常为0.1wt.%。所需要的量取决于在制备油墨的颜料分散体组分中使用的方法。可用于形成颜料的水性分散液的消泡剂是本领域众所周知的,并且可商购的实例包括Surfynol104H和Surfynol DF-37(宾夕法尼亚州阿灵顿空气产品公司(Air Products,Allentown,PA))。
油墨的其余部分一般为水。以油墨中所有组分的总重量计,水的量优选为65重量%至90重量%,更优选75重量%至85重量%。
油墨组合物可进一步包含另外的组分,包含(但不限于)加工助剂,如其它(游离)表面活性剂、保护性胶体以及本领域技术人员已知的其它稳定剂。合适的表面活性剂例如包括月桂基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠和全氟烷基磺酸铵、TritonX-100、Triton X-405以及聚氧乙烯化聚氧丙烯二醇。
油墨组合物可通过用于制备此类组合物的本领域中已知的任何方法制备,例如通过使用本领域已知的技术将成分在一起混合、搅拌或搅动以形成水性油墨。用于制备本发明的油墨组合物的程序并不重要,除非油墨组合物为均相的。
一种制备方法为如下:使水性载体、(一或多种)保湿剂、(一或多种)表面活性剂和(一或多种)渗透剂混合10分钟或直到均匀。通过研磨在水中总共20%固体的5:1比率的颜料:分散剂来制备颜料-分散剂混合物。将水性载体/保湿剂/表面活性剂/渗透剂溶液缓慢添加到颜料-分散剂中同时(一或多种)颜料保持搅拌。再搅拌10分钟或直到均匀。在搅拌下将颜料分散体/载体/保湿剂/表面活性剂缓慢添加到聚合粘合剂中。继续搅拌10分钟或直到均匀。调节所得油墨的pH到8.2-8.5(例如通过添加充分的20%NH4OH)。通过1微米过滤器过滤。
预期使用本发明的粘合剂的油墨组合物将包括获得油墨组合物的最终用途所需要的期望物理性能所必需的任何添加剂,此类添加剂包括螯合剂、缓冲剂、杀生物剂、杀真菌剂、抗氧化剂、流变改性剂、增稠剂、杀细菌剂、表面活性剂、抗卷曲剂、抗渗移剂和表面张力改性剂,所有这些如上文所论述。
还考虑了其中油墨组合物通过阳离子交换树脂的实施例。优选的阳离子交换树脂和使油墨组合物通过阳离子交换树脂的优选方法与使胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂的上述那些相同。以油墨组合物的重量计,在油墨组合物中水的量优选为40重量%到95重量%。
以下为本发明的实例。
实例1:制备P-1:制备胶乳聚合物粘合剂
制备单体混合物,所述单体混合物具有分别以81.0重量%、18.0重量%以及0.1重量%的甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯(2-EHA)以及甲基丙烯酸(MAA)。由此组合物可制备含有以下组分的均匀化的混合物。第一均匀化的单体混合物(MEI)含有60.18%的MMA、13.37%的2-EHA、0.74%的MAA、25.28%的去离子(DI)水和0.42%的36%十二烷基烯丙基磺基琥珀酸钠(TREMTM LF-40表面活性剂,来自汉高公司(Henckel Corporation))水溶液。第二均匀化的单体混合物(ME2)含有第一混合物的所有成分以及另外5.61%的MAA。根据以下程序聚合每种单体混合物。向配备有搅拌器、加热器、回流冷凝器以及氮气鼓泡管的适当玻璃容器中添加94.73%的去离子水以及0.30%的碳酸钾。用氮气对釜内含物(DI水)鼓泡一小时同时加热到85℃。将引发剂溶液(在92.33g蒸馏水中的2.91g过硫酸钾(KPS))添加到釜中,使釜搅拌一分钟,之后添加种子胶乳加22.33克的冲洗蒸馏水。然后将反应器温度设定为80℃并且在85℃温度下将乳化单体(MEI)以12.38g/min的速率进料10分钟,之后以0.79g/min的速率共-进料引发剂(在53.59g蒸馏水中的1.45g KPS)。将温度保持在85℃并且10分钟后,将单体乳液(MEI,接着ME2)进料增加到24.76g/min持续下一个60分钟。在进料安排结束时,釜在最终温度下保持20分钟。然后使反应器冷却到75℃并且添加8.72克0.1%Fe2+溶液以及由0.25g叔丁基过氧化氢(tBHP)在20.0g蒸馏水中组成的等分试样,并在75℃温度下保持5分钟。然后使反应器冷却到65℃的温度并且添加在20.0g蒸馏水中的0.6gNaBS,并在此温度下保持20分钟。通过此冷却方法,将初始缓慢添加的在50g蒸馏水中的1.8g tBHP进料到反应器中。此引发剂以类似方式进料,接着是在50g蒸馏水中的2.38g亚硫酸钠的另一进料。在进料安排结束时,将该批料冷却到40℃的温度并且通过添加在142.14g蒸馏水中的13.86g KOH来调节pH。在完成中和方法时,将在9g蒸馏水中的1.97g杀生物剂(KordekTM LX 5000杀生物剂(50%)添加到胶乳中。所概述的胶乳制备步骤产生具有31.60%固体和255.9nm平均粒度的胶体分散液。
实例2:批料B-1到B-6
六种批料如在制备P-1中制备,不同之处在于,成比例地增加量以产生胶乳聚合物粘合剂的较大尺寸样品。
实例3:测量复介电特性
在25℃下,在具有不锈钢封闭电极的两个电极电池中测量胶乳的复介电特性。频率从0.1Hz到1.00MHz连续地变化。测量仪为耦合到SolartronTM SIl287高级电化学界面(来自输力强分析(Solartron Analytical))的SolartronTM 1260阻抗/增益-相位分析器,其可用作具有可选控制环路带宽的恒电势器或恒流器以确保对于不同类型电化学电池的稳定操作。选择0.01Va.c幅值以便最小化任何可能的电解影响以及在电池中非线性双电层和偏振影响。每个封闭电极的表面积为1.2568cm2。电池的电极间隙由CelgardTM 2500间隔件(来自卡尔格德公司(Celgard Company))的厚度(25.5μm)限定。
在每个频率(ω)下,仪器测量阻抗的幅值,表示为|Z|,以及相移,表示为θ。然后,Z实际和Z虚构如下计算:
Z实际=|Z|cos(θ)
Z虚构=|Z|sin(θ)
每种胶乳都在许多ω值下测试;在每个ω值下的测量产生具有坐标(Z实际,Z虚构)的数据点。对于给定胶乳的测量产生Z虚构与Z实际的曲线。然后,使用以下程序通过非线性回归分析来拟合曲线。
胶乳被认为具有可通过图1中示出的电路很好建模的复介电特性。项1为具有电阻R1的电阻器;项2为具有阻抗ZCPE的恒相位元件;以及项3为具有电阻R2的电阻器。阻抗ZCPE被认为服从以下方程式
其中T和p为特定胶乳样品的与频率无关的参数特性。参数p为0到1的值。然后,使用以下方程拟合Z虚构与Zreal的曲线以确定R1、R2、T以及p:
在拟合程序确定R1、R2、T以及p之后,计算弛豫时间(表示为τ):τ=T(1/p)。在以下论述中,报告并讨论了以下参数:电阻R1(欧姆)和弛豫时间τ(秒)。
比较实例4:比较实例:不与阳离子交换树脂接触的五种批料
相同胶乳聚合物粘合剂组合物的五种批料均使用上述程序来制备。在与阳离子交换树脂有任何接触之前,使胶乳经历介电测量。介电测量和参数拟合的结果如下:
比较胶乳:未与阳离子交换树脂接触
符号“E-07”等于“×10-7”。
实例5:本发明实例:如在实例4中的相同批料,在通过阳离子交换树脂之后
使上述五种批料通过如下阳离子交换树脂。使取自每种批料的一加仑样品通过填充有1000mL床体积的DowexTM MAC-3树脂的5.08cm(2英寸)×61cm(2ft)柱。水性胶乳以180ml/min的固定速率泵送。将胶乳的每个修复(即,通过柱的)样品收集在一加仑的容器中。所修复胶乳的pH为2.18。使用KOH溶液调节胶乳的pH。混合程序使用垂直搅拌器在容器中混合(在搅动期间观测漩涡的发生)胶乳。在添加KOH溶液期间测量胶乳的pH。在逐滴添加14%KOH溶液期间连续监测pH。当所记录pH在7.5与7.75之间时,停止添加KOH溶液。
本发明实例:通过阳离子交换树脂之后的胶乳
*将批料B-5分成五个部分;每个部分通过阳离子交换树脂,并然后经历介电测试。以上示出的值为对五个部分的五个测试结果的平均值。
相比于比较批料的平均R1值,本发明批料的平均R1值更接近于目标值150欧姆。另外,本发明批料的R1值的标准差小于比较批料的R1值的标准差。类似地,相比于比较批料的平均弛豫时间值,本发明批料的平均弛豫时间值更接近于目标值5.4E-07秒。另外,本发明批料的弛豫时间值的标准差小于比较批料的弛豫时间值的标准差。因此,本发明方法比比较方法产生更接近于目标值的胶乳,并且本发明方法比比较方法可变性更小。
实例6:从批料B-4除去锌离子
批料B-4含有0.0024重量%锌离子。使此胶乳的两个部分如下单独地通过阳离子交换树脂DOWEXTM MAC-3树脂(陶氏化学公司(The Dow Chemical Company))(弱酸聚丙烯酸大孔阳离子交换树脂):使取自批料B-4的两个3.8升(一加仑)样品通过填充有1000mL床体积的DowexTM MAC-3树脂的5.08cm(2英寸)×61cm(2ft)柱。水性胶乳以180ml/min的固定速率泵送。将胶乳的两个修复样品中的每个收集在3.8升(一加仑)容器中。在通过阳离子交换树脂之后,一部分具有0.0011重量%锌离子,而另一部分具有0.0014重量%锌离子。
通过电感耦合质谱分析(ICP)测试锌离子的含量
实例7:从批料B-6中除去锌离子
批料B-6含有0.0025重量%锌离子。使此胶乳的一部分如下通过阳离子交换树脂DowexTM Monosphere 99K/320树脂(陶氏化学公司)(交联的聚苯乙烯色谱阳离子交换树脂):使取自批料B-6的3.8升(一加仑)样品通过填充有1000mL床体积的DowexTM Monosphere99K/320树脂的5.08cm(2英寸)×61cm(2ft)柱。水性胶乳以180ml/min的固定速率泵送。在通过阳离子交换树脂之后,胶乳没有可检测的锌离子(通过ICP分析)。
实例8:重复实例6
如在实例6中,使批料B-4通过阳离子交换树脂DowexTM MAC-3树脂。应额外小心例如以确保树脂不会变得锌饱和。在通过阳离子交换树脂之后,用如实例5中所述的KOH中和胶乳。在通过阳离子交换树脂之后,胶乳没有可检测的锌离子(通过ICP分析)。
实例9:用常规的表面活性剂制备胶乳聚合物粘合剂
重复在实例1中的胶乳制备,区别在于可聚合表面活性剂单体被月桂基硫酸钠(SLS)(不可聚合表面活性剂)替换。具体地说,在每种单体乳液中,使用以下:0.565%的23%月桂基硫酸钠水溶液来代替“0.42%的36%十二烷基烯丙基磺基琥珀酸钠(TREMTMLF-40表面活性剂,来自汉高公司)水溶液”。
实例10:在实例9中制备的胶乳的介电测量
对在实例9中制备的胶乳聚合物粘合剂进行三次测试介电特性:(1)在通过阳离子交换树脂之前,(2)在通过阳离子交换树脂之后但未调节pH以及(3)在通过阳离子交换树脂并且随后用如实例5中所述的KOH调节之后。结果如下:
实例9的胶乳的介电特性
<u>特性</u> | <u>(1)在树脂之前</u> | <u>(2)在树脂之后</u> | <u>(3)在树脂并且pH调节之后</u> |
pH | 7.65 | 2.36 | 7.66 |
R<sub>1</sub>(欧姆) | 106.9 | 168.6 | 184.7 |
τ(秒)* | 2.38E-07 | 1.91E-07 | 6.24E-07 |
*弛豫时间
Claims (4)
1.一种用于改进胶乳的方法,其包含以下步骤:
(a)提供包含聚合物粘合剂的胶乳,其中所述聚合物粘合剂通过聚合单体混合物形成,所述单体混合物由以下组分组成:以所述单体混合物的重量计大于4重量%到15重量%的一种或多种烯系不饱和羧酸官能单体;一种或多种选自下组的单体:经羟基-或乙酰乙酰氧基-取代和未经取代的(甲基)丙烯酸C1-50烷基酯、苯乙烯和经取代的苯乙烯、乙烯基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基乙酸酯、氟代甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺及其组合;和任选地,0.05重量%到5重量%的一种或多种包含疏水和亲水官能团的可聚合表面活性剂单体,其中所述疏水官能团包含在其内的可聚合基团;以及
(b)使包含所述聚合物粘合剂的所述胶乳通过阳离子交换树脂,
其中所述阳离子交换树脂为酸形式的pKa为3或更高的酸官能树脂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中以所述单体混合物的重量计,所述单体混合物包含0.05重量%到5重量%的一种或多种包含疏水和亲水官能团的可聚合表面活性剂单体,其中所述疏水官能团包含在其内的可聚合基团。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述聚合为水性乳液聚合方法。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单体混合物不含有可聚合表面活性剂单体,并且其中所述胶乳进一步包含一种或多种阴离子表面活性剂。
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