TW201609824A - 噴墨墨水之聚合性黏結劑 - Google Patents
噴墨墨水之聚合性黏結劑 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201609824A TW201609824A TW104114689A TW104114689A TW201609824A TW 201609824 A TW201609824 A TW 201609824A TW 104114689 A TW104114689 A TW 104114689A TW 104114689 A TW104114689 A TW 104114689A TW 201609824 A TW201609824 A TW 201609824A
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- Prior art keywords
- latex
- cation exchange
- exchange resin
- weight
- acid
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005641 methacryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003544 oxime group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000611 regression analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006254 rheological additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WBHQBSYUUJJSRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bisulfate Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])(=O)=O WBHQBSYUUJJSRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000342 sodium bisulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HJLBIRSYZDPPIR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-dodecoxy-1,4-dioxo-1-prop-2-enoxybutane-2-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC=C HJLBIRSYZDPPIR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydropyrrole Substances C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- BIDDLDNGQCUOJQ-SDNWHVSQSA-N α-phenylcinnamic acid Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1/C(C(=O)O)=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 BIDDLDNGQCUOJQ-SDNWHVSQSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一種改善乳膠之製程,包含下列步驟:(a)提供包含聚合物黏合劑之乳膠,其中,所述聚合物黏合劑係藉由包含一種或多種乙烯型不飽和羧酸官能性單體之單體混合物的聚合反應而形成,以及(b)使包含所述聚合物黏合劑之所述乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂。
Description
某些噴墨墨水係含有液體介質;著色劑,如顏料或燃料;以及,黏合劑或樹脂,以輔助將該顏料分散於該介質中並將該著色劑固定至列印表面。業經將聚合物黏合劑加至噴墨墨水組成物中以改善耐久性、改善列印品質、及降低顏色之浸潤及羽化。惟,包含此等黏合劑可導致列印頭維修問題之增加,包括噴嘴之堵塞及焦化,亦即,於加熱器上或附近形成膜。又,聚合物可具有在噴嘴板上形成膜之趨勢。將聚合物加入噴墨墨水組成物中亦可造成顏料分散安定性之降低並受擾於氣泡之形成。
聚合物黏合劑之一種可用形式係乳膠(亦即,聚合物顆粒分散於水性介質中)之形式。第6,541,590號美國專利揭露了經乳液聚合之聚合物黏合劑。乳液聚合反應製程係習知用以製造乳膠形式的聚合物。於本發明期間,業經發現一些根據第6,541,590號美國專利之方法作成的乳膠聚合物黏合劑係含有非所欲之高水平的多價陽離子如Zn+2。亦發現,多價陽離子之水平過高可導致一個或多個問題。舉例而言,使用此黏合劑作成之墨水可能無法成
功適宜地預成形。所欲者係提供具有低水平之多價陽離子的乳膠聚合物黏合劑。亦所欲者係提供製造如此之乳膠聚合物黏合劑的方法。
於本發明期間,亦發現所欲者係該乳膠聚合物黏合劑具有接近某些目標值之綜合介電特性。所欲者係乳膠聚合物黏合劑分別具有150歐姆(ohm)之電阻及5.4E-07秒(sec)之鬆弛時間(參數R1及τ,於下文中詳細定義)。又,所欲者係提供製造乳膠聚合物黏合劑之製程,其不同批次間參數R1及τ的變化小於藉由先前製程所生產者。
下述者係本發明之內容。
本發明之第一方面係改善乳膠之製程,其係包含下列步驟:(a)提供包含聚合物黏合劑之乳膠,其中,所述聚合物黏合劑係藉由包含,以下列單體混合物之重量為基準,超過4至15重量%之一種或多種乙烯型不飽和羧酸官能性單體之單體混合物的聚合反應而形成;以及(b)使包含所述聚合物黏合劑之所述乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂。
本發明之第二方面係改善乳膠之製程,其係包含下列步驟:(a)提供包含聚合物黏合劑之乳膠,其中,所述聚合物黏合劑係藉由包含下列之單體混合物的聚合反應而形
成:(i)以所述單體混合物之重量為基準,超過4至15重量%之一種或多種乙烯型不飽和羧酸官能性單體;以及(ii)以所述單體混合物之重量為基準,0.05至5重量%之一種或多種包含疏水性官能基及親水性官能基之可聚合界面活性劑單體,其中,所述疏水性官能基內係包含可聚合之基團;以及(b)使包含所述聚合物黏合劑之所述乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂。
1‧‧‧電阻R1
2‧‧‧恆相元件CPE
3‧‧‧電阻R2
下述者係圖式之簡單說明。
第1圖係顯示模型電路,其係包括電阻R1,標記為1;恆相元件CPE,標記為2;以及,電阻R2,標記為3。
下述者係本發明之詳細說明。
於本發明之實踐中,該聚合物黏合劑較佳係藉由包含可聚合之界面活性劑單體的單體混合物的聚合反應而形成。可聚合之界面活性劑單體係具有可聚合基團如烯丙基、丙烯醯基、甲基烯丙基或甲基丙烯醯基(本文中亦指代為(甲基)丙烯醯基或(甲基)烯丙基)的表面活性化合物,且其可用作乳液聚合反應中之乳化劑。因此,該可聚合之界面活性劑較佳係作為界面活性劑及共單體兩種功
能。可聚合之界面活性劑可係陽離子性、陰離子性、或非離子性。
較佳地,該聚合物黏合劑係藉由乳液聚合反應之製程作成。
適宜的可聚合之界面活性劑單體係含有疏水性官能基及親水性官能基,其中,所述疏水性官能基內係包含可聚合之基團,包括,舉例而言,陰離子性界面活性劑單體,如硫酸酯類、磷酸酯類、磺基琥珀酸半酯類、及帶有可共聚之反應性基團的磺基琥珀酸二酯類,以及非離子性界面活性劑單體,如壬基酚聚乙氧基化醇類(舉例而言,來自Dai-ichi Corp之Noigen RN-20)。較佳的可聚合之界面活性劑單體係壬基酚丙烯基聚乙氧基化硫酸酯(舉例而言,來自Dai-ichi Corp之Hitenol);烷基烯丙基磺基琥珀酸鈉(舉例而言,來自Henkel Corp之Trem LF-40);二(三環(5.2.1.02,6)癸-3-烯-(8或9)氧乙基)磺基琥珀酸銨;及二-(三環(5.2.1.02,6)癸-3-烯-(8或9)磺基琥珀酸銨。此外,不飽和C6至C30有機酸類之銨鹽及金屬鹽類可係適宜者,此等可單獨使用或與上揭界面活性劑組合使用。此等酸之實例係:α-甲基肉桂酸、α-苯基肉桂酸、油酸、亞油酸(如US-A-5362832中揭示者)、蓖麻油酸、塔羅油松香及脂肪酸之不飽和片段、歧化松香酸、大豆油脂肪酸、橄欖油脂肪酸、葵花籽油脂肪酸、亞麻籽油脂肪酸、紅花籽油脂肪酸、去水山梨醇單油酸酯、松脂酸、聚(氧乙烯)山梨醇倍半油酸酯、及Empol 1010二體酸。適宜的可聚合之界面活性劑
單體亦包括,舉例而言,馬來酸酯衍生物(如US-A-4246387中揭示者)、及烷基酚乙氧基化物之烯丙基衍生物(如JP-62227435中揭示者)。
於該單體混合物中,可聚合之界面活性劑單體的量較佳係,以所述混合物之重量為基準,0.075至2wt%,更佳0.075至0.5wt%。
亦預期者係其中不使用可聚合之界面活性劑單體的態樣。於此等態樣中,較佳係使用並非可聚合之界面活性劑的界面活性劑。於此等態樣中,較佳之界面活性劑係陰離子性界面活性劑,較佳係硫酸酯類界面活性劑、磺酸酯類界面活性劑、或其混合物。於此等態樣中,界面活性劑之量較佳係,以該單體混合物之重量為基準,自0.075至2wt%,更佳0.075至0.5wt%。於此等態樣中,該界面活性劑係作為乳液安定劑用於形成該聚合物黏合劑之水性乳液聚合反應製程中。
該乙烯型不飽和羧酸官能性單體較佳係C3至C20乙烯型不飽和羧酸,更佳係選自下列所組成群組之單體:丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、伊康酸、富馬酸、馬來酸、及此等酸類之酐;其鹼性鹽類,如其銨鹽、四級烷基銨鹽、鋰鹽、鈉鹽、及鉀鹽;及此等單體之混合物。更佳係丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、及其混合物。或者,該乙烯型不飽和羧酸單體可係丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸之寡聚物,較佳係具有不超過5000道爾頓(Daltons)之分子量。
於該單體混合物中,乙烯型不飽和羧酸單
體的量較佳係,以所述混合物之重量為基準,超過4至10wt%,更佳自4.5至9wt%。本文中,用語「超過4至X wt%」係意指該量係大於4wt%且小於或等於X wt%。
其他適用於所述單體混合物中之乙烯型不飽和單體係包括,但不限於,選自下列之一種或多種單體:經取代如經羥基或乙醯基乙醯氧基取代及未經取代之(C1至C50,較佳C1至C22,最佳C1至C18)烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯類、苯乙烯及經取代之苯乙烯、丙烯酸乙烯酯類、醋酸乙烯酯類、氟甲基丙烯酸酯類、丙烯醯胺、經取代之丙烯醯胺、甲基丙烯醯胺類、經取代之甲基丙烯醯胺類、及其組合。於丙烯酸及甲基丙烯酸之酯類中,較佳之單體係包括丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸伸異丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羥基乙酯、及(甲基)丙烯酸乙醯基乙醯氧基酯。更佳地,該單體係選自丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸伸異丁酯、苯乙烯、丙烯醯胺、丙烯酸乙烯酯、醋酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸羥基乙酯、及甲基丙烯酸羥基乙酯所組成之群組。
於一態樣中,該黏合劑係包含丙烯酸乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸及烷基烯丙基磺基琥
珀酸鈉的加成共聚物。
較佳地,該黏合劑係包含玻璃轉化溫度Tg為至少-40℃,更佳自-35至約120℃之範圍,再更佳自-35至20℃之範圍,且甚至更佳自-30至10℃的加成聚合物。Tg可使用中點方法藉由示差掃描量熱法(Differential Scanning Calorimetery)以10℃/min測得。
本發明之實踐係包括含有聚合物黏合劑之乳膠的用途。本文中,該乳膠係稱為「乳膠聚合物黏合劑」。較佳地,該聚合物黏合劑係分佈於整個連續水性液體介質中的聚合性顆粒形式。較佳地,該乳膠聚合物黏合劑係具有體積平均直徑為約100至400nm之範圍。更佳地,該體積平均直徑係200至350nm之範圍。平均顆粒直徑可藉由光散射技術(light scattering technique)測得,如採用布魯克海文儀器公司(Brookhaven Instruments Corporation)之「BI-90粒徑儀」分析器測得。
該黏合劑聚合物之粒徑分佈可係單峰、雙峰或多峰,但分佈模態對於本發明之實踐而言並不重要。
該聚合性黏合劑之分子量並非關鍵。惟,業經發現,該黏合劑聚合物較佳係具有自約10,000至約2,000,000道爾頓之範圍的分子量;更佳50,000至1,000,000道爾頓。本文中所使用之分子量係定義為重量平均分子量,且可藉由凝膠滲透色層分析法(gel permeation chromatography)使用THF作為溶劑測得。
該加成聚合物可藉由該技藝中習知之傳統
過硫酸鹽起始之熱過程,如批次、半批次、梯度加成或連續法製備之,例如EP-A-0747456中揭示者。該製程可係單階段或多階段。於多階段製程中,聚合反應製程係被帶至完成(90%或更多之單體轉化為聚合物),隨後將進一步之單體引入同一容器內,且該進一步之單體係於先前形成之聚合物的存在下聚合。該等單體係聚合至較佳大於99%轉化率,隨後,於加入適宜量至中和鹼以控制pH之後,將該反應冷卻至室溫(20至25℃)。pH係由中和劑如,舉例而言,氨、氫氧化鋰、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、或此等中和劑之組合,調節為pH 7至9,更佳介於pH 7至8之間。
本發明之製程係包括陽離子交換樹脂之使用。陽離子交換樹脂係聚合物組成物,其係具有共價黏附於聚合物鏈之酸性基團且具有與該等酸基團相關聯之陽離子。當含有溶解之陽離子之水性組成物通過陽離子交換樹脂時,存在原本與該陽離子交換樹脂上酸基團相關聯之陽離子被移除且藉由溶解於該水性組成物中之陽離子被替代的趨勢。
該陽離子交換樹脂中之聚合物可係任意類型之聚合物。較佳之聚合物係自含有一個或多個乙烯基之單體聚合而得。較佳之單體係丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸之經取代或未經取代的酯、甲基丙烯酸之經取代或未經取代的酯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯之衍生物、及其混合物。較佳之聚合物係自含有一種或多種具有兩個或更多個乙烯基之單體的單體混合物聚合而得。
於該陽離子交換樹脂上,較佳之酸基團係羧酸根、磷酸根及磺酸根;更佳係羧酸根及磺酸根。該等酸基團可係一種或多種單體之殘基,或該等酸基團可在聚合反應發生後藉由化學反應黏附至聚合物骨幹,或其組合。
與含有乳膠之水性組成物接觸之前,陽離子交換樹脂之特徵可在於其含有之陽離子。當90莫耳%或更多之陽離子為H+時,則該陽離子交換樹脂係稱為酸形式。當陽離子交換樹脂為酸形式時,該等酸基團可為黏附有H原子之非離子性酸基團或為陰離子與H+陽離子之形式。當陽離子交換樹脂中存在之陽離子的90莫耳%或更多為鹼金屬之陽離子時,則該陽離子交換樹脂係稱為鹼陽離子形式。當陽離子交換樹脂中存在之陽離子的90莫耳%或更多為單一鹼金屬(例如,鈉)之陽離子時,則該陽離子交換樹脂係稱為專一性鹼金屬形式(例如,「鈉形式」)。
陽離子交換樹脂之特徵可為pKa。本文中,認為具有3或更大之pKa的陽離子交換樹脂係弱酸性陽離子交換樹脂。本文中,認為具有低於3之pKa的陽離子交換樹脂係強酸性陽離子交換樹脂。
較佳地,該陽離子交換樹脂在與含有乳膠之水性組成物接觸之前,係屬於下列類別之一者:(I)鹼陽離子形式之陽離子交換樹脂(或強酸性或弱酸性),或(II)酸形式之弱酸性陽離子交換樹脂。
較佳地,該陽離子交換樹脂係微珠之形式。較佳地,該等微珠之重量平均直徑為0.01mm至1.0
mm;更佳0.1至1.0mm。
本發明之製程係包括使乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂。「通過」之製程係藉由提供一具有入口及出口之容器而實施。將陽離子交換樹脂置於該容器中;乳膠透過該入口進入該容器中,與陽離子交換樹脂接觸,並透過該出口離開該容器,同時,藉由保留陽離子交換樹脂並使乳膠通過之過濾器或其他裝置將該陽離子交換樹脂保留在該容器中。較佳地,乳膠係於壓力下被推行通過該容器。該壓力可藉由重力或機械泵施加。
術語「通過」並不包括將固定量之乳膠及固定量之陽離子交換樹脂一起放置於容器中並攪拌,之後將該混合物傾倒以透過一過濾器將陽離子交換樹脂與乳膠分離的方法。
預期使乳膠聚合物黏合劑通過陽離子交換樹脂將移除或顯著降低多價陽離子之濃度。多價陽離子之實例係鹼土金屬之多價陽離子、過渡金屬之多價陽離子、及其他金屬之多價陽離子。舉例而言,預期使乳膠聚合物黏合劑通過陽離子交換樹脂將移除或顯著降低錳、鐵、鈷、鎳、銅、及鋅之多價陽離子的濃度。
通過該陽離子交換樹脂之後,該乳膠聚合物黏合劑可與墨水組成物合併,該墨水組成物較佳係噴墨墨水組成物,其包含,舉例而言,顏料、黏合劑及水性介質。較佳地,該黏合劑存在之量係,相對於該墨水組成物之總重量,0.1至10重量%,較佳0.5至8重量%,更佳1
至5重量%。該水性載劑可係水;較佳係去離子水。於一態樣中,該水性載劑存在之量係,以該墨水組成物之重量為基準,約40%至約95%,較佳約55%至約80%,最佳約70%至約80%。適用於使用本發明黏合劑之墨水組成物之混合物的選擇係取決於待配製之具體墨水之需求,如所欲之表面張力及黏度、所使用之顏料、顏料墨水所需之乾燥時間、及該墨水將列印於其上之紙張類型。
使用本發明黏合劑之墨水組成物亦可包括水不互混材質,如潤濕劑、分散劑、滲透劑、螯合劑、助溶劑、消泡劑、緩衝劑、殺生物劑、殺真菌劑、黏度修飾劑、殺菌劑、界面活性劑、抗捲曲劑、抗浸潤劑、及表面張力修飾劑,全部係該技藝中習知者。
通常,所使用之顏料的量係,以該墨水之全部組分的總重量為基準,低於10%,且典型係3至8重量%。較佳地,該顏料顆粒尺寸係0.05至2微米,更佳不超過1微米,且最佳不超過0.3微米。
所使用之潤濕劑的量係藉由墨水之特性確定,且可係,以該墨水之全部組分的總重量為基準,1至30重量%之範圍,較佳5至15重量%。通常使用之可用於形成墨水之潤濕劑的實例係:二醇類、聚乙二醇類、甘油、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、醇類、及吡咯烷酮類。也可使用該技藝中習知之其他潤濕劑。
適宜之滲透劑的使用將取決於該墨水之具體應用。可用之實例係包括吡咯烷酮及N-甲基-2-吡咯烷
酮。
於該墨水中,若使用消泡劑,則其量典型係0.05至0.5重量%之範圍,更典型係0.1wt.%。所需之量係取決於作成該墨水之顏料分散組分所使用的製程。可用於形成顏料之水性分散液的消泡劑係該技藝中習知者,且可商購之實例係包括Surfynol 104H及Surfynol DF-37(Air Products,Allentown,PA)。
該墨水之剩餘部分通常係水。水之量較佳係,以該墨水紙全部組分之總重量為基準,65至90重量%,更佳係75至85重量%。
該墨水組成物可復包含額外之組分,其係包括但不限於,製程助劑如其他(游離)界面活性劑、保護性膠體、及彼等熟識該技藝者已知之其他安定劑。適宜之界面活性劑,舉例而言,係包括十二烷基硫酸鈉、十二烷基苯磺酸鈉、二辛基磺基琥珀酸鈉、及全氟烷基磺酸銨、Triton X-100、Triton X-405、及聚氧乙烯化聚氧丙烯二醇。
該等墨水組成物可藉由任意該技藝中已知之用於作成此等組成物的方法製備,舉例而言,使用任意技藝認定之技術將該等成分一起混合、攪拌或攪動,以形成水性墨水。除了墨水組成物之均質程度外,用於製備本發明之墨水組成物之過程並非關鍵。
一種製備方法係如下所述:混合該水性載劑、潤濕劑、界面活性劑及滲透劑10分鐘或直至均質。藉由將5:1比率之顏料與分散劑至水中總固體為20%而製備
顏料-分散劑混合物。將水性載劑/潤滑劑/界面活性劑/滲透劑溶液緩慢加入顏料-分散劑混合物中,同時保持攪拌該顏料。繼續攪拌10分鐘或直至均質。於攪拌下,將該顏料分散液/載劑/潤濕劑/界面活性劑緩慢加入聚合性黏合劑中。繼續攪拌10分鐘或直至均質。將所得墨水之pH調節為8.2至8.5(如,藉由加入足量之20% NH4OH)。透過1微米過濾器過濾。
期望使用本發明之黏合劑的墨水組成物會包括任意必需之添加劑以獲得該墨水組成物最終用途所需的所欲之物理特性,此等添加劑係包括螯合劑、緩衝劑、殺生物劑、殺真菌劑、抗氧化劑、流變修飾劑、增稠劑、殺菌劑、界面活性劑、抗捲曲劑、抗浸潤劑、及表面張力修飾劑,全部如上文討論者。
亦預期者係其中墨水組成物通過陽離子交換樹脂之態樣。較佳之陽離子交換樹脂及較佳之使墨水組成物通過該陽離子交換樹脂的方法係與上文揭示之使乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂者相同。較佳地,該墨水組成物中水之量係,以該墨水組成物之重量為基準,40重量%至95重量%。
下述者係本發明之實施例。
實施例1:製備例P-1:乳膠聚合物黏合劑之製備
製備單體混合物,其係具有重量百分比分
別為81.0、18.0及0.1之甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯(2-EHA)、及甲基丙烯酸(MAA)。自此組成物製備均質化之混合物,其係含有下述組分。第一均質化單體混合物(ME1)係含有60.18%之MMA、13.37%之2-EHA、0.74%之MAA、25.28%之去離子(DI)水、及0.42%之36%十二烷基烯丙基磺化琥珀酸鈉(TREMTM LF-40界面活性劑,來自Henckel Corporation)溶液。第二均質化單體混合物(ME2)係含有第一混合物之全部成分及額外的5.61%之MAA。每一單體混合物係根據下述過程聚合。將94.73%之去離子水及0.30%之碳酸鉀加入配備攪拌器、加熱器、回流冷凝器、及氮氣鼓氣管的適當玻璃容器中。以氮氣沖洗壺內容物(DI水)一小時,同時於85℃加熱。將起始劑溶液(2.91g之過硫酸鉀(KPS)於92.33g之蒸餾水中)加入該壺(kettle)中,攪拌1分鐘,之後再加入種子乳膠加上22.33公克之清洗蒸餾水。隨後將該反應容器之溫度設定為80℃,並將經乳化之單體(ME1)以12.38g/min之速率於85℃溫度饋料10分鐘,之後再與起始劑(1.45g之KPS於53.59g之蒸餾水中)以0.79g/min之速率共同饋料。將溫度保持在85℃,且10分鐘後,將該單體乳液(ME1,之後為ME2)饋料增至24.76g/min,繼續饋料60分鐘。於饋料步驟結束時,將該壺於最終溫度保持20分鐘。隨後將反應器冷卻至75℃,將8.72公克之0.1% Fe2+溶液與由0.25g之氫過氧化第三丁基(tBHP)於20.0g之蒸餾水中組成的等量小樣同時加入,並於75℃之溫度保持5分鐘。隨後將反應器冷卻至65℃之溫
度,且加入0.6g之NaBS於20.0g之蒸餾水中的溶液,並於此溫度保持20分鐘。透過此冷卻製程,將1.8g之tBHP於50g蒸餾水中的起始劑溶液緩慢加入該反應器中。同樣,該起始劑後跟進2.38g之硫酸氫鈉於50g蒸餾水中之溶液的另一饋料。於此饋料步驟結束時,將該批次冷卻至40℃,並藉由加入13.86g之KOH於142.14g之蒸餾水中的溶液以調節pH。於中和製程完成時,將1.97g殺生物劑(KordekTM LX 5000殺生物劑(50%))於9g之蒸餾水中的溶液加入該乳膠中。所述乳膠製備步驟係獲得固體含量為31.60%且平均顆粒尺寸為255.9nm之膠體分散液。
實施例2:批次B-1至B-6
如P-1之製備者作成6個批次,但適當增加其量以製造乳膠聚合物黏合劑之大規格樣本。
實施例3:綜合介電特性之量測
於具有不鏽鋼阻擋電極之兩電極槽中,於25℃量測乳膠之綜合介電特性。頻率係自0.1Hz至1.00MHz連續變化。量測儀器為與SolartronTM SI1287先進電化學界面(來自Solartron Analytical)耦合之SolartronTM 1260阻抗/增益-相位分析儀,其可用作具有可選擇性控制迴路頻寬之恆電位器或恆電流儀以確保用於多種類型之電化學槽的安定操作。選擇0.01 Va.c.之振幅以最小化該槽內的任何潛在之電解效應以及非線性電性雙層及平面化效應。每一阻擋電極之表面積係1.2568cm2。該槽之電極間隙係藉由CelgardTM 2500間隔物(來自Celgard Company)之厚度
(25.5μm)定義。
於每一頻率(ω),該儀器係量測阻抗之量級,表示為|Z|;以及相位移,表示為θ。隨後,如下述者計算參數Zreal及Zimaginary:Zreal=|Z|cos(θ)
Zimaginary=|Z|sin(θ)
測試每一乳膠的最大數目之ω值;於每一ω值進行量測係產生具有坐標(Zreal,Zimaginary)之資料點。對於給定乳膠之量測係創製Zimaginary對Zreal之曲線。隨後,使用下述步驟藉由非線性回歸分析擬合該曲線。
認為該乳膠係具有第1圖中顯示之電路良好模型化之綜合介電行為。項目1係電阻值為R1之電阻器;項目2係阻抗為ZCPE之恆相元件;以及,項目3係電阻值為R2之電阻器。阻抗ZCPE係認為遵循下述等式:
其中,T及p係特定乳膠樣本之頻率依賴性參數特徵。參數p係具有0至1之值。隨後,使用下述等式擬合Zimaginary對Zreal之曲線以確定R1、R2、T、及p:
於確定R1、R2、T、及p之擬合過程後,記為τ之鬆弛時間係由τ=T(1/p)計算。下文中,記錄並討論下述參數:電阻R1(歐姆)及鬆弛時間τ(秒)。
比較性實施例4:比較性實施例:不與陽離子交換樹脂接觸之5個批次
作成5個批次之相同乳膠聚合物黏合劑組成物,全部使用上揭過程。在與陽離子交換樹脂作任何接觸之前,對全部乳膠進行介電量測。介電量測之結果及參數擬合如下:
比較性乳膠:未與陽離子交換樹脂接觸
實施例5:發明實施例:與實施例4中相同之批次,於通過陽離子交換樹脂之後
如下述者,使上揭之5個批次通過陽離子交
換樹脂。自每一批次取1加侖之樣本,並使其穿行通過填充有床體積為1000mL之DowexTM MAC-3樹脂的5.08cm(2吋)X 61cm(2呎)管柱。以180mL/min之固定速率泵浦該水性乳膠。每一乳膠修整(亦即,穿行通過該管柱)樣本係收集於1加侖容器中。經修整之乳膠的pH為2.18。使用KOH溶液調節該乳膠之pH。該混合步驟係使用垂直攪拌器將該乳膠於容器中混合(於攪動過程中觀察到渦旋之出現)。於加入該KOH溶液之過程中,量測該乳膠之pH。於逐滴加入14% KOH溶液之過程中,連續監控pH。當所記錄之pH介於7.5與7.75之間時,停止加入KOH溶液。
發明實施例:通過陽離子交換樹脂之乳膠
與比較性批次之平均R1值相比,發明性批次之平均R1值更接近目標值150ohm。又,發明性批次之R1值的標準偏差係小於比較性批次之R1值的標準偏差。同樣,與比較性批次之鬆弛時間平均值相比,發明性批次之鬆弛時間平均值更接近目標值5.4 E-07秒。又,發明性批次之鬆弛時間值的標準偏差係小於比較性批次之鬆弛時間值的標準偏差。因此,與比較性製程相比,本發明之製程係製造更接近目標值之乳膠,且本發明之製程較比較性製程的變量更少。
實施例6:自批次B-4移除鋅離子
以重量計,批次B-4係含有0.0024%之鋅離子。如下述者,使兩部分之該乳膠獨立通過陽離子交換樹脂DOWEXTM MAC-3樹脂(The Dow Chemical Company)(弱酸性、聚丙烯酸系、大孔陽離子交換樹脂):使兩個取自批次B-4之3.8公升(1加侖)樣本通過5.08cm(2吋)X 61cm(2呎)管柱,該管柱係填充有床體積為1000mL之DowexTM MAC-3樹脂。以180mL/min之固定速率泵浦該水性乳膠。兩個乳膠修整樣本係各自收集於3.8公升(1加侖)容器中。通過陽離子交換樹脂後,一部分係具有0.0011重量%之鋅離子,而另一部份係具有0.0014重量%之鋅離子。
藉由誘導耦合質譜(ICP)測試鋅離子之含量。
實施例7:自批次B-6移除鋅離子
以重量計,批次B-6係含有0.0025%之鋅離
子。如下述者,使該乳膠之一部分通過陽離子交換樹脂DowexTM均粒99K/320樹脂(The Dow Chemical Company)(交聯聚苯乙烯色層分析之陽離子交換樹脂):使取自批次B-6之3.8公升(1加侖)樣本通過5.08cm(2吋)X 61cm(2呎)管柱,該管柱係填充有床體積為1000mL之DowexTM均粒99K/320樹脂。以180mL/min之固定速率泵浦該水性乳膠。通過陽離子交換樹脂後,該乳膠不具有可偵檢之鋅離子(藉由ICP分析之)。
實施例8:實施例6之複本
如實施例6中者,使批次B-4通過陽離子交換樹脂DowexTM MAC-3樹脂。舉例而言,格外小心以確保該樹脂並不變得鋅飽和。於通過陽離子交換樹脂後,該乳膠係於實施例5中揭示者以KOH中和。於通過陽離子交換樹脂後,該乳膠係不具有可偵檢之鋅離子(藉由ICP分析)。
實施例9:使用傳統界面活性劑製備乳膠聚合物黏合劑
重複實施例1中之乳膠製備,但差別在於以非可聚合之界面活性劑如十二烷基硫酸鈉(SLS)替代該可聚合之界面活性劑單體。具體而言,於每一單體乳液中,係使用0.565%之23%十二烷基硫酸鈉水溶液來替代「0.42%之36%十一烷基烯丙基磺基琥珀酸鈉(TREMTM LF-40界面活性劑,來自Henckel Corporation)水溶液」。
實施例10:實施例9中製備之乳膠的介電量測
於實施例9中製備之乳膠聚合物黏合劑係測試其介電特性三次:(1)於通過陽離子交換樹脂之前,(2)於通過陽離子交換樹脂之後但尚未調節pH,以及(3)於通過陽離子交換樹脂及後續以KOH調節pH之後,如實施例5中揭示者。結果如下:
實施例9之乳膠的介電特性
1‧‧‧電阻R1
2‧‧‧恆相元件CPE
3‧‧‧電阻R2
Claims (6)
- 一種改善乳膠之製程,係包含下列步驟:(a)提供包含聚合物黏合劑之乳膠,其中,該聚合物黏合劑係藉由包含以下列單體混合物之重量為基準,超過4至15重量%之一種或多種乙烯型不飽和羧酸官能性單體之單體混合物的聚合反應而形成;以及(b)使包含該聚合物黏合劑之該乳膠通過陽離子交換樹脂。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該單體混合物係額外包含以該單體混合物之重量為基準,0.05至5重量%之一種或多種包含疏水性及親水性官能基的可聚合界面活性劑單體,其中,該疏水性官能基內係包含可聚合之基團於其中。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之製程,其中,該陽離子交換樹脂為鹼離子形式,或為pKa為3或更高之酸形式的酸官能性樹脂。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之製程,其中,該聚合反應係水性乳液聚合反應製程。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製程,其中,該單體混合物係不含有可聚合界面活性劑單體,以及該乳膠復包含一種或多種陰離子性界面活性劑。
- 一種改善墨水組成物之製程,係包含使所述墨水組成物通過陽離子交換樹脂之步驟。
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