CN106258420B - Organic cultivation method for paddy-upland rotation of summer and autumn peppers - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a paddy-upland rotation organic cultivation method for summer and autumn peppers, and relates to the technical field of rotation cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a proper place to establish an organic cultivation production base; (2) selecting early-medium-maturing pepper varieties suitable for local cultivation, including Xiang-Ming No. 3, Xiang-Ming No. 12 and Xiang-Ming No. 13; (3) every 2 years is 1 crop rotation period, and the following crop rotation modes are adopted for cultivation: sequentially cultivating in the 1 st year: green soy beans, summer and autumn hot peppers and vegetable broad beans are sequentially cultivated in the 2 nd year: early rice-water chestnut; (4) crop rotation cultivation of organic pepper, vegetable broad bean, early season rice, water chestnut and green soybean is carried out according to organic agricultural principles, organic agricultural product production modes and standards, and soil is fertilized by straw returning and retting organic fertilizer. The organic cultivation method for paddy-upland rotation is an efficient ecological cycle agricultural cultivation mode, has strong practicability and operability, has good economic, social and ecological benefits, and can be popularized and applied in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river.

Description

Organic cultivation method for paddy-upland rotation of summer and autumn peppers

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop rotation cultivation, and particularly relates to a paddy-upland crop rotation organic cultivation method for summer and autumn peppers.

Background

Organic agriculture was first proposed by european countries in the 20 th century, and gradually received attention from governments of various countries through practice and development for several decades. Organic agriculture is one of good ways to solve the problem of food safety, is known as the "sunward industry" and has wide market prospect. The organic agricultural products are purely natural, pollution-free, safe and nutritional foods, also called ecological foods, are produced according to organic agricultural principles and organic agricultural product production modes and standards, and are agricultural products certified by organic food certification authorities. The organic cultivation is carried out according to the quality requirements and production technical specifications of organic agricultural products, so as to ensure the characteristics of no pollution, rich nutrition and high quality of the products. In recent years, organic agriculture is in line with the world trend of improving agricultural ecological environment and producing high-quality pollution-free organic food, so that organic agriculture is rapidly developed, organic cultivation is increasingly emphasized, and organic food is gradually developed to be a new sunrise industry, and becomes the fashion of people consumption. The production of high-quality agricultural products such as organic pepper and the like is developed, so that the economic benefit of a producer can be improved, and the physical and psychological health of a consumer can be guaranteed.

The pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to the solanaceae Capsicum genus and a year or a limited perennial herb, is originally produced in tropical regions in the central and south America, is introduced into China in the Ming dynasty last year, is generally cultivated in China nowadays, is the second most important vegetable crop next to Chinese cabbage in China, is popular vegetable which people like to eat, and is also a good seasoning. The capsicum is rich in nutrition, contains protein, vitamins, organic acids, pigment, capsaicin and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, ferrum and the like required by human body, and the content of vitamin C in the capsicum is the first in vegetables. Capsaicin in Capsici fructus can stimulate appetite, and has good antioxidant effect. When eaten in a proper amount, the chili sauce has the food therapy effects of invigorating stomach, helping digestion, preventing gallstone, improving heart function, promoting blood circulation, reducing blood sugar, reducing fat and losing weight, warming stomach and dispelling cold, preventing cold, relieving pain and dissipating heat, beautifying skin, resisting radiation, helping longevity and the like. Chinese is the world of pepper production and consumption which is the first world, the pepper seeding area in China exceeds more than 140 million hectares, the pepper seeding area accounts for 1/10 more than the vegetable crop planting area in China, the yield is 2700 million tons, the yield reaches 270 million yuan (grand China, Martensis tiger, spring festival, etc., the continuous cropping no-tillage cultivation technology of early spring peppers, Chinese cucurbits and vegetables, 2015,28(1):55-56), so the pepper plays an important role in the construction of Chinese vegetable basket engineering in China. The pepper is a warm vegetable, is not frost-resistant, requires warm climate, strong illumination and good ventilation condition for growth and development, has long growth period, long harvesting and supplying period, high yield and good benefit, and can be cultivated and supplied annually by sowing in different periods in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river and cooperating with a protected area. However, the pepper is warm, bright, water-loving, fertile and waterlogging-afraid, flower and fruit dropping is easily caused by low-temperature overcast and rainy days in spring in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river, the flower and fruit dropping is also easily caused by insufficient supply of fertilizer and water in full fruit period or in high-temperature drought, rainy and humid days, the damage of plant diseases and insect pests is serious under adverse climatic conditions, and the requirements of organic cultivation cannot be met by using more chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the pepper cultivation process, so the organic cultivation of the pepper is few at present. The contribution of the greenhouse early spring crop organic pepper cultivation technology (the army, Xinjiang agricultural technology, 2011(5):69) and the organic pepper cultivation technology (the southern soldier, Anhui agricultural science bulletin, 201l,17(14):171 and 172) is that the organic cultivation of pepper is provided; the method has the defects that facility greenhouse cultivation is generally adopted, a reasonable crop rotation system is not established, continuous cropping of the peppers is not tolerant, an organic cultivation production base is required to be established firstly when organic cultivation is carried out, and if the peppers are planted in the same land in successive years, pathogenic bacteria accumulation can be caused on one hand, and soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and the like are serious; on the other hand, as the root system absorbs and utilizes the same nutrient substances in the similar soil layer, continuous cropping causes the soil to lack certain elements and deteriorates the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and continuous cropping obstacles are easy to occur. Because the pepper is generally required to be subjected to rotation for more than 2-3 years or paddy-upland rotation, the organic pepper cultivation method is difficult to be applied in actual production or really realize organic cultivation. Therefore, when organic cultivation of pepper is carried out, a scientific rotation plan must be made to fertilize the soil and reduce the base number of diseases and insect pests in the soil so as to effectively prevent and control the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and the like and continuous cropping obstacles of the soil. The contribution of two five-harvest organic cultivation methods (application No. 201410465914.5, application publication No. CN 104255243A) for garlic and chili in one year is that the technical scheme of organic cultivation by crop rotation of the chili and the garlic is provided; the method has the defects that 1 crop of pepper is produced in the same land every year, each 1 crop of pepper is only crop rotation with 1 crop of garlic, the crop rotation time is too short, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is still serious, and the cultivation has a large risk, and chemical agents such as 10% trisodium phosphate are used, so that the method is not really organic cultivation.

Green soy beans (Glycine max) are also called vegetable soybeans, namely soybeans which are eaten with fresh pods, and the green soy beans which are harvested between the full-grain period and the early-maturing period are used as vegetables to be eaten, and are annual herbaceous leguminous crops. The green soy bean is a food rich in nutrition, and contains rich vegetable protein, various beneficial mineral substances, vitamins and dietary fibers. The green soy bean contains rich potassium, can relieve fatigue and weakness and appetite reduction caused by inflammatory hot weather, and is particularly suitable for being eaten in summer; the iron in the green soy bean is easy to absorb and can be used as one of iron supplementing foods for children; the content of dietary fiber of the green soy bean is up to 4.0 percent, which not only can improve constipation, but also is beneficial to reducing blood pressure and cholesterol. The green soybean also contains trace functional component flavonoid, and can improve female climacteric discomfort and prevent and treat osteoporosis. The content of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid in green soy bean is obviously higher than that of other vegetables, which can improve fat metabolism and is helpful for reducing triglyceride and cholesterol in human body. Lecithin in green soy bean is one of indispensable nutrients for brain development, and helps to improve memory and intelligence level of brain. Therefore, the green soy beans (vegetable soy beans) are traditional special vegetables which are deeply loved by southern residents, especially the spring-sowed early-maturing green soy beans, and have obvious economic benefits due to early marketing, good quality, high market price and the like. In recent years, the demand of the international market for quick-frozen processed vegetable soybeans (green soy beans) has rapidly increased, and particularly, the demand of organic green soy bean foods in japan, korea and southeast asia countries has rapidly increased, and the organic green soy beans have great market potential in both domestic and international markets. The organic green soy bean production is developed, so that vegetable baskets of urban and rural residents can be enriched, the income of farmers can be increased, the life quality of the urban and rural residents can be effectively improved, and foreign exchange can be exported. Therefore, the organic green soybean production is a new soybean industry in China, has huge development potential and international market competitiveness, is modern high-efficiency earning agriculture, can generate huge economic and social benefits, and has very broad prospects. At present, although there are various organic green soy bean cultivations in China (see: an organic green soy bean cultivation method, CN 104025873A; an organic green soy bean cultivation method, CN 105393743A), the cultivation methods are not really organic cultivation because the cultivation methods do not adopt reasonable rotation and more or less use chemical fertilizers or pesticides in the cultivation process. The green soy beans are not resistant to continuous cropping, if the green soy beans are subjected to crop rotation with organic cultivation of other crops during organic cultivation, a reasonable crop rotation system is established, the organic cultivation of the green soy beans is facilitated, and the green soy beans are irrigated to plough as early as possible when the straws, bean leaves and green are still green after being harvested and turned into the soil, so that the green-pressing fertilizer effect of the straws can be improved, the soil can be fertilized and improved, the organic matter content of the soil is increased, the soil fertility structure is improved, the occurrence degree of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the organic cultivation of other crops is facilitated.

Broad beans (Vicia faba), also called broad beans and Buddha beans, are high-starch, low-fat and high-protein crops and contain abundant vitamin B₂And minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, and various amino acids essential to human body, especially calcium, zinc, and manganese containing important components for regulating brain and nervous tissuePhospholipid and abundant choline, has effects of improving memory, strengthening brain, promoting bone growth, treating hypertension and edema, and resisting cancer. Therefore, the broad beans are important dual-purpose crops of vegetables, grains, feeds and green manure in China. Broad beans can be planted in most provinces in China, autumn sowing and winter planting are mainly used in Yangtze river basin and areas in the south of Yangtze river, and Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces are mainly cultivated. The vegetable broad beans are large-grain broad beans which are harvested, peeled green bean pods and eaten as vegetables, are rich in vitamins and are favored by more and more people as the vegetable in spring season, enter more and more vegetable baskets and enrich dinning tables of people, and therefore the vegetable broad beans have a wide market prospect. The broad beans have strong cold resistance, are excellent crops for developing winter production, have rhizobia for nitrogen fixation at the roots of the broad beans, have luxuriant branches and leaves, are extremely easy to decay, are important green manure, are harvested green bean pods and are sold on the market as fresh vegetables for eating, have good economic benefit, can allow crops to be harvested as soon as possible, and are beneficial to the growth of crops in later crops. The green bean straws harvested from the green bean pods are pressed to be green and used as green manure, and the green manure is a high-quality organic fertilizer, is beneficial to fertilizing soil and improving soil fertility. The broad beans are sowed in autumn and grow through winter, the temperature in the growth stage is low, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is less, the cultivation and management are relatively simple and convenient, the cost is low, and the planting benefit is good. However, the broad bean rhizobia is suitable for moving in neutral or slightly alkaline soil, if the broad bean rhizobia is continuously planted on one land for many years, the organic acid secreted by the root system of the broad bean can aggravate the acidity of the soil, so that the propagation activities of the rhizobia and soil microorganisms are influenced, and if the broad bean is reasonably rotated with pepper, rice and the like, the economic, social and ecological benefits are good.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important grain crop in Yangtze river basin, and is also the main crop for rotation crop with vegetables such as pepper and rotation crop with aquatic vegetables such as water chestnut. Although various production methods of organic rice exist at present (see: Xielili, etc., Baough area organic rice cultivation technology, modern agricultural science and technology, 2013(23), (58, 63), a production method of high-yield organic rice, CN 103733929B, and a production technology of organic fragrant rice, CN 103250606B), most of the organic rice production methods adopt no scientific and reasonable crop rotation and soil fertilization measures, and have the problems of poor growth, low yield and serious damage of insect and grass due to insufficient fertilizer at different degrees. Although rice is a continuous cropping-resistant crop, chemical agents cannot be used for preventing and treating the disease, the accumulation of field pathogenic bacteria and the increase of population density can be caused by long-term continuous cropping, and although the method of controlling the occurrence of field insect pests by breeding ducks, soft-shelled turtles, shrimps, fishes and the like in a rice field and the method of controlling the disease and insect pests by soaking seeds with Chinese herbal medicine liquid, preventing and spraying botanical insecticides and the like are adopted, the problem that the disease and insect pests cannot be controlled can be caused in the severe years of the occurrence of the disease and insect pests, so that the serious yield reduction is caused, and even the cultivation failure is caused. Therefore, scientific and reasonable rotation is also needed for organic cultivation of rice, especially rotation between paddy field and dry land. The hot pepper and the rice are subjected to paddy-upland rotation, so that the soil physical and chemical properties of the rice field are improved, the soil fertility and the fertilizer efficiency are improved, diseases such as hot pepper bacterial wilt, anthracnose, epidemic diseases and the like can be effectively inhibited, the occurrence of diseases, insect pests and weeds is reduced, the rice yield can be improved, the economic benefit is remarkably improved, and the economic benefit and the ecological benefit are remarkable.

Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), also known as water chestnut, Chinese pear, etc., belongs to the genus of Cyperaceae, is a shallow water perennial root herbaceous plant, takes underground corms as fruits or vegetables, can be eaten raw or cooked, and can also be processed into cans or used as raw materials for extracting starch. The water chestnut has good effects of clearing heat and purging fire, not only can clear heat and promote fluid production, but also can supplement nutrition, has the effects of cooling blood and detoxifying, promoting urination and relaxing bowels, eliminating dampness and phlegm, promoting digestion and removing flatulence and the like, has a certain auxiliary treatment effect on diabetes and polyuria, and the water chestnut herb in the water chestnut has the effects of reducing blood pressure and preventing and treating cancers. The water chestnut has the function of preventing acute infectious diseases, and is a good disease-preventing food in spring when measles and epidemic meningitis are easy to occur. Water chestnuts are generally cultivated in various provinces of Yangtze river basin, and more water chestnuts are cultivated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces. The water chestnut has purple black peel, white meat, crisp and sweet taste, much tasty juice and rich nutrition, is rich in various mineral elements, vitamins and amino acids required by a human body, contains protein, fat, crude fiber, carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, iron, calcium, phosphorus, carbohydrate and the like, has the reputation of underground snow pears since ancient times, and is considered as ginseng in south of the Yangtze river by northern people, so that the economic benefit of cultivating the water chestnut is better. The water chestnuts are not resistant to continuous cropping, and are mostly crop-rotated in rice fields, but the economic benefit of crop-rotated water chestnuts and rice is low, and the water chestnuts and pepper are crop-rotated in a paddy-upland manner, so that the economic benefit is good, the soil structure can be improved, the soil fertility can be improved, the occurrence degree of diseases, insect pests and weeds is reduced, the using amount of pesticides and fertilizers is reduced, the product quality and the yield can be improved, and the economic benefit can be obviously improved.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for organically cultivating the summer and autumn peppers by paddy-upland rotation, which carries out scientific and reasonable paddy-upland rotation through the peppers, the leguminous crops, the green beans, the field crops, the rice and the high-efficiency aquatic crops, the water chestnuts, not only can improve the economic benefit, but also can reduce the weed harm, destroy the breeding environment of a pest source to reduce the occurrence degree of plant diseases and insect pests, improve the soil fertility structure and promote the restoration of the soil environment; the method is characterized in that 1 green bean and 1 broad bean for vegetables are cultivated in 1 crop rotation period, green bean pods are harvested to serve as vegetables, economic benefit is good, stubble can be led as soon as possible, growth of succeeding crops is facilitated, the straws of the green beans and the broad beans are turned into soil as green manure to fertilize the soil, the straws are collected and piled into organic fertilizer after each crop is harvested or returned to the field in situ to fertilize the soil, organic matter recycling is well achieved, soil fertility is improved, virtuous cycle of crop cultivation can be formed, balance and biological diversity of a farmland ecosystem are maintained, and therefore the purpose of organic cultivation is achieved. The organic cultivation method provided by the invention is used for cultivation according to the technical Specification for organic food (HJ/T80-2001) issued by the State environmental protection agency, and not only can organic hot peppers be cultivated in the same organic cultivation production base, but also organic vegetable broad beans, organic early season rice, organic water chestnuts and organic green beans can be cultivated.

A paddy-upland rotation organic cultivation method for summer and autumn peppers comprises the following steps:

(1) selecting a proper place to establish an organic cultivation production base;

(2) selecting a proper pepper variety: selecting early-medium-maturing varieties which have strong heat resistance, disease resistance and stress resistance, wide adaptability, strong growth vigor, centralized fruit setting, strong fruit bearing capacity, high yield, high quality and good commodity performance and are suitable for local cultivation and market requirements, including Xiang-Ming No. 3, Xiang-Ming No. 12 and Xiang-Ming No. 13, selecting seeds which are not treated by forbidden substances, and forbidding the use of transgenic seeds;

(3) every 2 years is 1 crop rotation period, and the following crop rotation modes are adopted for cultivation: sequentially cultivating in the 1 st year: green soy beans, summer and autumn hot peppers and vegetable broad beans are sequentially cultivated in the 2 nd year: early rice-water chestnut;

(4) the crop rotation cultivation of organic pepper, organic vegetable broad bean, organic early rice, organic water chestnut and organic green soybean is carried out according to the organic agricultural principle, the production mode and the standard of organic agricultural products, and the soil is fertilized by returning straw to the field and retting organic fertilizer.

The organic cultivation production base in the step (1) is an agricultural production area which is convenient to transport, convenient to drain and irrigate, far away from urban areas and mining areas, good in ecological conditions, free of heavy metal and pesticide residue pollution, far away from refuse dumps and other pollution sources and traffic main lines, and has sustainable production capacity, the requirement on soil environment quality is not lower than a secondary standard in soil environment quality standard (GB 15618-; the planting area of each organic cultivation production base is not less than 10 hectares, the production bases are connected into pieces and have integrity, and an obvious isolation zone or a buffer zone is arranged at the junction of the organic production base and a conventional production land.

The organic cultivation comprises the following measures:

in the whole cultivation process, the use of artificial chemical synthetic substances including pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, hormones or growth regulators is forbidden, and genetic engineering technology and products thereof are not used, so that the balance and the biodiversity of a farmland ecosystem are maintained;

in the whole cultivation process, only organic fertilizers are allowed to be applied and leguminous crops are planted as green manure and straw returning soil for fertilizing, the organic fertilizers are one or more of fully decomposed organic fertilizers, efficient organic fertilizers and biological bacterial fertilizers, and besides animal manure and plant retting fertilizers, green manure, plant ash, cake fertilizers and biogas fertilizers, potassium mineral powder, phosphate rock powder and calcium chloride can be used, and organic special fertilizers and microbial fertilizers certified by organic certification organizations can also be used;

the prevention and control of the plant diseases and insect pests are mainly carried out, and the plant protection policy of comprehensive prevention and control is implemented, starting from an ecological system of the whole farmland production environment, various prevention and control measures are comprehensively applied, so that the environmental conditions which are not beneficial to breeding of the diseases and insect pests and beneficial to the multiplication of various natural enemies are created, the loss caused by the diseases and insect pests is reduced, the comprehensive agricultural prevention and control is based on biological and physical methods, artificially synthesized pesticides are not used for chemical prevention and control, when the diseases and pests occur, the permitted minerals or plant medicaments are used for preventing and controlling the diseases and pests, rotenone, pyrethrum from plant sources, emulsified vegetable oil and diatomite, microorganisms including bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bt preparations and the preparations thereof are used for preventing and controlling the diseases and pests, and the diseases and pests can also be prevented and controlled by using sulfur, lime, Bordeaux mixture and the like;

in the production process, the stability of a farmland ecosystem is maintained, environmental pollution and ecological damage cannot be caused, plant residues are cleaned in time after each crop is harvested, straws are collected and piled into organic fertilizers or returned to the field for fertilizing soil, all agricultural organic matters including the straws are comprehensively utilized, and all non-degradable wastes including agricultural films are recycled and utilized.

The organic pepper cultivation in the step (4) comprises the following steps: immediately irrigating water in the field after harvesting the previously planted green soybeans, turning the straws into the soil as green manure, composting the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil, draining water, drying the field in the sun, turning over the soil, and cultivating 1 crop of summer and autumn peppers after drying the soil in the sun, wherein the method comprises the following steps: selecting proper varieties, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings, planting in real time, managing in the field and harvesting.

The method for cultivating disease-free strong seedlings comprises the following steps: seedling is cultivated by adopting a sunshade net covering and rain sheltering measure in the late ten days to the early 7 months of 6 months, generally adopting a nutrition pot or a seedling cultivation plug tray with 50 holes, and temporarily planting the seedling in the nutrition pot/50 holes when 3-4 true leaves grow out during seedling bed broadcast sowing and seedling cultivation, wherein temporary planting can be omitted if the seedling is properly sowed at a low rate; during seedling raising, sun shading, temperature reduction, rain sheltering measures and water management are enhanced, and excessive growth of seedlings is prevented; the standard of strong seedlings is as follows: the seedlings grow strongly, the root systems are developed, 5-7 true leaves are contained, and the seedling age is not more than 35 days.

The organic pepper cultivation comprises the following steps: and (3) deep-ditch high-ridge cultivation is adopted, disease-free strong seedlings are selected for plastic film mulching and planting in afternoon or cloudy days from the bottom of 7 months to the first ten days of 8 months, 3000-4500 plants are planted in each mu, harvesting is started in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and 11 months can be harvested all the time.

The organic pepper cultivation fertilization principle is that base fertilizers are used as main fertilizers, reasonable topdressing is carried out, 70% -80% of the total fertilization amount is used as base fertilizers, 2000-3000 kg of decomposed animal manure, 150-200 kg of cake fertilizers or 2500-3000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure, 30-50 kg of phosphate rock powder and 20-30 kg of potassium ore powder are applied to each mu of land, and the organic pepper cultivation compost is applied to the surface of a furrow after deep ploughing and before soil preparation; before topdressing, the pepper is light and heavy, so as to meet the nutritional requirement of continuous flowering fruiting of the pepper, after field planting and survival, 300-500 kg of 10-20% decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry is applied as a seedling raising fertilizer for 1-2 times, and after setting, 20-30% decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry is applied for 2-4 times in the growth and harvesting period of the fruit, 300-500 kg each time, or 60-120 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer is applied in holes.

The water management of the organic pepper cultivation comprises the following steps: rehydrating for 1 time in a seedling revival stage after planting, wherein the temperature in the early stage is high, the evaporation capacity is large, watering is easy to work, attention is paid to ensure uniform supply of water, and watering is carried out in the morning and evening when the seedlings are cooled; ensuring sufficient water supply in the fruiting period; in rainy seasons, ditching and draining must be done to prevent waterlogging and root injury.

The broad bean for organic vegetables is cultured in the step (4) by the following steps: in the later period of harvesting of the peppers in summer and autumn, reserving an original mulching film for no-tillage direct hole sowing and vegetable broad beans in the middle ten days of 10 months in pepper cultivation beds (1 hole sowing of vegetable broad beans is sowed in the middle of every two peppers in each row of peppers, 2 rows of vegetable broad beans are sowed in each bed), cleaning a garden in time after harvesting of the peppers in 11 months is finished, managing the vegetable broad beans, timely pruning and promoting early ripening, harvesting green bean pods as early as possible in the next 4 months, finishing stubble harvesting and allowing to mature, turning the straws harvested green bean pods into soil as green manure to fertilize the soil, and then cultivating 1 crop of early rice.

The vegetable broad bean variety is an early-maturing vegetable broad bean variety which is resistant to diseases and insects, strong in stress resistance, wide in adaptability, resistant to lodging, large and full in grain size, fresh and tender, high in yield, high in quality, short in growth period and suitable for local climatic conditions, and comprises the following components: large broad bean, large green flat, large oriental, Lingxi one inch, Japanese white skin, Ci silkworm No. 1, Japanese one inch bean, Xiangyang big foot board, Ling silkworm No. 5, Shanghai green tangerine peel, selecting seeds without forbidden material treatment, and forbidding using transgenic seeds.

The broad bean for organic vegetables is cultivated by hole sowing, 1-2 seeds are sowed in each hole, about 5000 seedlings per mu are guaranteed, and 20-40 kg of ground phosphate rock and 10-20 kg of potassium ore powder are mixed with rotten stable manure or soil miscellaneous manure or fire soil ash 1000-1500 kg as covering fertilizer per mu during sowing.

The timely pruning and premature acceleration are as follows: and in the 5-7 leaf stage of the main stem, pinching when 1-2 lateral branch buds exist at the base part, selecting and reserving 5-7 robust lateral branches for each plant, and topping in time after enough 5-7 knots of flowers are reserved on each lateral branch when the flowers at the base part of the selected and reserved lateral branches begin to wither so as to control the nutrient growth and concentrate the nutrients for the growth of the bean pods.

The cultivation of the organic early rice in the step (4) comprises the following steps: after broad beans used for serving before are harvested, broad bean straws are turned into soil to fertilize the soil, and after sufficient base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil turning, 1 crop of early rice is cultivated; the early season rice is planted in the first 3-4 days, the rice is planted in the middle and last 4 days, and after harvesting, the rice is turned into the field and the soil is composted by retting the rice at high temperature.

The organic early rice cultivation method selects excellent non-transgenic early rice varieties which have strong disease and pest resistance, lodging resistance, wide adaptability, good high yield and good rice quality, are suitable for local ecological environment and have the quality reaching the national seed standard, and preferentially selects organic rice seeds authenticated by an organic authentication institution; adopting a wet seedling raising method to raise seedlings intensively, and applying 1000-2000 kg of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer, 30-50 kg of phosphate rock powder or 150kg of cake fertilizer as base fertilizer to each mu of rice seedling field 3-5 days before sowing in combination with turning over; sowing seeds in the last ten days of 3 months to the last ten days of 4 months generally, and controlling the seedling age within 30 days.

The organic early rice cultivation method is characterized in that reasonable fertilization is carried out according to the fertilization principle of forward promotion, central control and backward stability, and 1000-2000 kg of farmyard organic fertilizers such as fully decomposed animal manure and the like or 100-150 kg of cake fertilizers and 30-50 kg of ground phosphate rock are applied to each mu of land for turning over as base fertilizers; and applying 100-150 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 50-100 kg of commercial organic fertilizer as tillering fertilizer per mu 4-5 days after transplanting, and applying 50-100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or about 50kg of commercial organic fertilizer per mu as spike fertilizer immediately after re-watering in the sun-dried field.

The organic water chestnut cultivation in the step (4) comprises the following steps: immediately turning the straws into the field after harvesting the early cropping rice, composting the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil, and cultivating 1 crop of water chestnuts after applying sufficient base fertilizer in combination with the cultivated land; selecting a variety suitable for local cultivation, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings by adopting a two-stage method in the middle and upper ten days of 4 months, planting in the middle and lower ten days of 7 months, and harvesting from the middle and lower ten days of 11 months to the upper 2 months of the next year.

The organic water chestnut cultivation method has the advantages that the selected variety is high in disease resistance and stress resistance, large in bulb, thin in peel, sweet in taste, fine in texture and less in residue, and is suitable for local cultivation, and the high-yield and high-quality water chestnut variety comprises the following steps: hubei No. 1, Guizhou No. 2, filial corm, 91-33 corms, Guilin corms, Sanyo corms, Tufeng corms, Huichang corms, Yuhangda Pao and Suzhou corms.

The two-stage method for cultivating disease-free strong seedlings comprises the following steps: selecting field blocks with regular and consistent growth, strong tillering and plant property, no lodging and no pest damage as seed reserving fields at the later growth stage of the water chestnuts in the first year, selecting corms which are full, smooth in surface skin, consistent in color, large and uniform, complete and robust in terminal buds and side buds, free of wounds and decay and have the characteristics of the corms, and adopting a two-stage seedling raising method of one-stage seedling raising (dry seedlings) and two-stage seedling raising (seedling field seedlings); the first stage of seedling raising (dry land seedling raising) comprises the following steps: selecting dry land or garden soil which is sheltered from wind and exposed to the sun, loose in soil and fertile in the middle ten days of 4 months, hoeing and loosening the surface soil by about 10cm, and forming a seedbed with the width of a furrow of 100-150 cm, soaking the seed camelina sativa in clean clear water for 18-24 hours, taking out the seed camelina sativa, draining off the clear water, neatly arranging the seed camelina sativa in the seedbed for dry land seedling culture, regularly watering to keep the soil moist until seedlings are raised, building a small arched shed at the early stage, covering a plastic film for germination acceleration, and transplanting the seed camelina sativa to a seedling field for second-stage seedling culture when the top bud of the seed bulb is 20-; the second stage seedling (seedling bed seedling) is: selecting paddy fields with convenient drainage and irrigation and rich organic matters, performing water tillage to form seedling raising fields after sufficient base fertilizer is applied, transplanting seedlings in dry land seedling raising seedbeds into the seedling raising fields in the middle and late 5 months for seedling raising, and planting when the seedlings are as high as more than 35-40 cm and the leaf-shaped stems are as thick as more than 0.5 cm.

The fertilization of the organic water chestnut cultivation is based on the principle of 'forward stability, central control and backward attack', sufficient base fertilizer is applied, 2000-3000 kg of farmyard organic fertilizer such as miscellaneous manure or decomposed manure is applied to each mu of ploughed land, 1000-2000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure or 150-200 kg of decomposed rapeseed cakes is applied to each mu of ploughed land, 40kg of phosphorus mineral powder and 20kg of potassium mineral powder are additionally used as the base fertilizer, and 50-100 kg of quicklime is applied to soil with heavy acidity in each mu of ploughed land; in the early stage of top dressing, nitrogen fertilizer is used as the main fertilizer, potassium fertilizer is used as the main fertilizer, top dressing for the 1 st time is carried out 7-10 days after field planting, after transplanting and turning green, decomposed human excrement and urine 400-500 kg is applied to each mu in combination with intertillage for the 1 st time to promote early tillering and plant division, top dressing for the 2 nd time is carried out 10-15 days, decomposed cake fertilizer 70-80 kg or plant ash 100-200 kg is applied to each mu in combination with weeding to promote row sealing, top dressing for the 3 rd time is carried out in the middle ten days of 9 months, decomposed cake fertilizer 100kg or biogas liquid 750kg is applied to each mu, and potassium mineral powder 20kg is additionally added to promote capsella bursa-pastoris.

The organic green soybean cultivation in the step (4) comprises the following steps: ploughing and drying soil after harvesting the earlier-planted water chestnuts, directly seeding and cultivating a suitable green soybean variety in the middle and late 3 months to the middle and early 4 months after applying sufficient base fertilizer, timely pinching in a full-bloom period, harvesting and leaving stubble before the early 7 months, immediately irrigating the field, ploughing green soybean straws into the soil as green fertilizer, composting the soil at high temperature, and cultivating summer and autumn peppers.

The above-mentioned suitable green soybean variety is a non-transgenic early-medium-maturing variety which is compact in plant type, concentrated in pod bearing, full of large pods, tender in meat quality, strong in disease and insect resistance, wide in adaptability, high in yield, good in commodity, and suitable for local ecological condition cultivation, and includes: taiwan 75, Taiwan 753, Taiwan 292, Japanese Fugui, Suxian 08-16, Qingsu No. 2, Qingsu No. 5, Sudou No. 5, and Chunlu.

The application method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: ploughing and drying soil after harvesting the pre-grown water chestnuts, applying 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer and 50kg of ground phosphate rock as base fertilizer per mu in combination with soil preparation.

The organic green soybean cultivation comprises open field cultivation and mulching cultivation, wherein the open field cultivation is generally sown in the last 3-4-month middle ten days, and the mulching cultivation is generally sown in the middle and last 3-month ten days; hole sowing is adopted, the general density is about 2 ten thousand plants per mu, the reference row spacing is 30-40 cm, the plant spacing is 15-25 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sowed in each hole; during sowing, 20-40 kg of phosphate rock powder and 10-20 kg of potassium ore powder are mixed with decomposed animal manure or soil compost or fire soil ash 1000-1500 kg per mu to serve as covering fertilizer.

The timely pinching in the full-bloom period is as follows: and (3) pinching at the later stage of the full-bloom stage, namely removing 1-2 cm of terminal buds of main stems, so that nutrients are supplied to the bean pods in a centralized manner, seeds of the bean pods are full and mature uniformly, and centralized harvesting and yield improvement are facilitated.

The organic cultivation method of paddy-upland rotation is especially suitable for the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river.

The invention has the following positive effects: the pepper is a solanaceous vegetable which is not resistant to continuous cropping, the requirement on fertilizer and water is high, the variety of plant diseases and insect pests is large, the damage is serious, the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and the like is serious due to the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria and the like during continuous cropping, soil continuous cropping obstacles easily occur, the use amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is increased year by year to reach the expected yield along with the increase of the cultivation age during continuous cropping of the pepper, even if a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used, the phenomenon of annual yield reduction occurs, so the common cultivation of the pepper hardly reaches the requirement of organic cultivation, and if the pepper needs to be cultivated organically, a scientific and reasonable crop rotation system must be established at first. The green soy beans are not resistant to continuous cropping, and the green soy beans are reasonably crop-rotated with crops such as pepper, rice and the like, so that the green soy beans are beneficial to organic cultivation of the green soy beans, and the green soy beans can be used for fertilizing and improving soil, and are beneficial to organic cultivation of other crop-rotated crops such as pepper, rice and the like. Broad beans are important dual-purpose crops of vegetables, grains, feeds and green manure in China and are excellent crops for developing winter production, but organic acid secreted by root systems of the broad beans can aggravate soil acidity and influence the propagation activities of rhizobia and soil microorganisms, so that the broad beans are forbidden to be continuously planted, and the rice-upland field rotation is preferably carried out. The water chestnuts are not resistant to continuous cropping, and the water chestnuts and the peppers are subjected to water-land rotation, so that the economic benefit is better, the soil structure can be improved, the soil fertility can be improved, and the occurrence degree of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced. Although rice is a continuous cropping resistant crop, the long-term continuous cropping can also cause accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in the field and increase of population density. According to the invention, the pepper, the leguminous crops green beans, the vegetable broad beans, the field crop rice and the high-efficiency aquatic crop water chestnuts are adopted to carry out scientific and reasonable paddy-upland rotation, so that not only can the land utilization rate be improved, the unit area yield be increased, the product quality be improved and the economic benefit be improved, but also more importantly, different paddy-upland ecological environments can be formed through the paddy-upland rotation, the weed harm can be reduced, the breeding environment of a disease insect source can be damaged to reduce the occurrence degree of plant diseases and insect pests, the soil nutrient can be utilized in a balanced manner, the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the soil fertility structure can be improved, the complementary change of the advantages of the physical and chemical properties of the; the method has the advantages that 1 crop of green beans and 1 crop of broad beans for vegetables are cultivated in 1 crop rotation period, green bean pods are harvested to serve as vegetables, economic benefits are good, stubble can be led to the early period, growth of succeeding crops is facilitated, soil can be fertilized by turning straws of the green beans and the broad beans into the soil as green manure, the purposes of saving fertilizer and achieving high yield can be achieved, accumulation of organic acid secreted by rhizobia due to continuous cropping of the broad beans can be prevented, and propagation of the rhizobia of the broad beans and activity of beneficial microorganisms at rhizobia roots are facilitated; meanwhile, after each crop is harvested, the straws are collected and piled into organic fertilizer or returned to the field to fertilize the soil, so that the organic matter is well recovered, the content of the organic matter in the soil is increased, the soil fertility is improved, a virtuous cycle of crop cultivation can be formed, the balance and the biological diversity of a farmland ecosystem are maintained, the sustainable development of agricultural production is ensured, and the aim of organic cultivation is fulfilled. The method is characterized in that the organic pepper is cultivated according to the quality requirements and production technical specifications of organic agricultural products strictly, artificial synthetic substances such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, hormones and the like are not used for cultivation in the whole production process, an organic cultivation production base is established by selecting a proper place, a proper variety is selected, disease-free strong seedlings are cultivated, field planting is carried out in time, various feasible field management comprehensive technical measures are adopted, resources such as light, heat, water, gas, fertilizers and the like are fully utilized, environmental conditions which are beneficial to growth and development of the pepper, the vegetable broad beans, the early season rice, the water chestnuts and the green soybeans and are not beneficial to occurrence of disease, insect and weed are created, the organic pepper can be cultivated in the same organic cultivation production base, and the organic vegetable broad beans, the early season rice, the water chestnuts and the green beans can. In 1 rotation period, the yield of 1 crop of organic summer and autumn peppers is 2000-3200 kg/mu, the green bean pod yield of 1 crop of organic vegetable broad beans is 1200-1500 kg/mu, the yield of 1 crop of organic early season rice is 480-560 kg/mu, the yield of 1 crop of organic water chestnuts is 1500-2500 kg/mu, and the fresh bean pod yield of 1 crop of organic green beans is 700-900 kg/mu. The produced hot pepper, vegetable broad bean, early season rice, water chestnut and green soybean not only have excellent quality and meet the quality requirement of organic agricultural products, but also have high yield which is not obviously different from the yield of conventional cultivation. The method for organic cultivation by rotation of paddy field and dry land has scientific and reasonable technology, strong practicability and operability, can be popularized and applied in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river, is a high-efficiency ecological cycle agricultural cultivation mode, and has good social, economic and ecological benefits.

Detailed Description

The following examples are given to illustrate the essence of the present invention in detail without limiting the present invention.

Example 1

1. Selecting proper place to establish organic cultivation production base

The organic cultivation production base is established in agricultural production areas which are convenient to transport, convenient to drain and irrigate, far away from urban areas and industrial and mining areas (generally required to be more than 10 kilometers away), good in ecological conditions, free of heavy metal and pesticide residue pollution, far away from pollution sources such as garbage dumps (no pollution source within at least 5 kilometers of the periphery) and traffic main lines, and capable of achieving sustainable production capacity. The soil environment quality requirement of the production base is not lower than the secondary standard in the soil environment quality Standard (GB 15618-1995), and the requirements are that the terrain is high and comfortable, the soil has good physical and chemical properties, the water and fertilizer retention capacity is strong, the soil layer is deep and fertile, the effective soil layer reaches more than 60cm, the soil has good drainage and ventilation performance, the biological activity is strong, and the organic matter content is more than 15 g/kg. The quality of irrigation water meets the regulation of the Farmland irrigation Water quality Standard (GB 5084 + 2005), and the requirement is that the water source is sufficient and clean, the water quality is excellent, and the channel system is matched. The quality of the ambient air is not lower than the secondary standard in the environmental air quality standard (GB 3095-2012), and the air is required to be clean. The organic production base has a certain scale, and the planting area is not less than 10 hectares. The production sites should be contiguous in pieces, have integrity, and do not have the usual production of land blocks interspersed between them, but allow for the presence of organically transformed land blocks. The production base is relatively flat, matched ditch systems are dug well, and smooth ditches outside the field are achieved, and the irrigation and drainage are convenient. Obvious isolation zones such as rivers, ditches and the like are required at the junction of the organic production base and the conventional production land. If the marginal plots are likely to be affected by contamination of adjacent conventional plots, a buffer zone or physical barrier of around 10m must be provided between the organic and conventional plots to ensure that the organic plots are not contaminated. Considering that some substances are left in the environment for a long time, the conversion from the conventional production system to the organic production usually requires a 2-year conversion period, and agricultural products such as pepper cultivated thereafter can be harvested as organic products, i.e. pepper cultivated in 3 rd year and other agricultural products are organic agricultural products.

2. Producing according to the quality requirement and production technical specification of organic agricultural products

According to the organic agricultural production principle, based on following the natural law and the ecological principle, a series of continuously developed agricultural technologies such as planting and breeding combination, cyclic regeneration, maintenance of balance and biological diversity of a farmland ecosystem are adopted for production, and during the whole cultivation process, the use of artificial chemical synthetic substances such as pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, hormones or growth regulators and the like is forbidden without using genetic engineering technology and products thereof.

(1) Soil fertility improvement and correct use of fertilizer

In order to ensure the sustainable production capacity of organic production bases, soil fertilization is very important. The green beans and the broad beans are important crops for simultaneously using vegetables, grains, feeds and green manure, the green manure fertilizer effect of the green manure prepared by green pressing of stems of the green beans and the broad beans for vegetables after harvesting is high, the physical and chemical properties of soil can be effectively improved, the organic matter content of the soil can be improved, the soil nutrients can be enriched and increased, the soil fertility can be effectively improved, multiple effective nutrients can be provided for the succeeding crops, and the purposes of land cultivation and agricultural organic cultivation can be achieved, so that the higher economic benefit can be obtained by planting 1 crop of the green beans and 1 crop of the broad beans for vegetables in 1 rotation period, the soil fertility can be improved, the nutrients can be supplemented for the soil, the soil structure can be improved, and a solid foundation can be laid for the production of agricultural products such as organic peppers. Only the application of organic fertilizers, the planting of green fertilizers such as leguminous crops and the like and the returning of straws to the field are allowed to fertilize the soil, and fully decomposed organic fertilizers, efficient organic fertilizers and biological bacterial fertilizers are used. Organic fertilizers such as chicken manure and pig manure need to be subjected to harmless treatment 2 months before application, and the fertilizers are mixed with water and then are accumulated and fermented to be fully decomposed. Aiming at the defect that the available nutrients in the early stage of the organic fertilizer are slowly released, the allowable microbial fertilizers such as rhizobia, bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, phosphorus dissolving bacteria and the like with nitrogen fixing, phosphorus dissolving and potassium dissolving functions can be used, and the nutrients are accelerated to be released through the activity of beneficial bacteria, so that the nutrients are effectively utilized by crops. The allowed fertilizer types can be animal manure, plant retting fertilizer, green manure, plant ash, cake fertilizer, biogas fertilizer, potassium ore powder, phosphate rock powder, calcium chloride and other substances, and can also be organic special fertilizer and microbial fertilizer certified by organic certification organizations.

(2) Comprehensive control of diseases, pests and weeds

The method carries out a plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly carried out and comprehensive control', comprehensively applies various control measures from an ecosystem of the whole farmland production environment, creates environmental conditions which are not beneficial to breeding of diseases, pests and weeds and are beneficial to the propagation of various natural enemies, reduces the loss caused by the diseases, the pests and the weeds, and adopts biological and physical methods for control on the basis of agricultural comprehensive control without using artificially synthesized pesticides for chemical control. The agricultural control is mainly to select varieties with strong resistance, carry out reasonable rotation, cultivate disease-free strong seedlings with proper age, adopt various possible cultivation technical measures to carry out scientific cultivation management, create environmental conditions which are beneficial to the growth and development of crops but not beneficial to the occurrence of diseases, pests and weeds, and enhance the disease and pest resistance of plants. Biological and physical control is to protect the ecological environment of the production base as much as possible, maintain the ecological balance of the nature and reasonably utilize natural enemies to biologically control pests; the natural phototaxis and odor of pests are utilized to kill the pests, and 1 solar pest killing lamp (HLD-01) is installed in each 2-3 hectares of a production base to trap and kill the pests. When the plant diseases and insect pests happen seriously, certain mineral substances and plant medicaments which are allowed to be used can be used for preventing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests, rotenone, pyrethrum from plant sources, emulsified vegetable oil and diatomite and microorganisms and preparations thereof such as cartap borer bacillus, Bt preparations and the like can be used for preventing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests in a limited way, and sulfur, lime sulphur, Bordeaux mixture and the like can be used for preventing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests in a limited way.

(3) Protecting ecological environment of base

The production process requires no environmental pollution and ecological damage, so that plant residues are timely cleaned after each crop is harvested, a base is thoroughly cleaned and cleaned, and all plant disease residues are transported out of the base and destroyed or deeply buried to reduce the base number of plant diseases and insect pests. The straws are collected and piled into organic fertilizer or returned to the field for fertilizing soil, so that the agricultural organic matters such as the straws and the like are all comprehensively utilized. The undegradable wastes such as agricultural films are recycled and utilized.

3. Making scientific and reasonable crop rotation plan for organic cultivation

The continuous cropping is not resistant to the hot pepper, and during the continuous cropping, not only soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and the like are serious, but also soil continuous cropping obstacles are easy to occur, the yield is reduced if the diseases are light, and the orchard is destroyed and the crop is not harvested if the diseases are heavy, so that a scientific rotation plan must be made during the organic cultivation of the hot pepper, and a reasonable rotation system must be established to control the damage of diseases and insects and prevent the occurrence of the soil continuous cropping obstacles. Through years of research and production practice, the research and summarization show that the organic cultivation rotation mode of summer and autumn pepper in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river is as follows: green soy bean-summer and autumn pepper-vegetable broad bean (1 st year) -early season rice-water chestnut (2 nd year), and 1 rotation cycle is 2 years. The method comprises the steps of firstly cultivating 1 crop of green beans in 1 year, immediately watering the field after harvesting the green beans, turning over the field into the soil as green manure to ripen straw compost soil while the straw is at a high temperature, then draining and drying the soil in the sun, turning over the soil to dry the soil, cultivating 1 crop of summer and autumn peppers, after harvesting the summer and autumn peppers, directly bunch planting broad beans for vegetables on pepper cultivation beds in 10 middle ten days or so, cleaning gardens in time after 11 months of harvesting the peppers and enhancing management of the broad beans, immediately turning over the straw as green manure into the soil to ripen the compost soil after harvesting green bean pods in the end of the next spring season for vegetables, fixing 13kg of nitrogen in each mu of the broad beans, obviously improving soil fertility after planting the broad beans, then cultivating 1 crop of early season rice, immediately turning over the straw into the field to ripen straw compost soil after harvesting the early season rice, then cultivating 1 crop of water chestnuts, and then cultivating the water chestnuts in the crop rotation cultivation mode.

(1) Organic cultivation technology for summer and autumn peppers

Selecting proper variety

Under the condition that no certified organic pepper seeds exist in China at present, seeds which are not treated by forbidden substances are selected, and transgenic seeds are forbidden. The early-middle-aged pepper varieties which are heat-resistant, disease-resistant, strong in stress resistance, wide in adaptability, strong in growth vigor, centralized in fruit setting, strong in fruit bearing capacity, high in yield, high in quality and good in commodity and are suitable for local cultivation and market requirements are selected, such as Hunan No. 3 (examined name: Xiang pepper No. 2), Hunan No. 12 (examined name: Xiang pepper No. 15) and Hunan No. 13 (examined name: Xiang pepper No. 21) varieties which are examined by the crop variety examination committee in Hunan province.

② properly and early cultivating disease-free strong seedlings

The seedling culture time of the organic pepper cultivated in summer and autumn in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river can be advanced to the early days of the last 6 months to the early days of the first 7 months. Generally, a nutrition pot or a 50-hole seedling raising plug tray is adopted for raising seedlings. If the seedbed is adopted for broadcast sowing and seedling raising, the temporary planting can not be carried out when the seeding is properly and thinly sowed; but when the seeding is dense, the temporary planting needs to be carried out for 1 time when 3-4 true leaves grow out from the seedling, and the temporary planting can be carried out in a nutrition pot or a 50-hole seedling raising plug tray. During seedling culture, high temperature and drought seasons are positive all year round, sunshine is strong, storm exists, and seedling culture needs to be carried out by adopting sunshade net coverage and rain sheltering measures so as to prevent the excessive growth of seedlings. In high temperature season, due to large evaporation capacity, special attention should be paid to seedbed moisture retention to prevent drought and death. The standard of strong seedlings is as follows: the seedlings grow strongly, the root systems are developed, 5-7 true leaves are provided, and the seedling age is generally not more than 35 days.

Thirdly, applying enough base fertilizer and planting in good time

Soil preparation and bed making and base fertilizer application: immediately irrigating the field after harvesting the previously planted green soybeans, turning the straws into the soil as green manure (the mulching film must be removed firstly in mulching film cultivation), composting the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil, draining water, drying the field, and turning and drying the soil. Sufficient base fertilizer is applied before field planting, the base fertilizer accounts for 70-80% of the total fertilizer consumption, 2000-3000 kg of decomposed manure, 150-200 kg of cake fertilizer or 2500-3000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure, 30-50 kg of phosphate rock powder and 20-30 kg of potassium ore powder are generally applied per mu, and the amount can be increased or decreased according to the soil fertility condition. 50-100 kg of quicklime is applied to each mu of soil with heavy acidity. Generally, after deep ploughing for 1 time, base fertilizer is applied and land preparation is carried out to make a furrow, the furrow width (covering a side ditch) is 1.1-1.2 m, the furrow depth is 20-30 cm, and a circumferential ditch and a waist ditch are opened, so that the furrow ditch, the waist ditch and the circumferential ditch are communicated for facilitating drainage. The base fertilizer is generally applied to the surface of a furrow before soil preparation, then soil preparation is carried out, and a mulching film is covered.

Timely planting: the suitable planting period in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river is 7-8 last ten days. Planting 2 rows in each ridge, wherein the plant spacing is 28-36 cm, 3000-4500 plants are planted in each mu, planting in the afternoon or in the cloudy day is selected, planting water is immediately poured after planting, and water is additionally poured for 1 time in the morning on the 2 nd day to ensure the survival of seedlings.

Fourthly, field management

And (3) reasonable fertilization: after field planting survival, 300-500 kg of 10-20% decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry is applied in 1-2 times as a seedling raising fertilizer. After the 1 st and 2 nd layer fruits are stable and after every 1-2 times of harvesting, a proper amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied according to the growth condition of plants, generally 20-30% of decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry can be applied for 2-4 times, 300-500 kg each time, or 60-120 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer is applied in holes, and then 1 time of water is poured. The topdressing amount needs to be light before and heavy after the application so as to meet the nutritional requirement of continuous flowering and fruiting of the pepper and enhance the postfruiting vigor.

Water content management: rehydrating for 1 time in a seedling revival stage after planting, wherein the temperature in the early stage is high, the evaporation capacity is large, watering is easy to work, attention is paid to ensure uniform supply of water, and watering is carried out in the morning and evening when the seedlings are cooled; ensuring sufficient water supply in the fruiting period; in rainy seasons, ditching and draining must be done to prevent waterlogging and root injury.

In addition, timely removing the lateral branches below the capsicum frutescens needs to be paid attention to so as to reduce nutrient consumption, supply the nutrients to fruits intensively, improve the fruit setting rate and promote the growth of young fruits.

Controlling diseases, pests and weeds: the method mainly aims at the comprehensive agricultural control, and comprises the steps of selecting disease and pest resistant varieties and disease-free seeds, killing germs carried on the surfaces of the seeds by using warm scalding seed soaking (namely, putting the seeds into 55 ℃ warm water which is 3-4 times of the weight of the seeds, continuously stirring for about 15 minutes, continuously soaking the seeds for 4-5 hours after the water temperature is reduced to the room temperature, then sowing after germination accelerating or directly sowing), carrying out reasonable water-dry rotation, applying proper amount of quicklime to adjust the pH value, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings, planting in good time, adopting deep-groove high-bed mulching film covering cultivation, carrying out reasonable close planting, strengthening fertilizer-water management to enable the plants to grow, preventing field water accumulation and other scientific cultivation management, creating environmental conditions which are beneficial to the growth and development of the peppers and are not beneficial to the occurrence of diseases, pests and weeds so as to strengthen the disease and pest resistance of the; checking in time, immediately removing, burning or deeply burying the diseased plant, and spreading lime in the hole; cleaning the field and the peripheral weeds, reducing the spreading source of diseases and pests, and the like. Secondly, biological and physical control is adopted, such as control of aphids and the like by using natural enemies such as coccinella septempunctata, encarsia formosa and the like; trapping and killing pests by using a frequency vibration type pest killing lamp, a yellow plate, a blue plate and the like, for example, trapping and killing pests by installing a solar pest killing lamp (frequency vibration type pest killing lamp HLD-01), or trapping and killing pests by hanging 30-40 yellow plates and blue plates with the specification of 25cm multiplied by 40cm per mu; optionally covering with silver gray plastic film to prevent aphid, and trapping and killing diamondback moth and prodenia litura with sugar-vinegar solution and sex attractant; when the pest and disease damage occurs seriously, botanical biological insecticidal and bactericidal agents such as soft soap, matrine and the like or local growing plant (houttuynia cordata, garlic, mint, chrysanthemum indicum, chinaberry and the like) extracting agents can be used for preventing and treating the pest and disease damage, for example, 30g/L (fresh weight) of chrysanthemum indicum liquid is used for preventing and treating aphids and mites, and onion and garlic mixed liquid and garlic leachate are used for preventing the pest and disease damage; rotenone, plant-derived pyrethrum, emulsified vegetable oil and diatomaceous earth, and microorganisms and preparations thereof such as Bt preparation, HD-l Bacillus thuringiensis or nuclear polyhedrosis virus can also be used with limitation for controlling insect pests, and Boldow solution can also be used for controlling diseases. The prevention and control of the weeds generally utilizes mulching to inhibit the growth of the weeds, and artificial weeding is adopted if necessary.

Collecting timely

The hot pepper can be harvested when the fruit is fully enlarged, the fruit is hard and the skin color is bright, the Menjiao and the opposite pepper are harvested properly in advance, and the harvesting is carried out for multiple times in batches as much as possible so as to avoid influencing the growth of plants and influencing the yield. Harvesting is generally started in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and 11 months can be harvested all the time. The produced pepper has high quality and high yield, meets the production requirement of organic pepper, and generally has the yield of 2000-3200 kg/mu.

A Hunan-Ming No. 3 pepper variety is selected, a comparison test is carried out by adopting the organic cultivation crop rotation method and a conventional cultivation method (CK, soil cultivation without planting solanaceae crops in nearly 3 years is selected, 50kg of compound fertilizer, 50kg of calcium superphosphate and 30kg of ammonium bicarbonate are applied to each mu of land as base fertilizers, 30kg of compound fertilizer or 20kg of urea is applied to each mu of land as top manuring, and chemical agents are used for pest control for not less than 4 times), wherein the area of each treatment is 8m multiplied by 20m, and 3 times of repetition is set. The test result shows that: the organic cultivation method has the advantages that the diseases and insect hazards in the 1 st to 3 rd crop rotation periods are light, the yield is stable and not lower than CK, and the trend of increasing year by year is realized; meanwhile, the product quality of the organic cultivation rotation method is obviously improved compared with CK and reaches the standard of organic products, but the product quality of CK can only reach the standard of no pollution (see table 1).

TABLE 1 comparison table of the yield, quality and pest and disease damage of Xiang-Ming No. 3 capsicum cultivated in summer and autumn by the organic cultivation crop rotation method of the invention and the conventional cultivation method (CK)

(2) Organic cultivation technology for vegetable broad beans

The vegetable broad bean is the afterculture of summer and autumn hot pepper, and the organic cultivation technology is as follows.

Variety selection and seed treatment

The early-maturing vegetable broad bean variety which is resistant to diseases and insects, strong in stress resistance, wide in adaptability, resistant to lodging, large and full in grain, fresh and tender, high in yield, high in quality, short in growth period and suitable for local climatic conditions is selected, under the condition that certified organic broad bean seeds do not exist, seeds which are not treated by forbidden substances are selected, and transgenic seeds are forbidden. The large broad bean, large green flat, large oriental, Lingxi one inch, Japanese white skin, Ci silkworm No. 1, Japanese one inch bean, Xiangyang big foot board, Ling silkworm No. 5, Shanghai green tangerine orange peel, etc. can be selected.

And (4) sunning the seeds for 1-3 days before sowing so as to improve the activity and water absorption capacity of the seeds. Soaking seeds by using a warm-scalding method, soaking the seeds in warm water at 55 ℃ for 10-15 minutes to kill germs carried by the seeds, continuously stirring until the water temperature is reduced to about 30 ℃, and soaking the seeds for 1 day at room temperature. In order to promote the formation and growth of rhizobia and improve the nitrogen fixation capacity, the rhizobia can be mixed with seeds, and 100g of the rhizobia can be mixed with each 12kg of seeds, namely the seeds can be used after being mixed.

Second, sowing in good time

The vegetable broad beans are used as hot peppers in front, because more fertilizers are applied when the hot peppers are cultivated, more residual fertilizers in soil are not used up, and the soil in which the hot peppers are cultivated is loose and breathable, the vegetable broad beans can be cultivated in a zero tillage direct seeding mode, base fertilizers are not generally applied, and only rotten animal manure, soil miscellaneous fertilizers or fire soil ashes are used as seed covering fertilizers.

In the later period of harvesting the peppers in summer and autumn, the original mulching film is reserved on pepper cultivation beds in about 10 middle ten days for no-tillage, 1 hole of broad beans for vegetable is directly sown in the middle of each row of pepper, 2 rows of broad beans for vegetable are sown in each bed, hole sowing is adopted, the hole depth is 5cm, 1-2 seeds are sown in each hole, and about 5000 seedlings per mu are guaranteed. During sowing, 20-40 kg of phosphate rock powder and 10-20 kg of potassium ore powder are mixed with decomposed animal manure or soil compost or fire soil ash 1000-1500 kg per mu to serve as covering fertilizer. And (3) cleaning the field in time after the harvest of the peppers is finished by 11 months, collecting pepper straws, crushing the pepper straws, piling the pepper straws into an organic fertilizer, and enhancing the management of the vegetable broad beans.

Management of field

And (3) fertilizer and water management: when broad beans are used for cultivating vegetables in the soil after pepper cultivation, topdressing is not needed generally, if the broad beans show the symptom of fertilizer shortage, seedling manure can be applied for 1 time after seedling emergence, and 500kg of thin human and animal manure or 500-800 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per mu to promote the robust growth and root nodule formation of seedlings and promote early branch development. Applying additional flower and pod fertilizer in the initial flowering stage and pod bearing stage. The Yangtze river basin has abundant rainfall, generally does not need to be irrigated except for special years, and if the rainfall is too much, drainage and stain reduction are carried out in time, and ditch cleaning and drainage work is well carried out in rainy days.

Timely pruning and promoting precocity: the broad beans are mainly pod-bearing by side branches, and pruning is a main cultivation measure for promoting the growth of the side branches of the broad beans, accelerating maturity, getting on the market early, increasing yield and improving commodity quality, because the pruning can improve the ventilation and light transmittance in the field, reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, adjust the reasonable distribution of nutrients of plants, and promote pod bearing and early maturity. Generally, in the 5-7 leaf stage of a main stem (namely when half of plants have compound leaves consisting of 5-7 small leaves), 1-2 lateral branch buds are picked off at the base part, 1 leaf and 1 heart are picked off as degrees, the lateral branches are promoted to grow early, 5-7 robust lateral branches are selected and reserved for each plant, and about 5 robust lateral branches (effective branches) of a single plant before winter are strived for. When the flowers at the base parts of the selected lateral branches begin to wither (namely when the tender pods at the roots have an initial pod period of 1-3 cm long), 5-7 sections of flowers are left on each lateral branch, then the lateral branches are topped in time, 1 leaf heart at the top end is removed, so that the vegetative growth is controlled, and the pods are supplied with concentrated nutrients for growth, so that the growth and development of the pods and the precocity of the broad beans are promoted.

Controlling diseases, pests and weeds: mainly adopts agricultural control, and the diseases and insect pests can be controlled by selecting disease and insect resistant varieties, selecting disease-free seeds for timely sowing, reasonably rotating, reasonably close planting and timely pruning to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, adopting deep-groove high-bed cultivation, opening field irrigation and drainage ditches to reduce the field humidity, timely removing diseased plants, diseased leaves and diseased pods, timely cleaning the field after harvesting and other measures; preventing the growth of weeds by mulching cultivation. The method reasonably applies biological and physical control, protects natural enemies, creates environmental conditions favorable for the survival of the natural enemies, adopts a frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp and a color plate to trap and kill adults, and covers a silver gray mulching film or hangs silver gray film strips to repel aphids. If necessary, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, nuclear polyhedrosis virus and avermectin antibiotics can be used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, the red spot disease can be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture at the initial stage of disease attack at the ratio of 1: 2: 100, aphid can be prevented and treated by using 200 times of 5% rotenone emulsifiable concentrate, or onion skin can be used for soaking in water at the ratio of 1: 2 for 24 hours, and the juice is filtered, diluted with proper amount of water and sprayed for prevention and treatment.

Fourthly, harvesting in good time

And (3) harvesting the vegetable broad beans in a proper period 25-30 days after the flowering of the broad beans, when the bean pods are full, the seeds are light green, and before the hilum of the seeds turns black, timely and periodically harvesting. Harvesting is generally started in the first ten days of 4 months, and harvesting is required to be completed as early as possible in the middle and last days of 4 months. The green pod yield of the common broad beans for vegetable use is 1200-1500 kg/mu. Immediately after harvesting green bean pods, the straws are turned into soil as green manure to fertilize the soil (the mulching film must be removed firstly in the mulching film covering cultivation), and then 1 crop of early season rice is cultivated.

(3) Organic cultivation technology for early rice

Timely cultivating disease-free strong early rice seedlings

Variety selection: selecting excellent non-transgenic early rice variety with strong pest resistance, lodging resistance, wide adaptability, good high yield, good rice quality, suitability for local ecological environment and quality reaching the national seed standard, and preferentially selecting organic rice seed certified by organic certification authority.

Timely sowing and cultivating tillering strong seedlings: soaking seeds in 1% lime water for about 10 hours to kill pathogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of the seeds, cleaning the seeds with clear water, and soaking the seeds for germination by a conventional method; or soaking the seeds in warm water at 55 ℃ for 10-20 minutes while stirring, cooling the water to room temperature, soaking the seeds in a conventional method for germination acceleration, and sowing the seeds until the seeds break the chest and are white.

Generally, a wet seedling raising method is adopted for concentrated seedling raising, 1000-2000 kg of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer, 30-50 kg of phosphate rock powder or 150kg of cake fertilizer is applied to each mu of rice seedling field 3-5 days before sowing in combination with turning. Sowing seeds in late 3-4 months, keeping the seedling bed wet after sowing until 1.5 leaves, and mainly sealing, preserving heat and moisture by using a thin film; 2, alternately drying and wetting leaves 1 after heart, irrigating running horse water, uncovering a film for ventilation and hardening seedlings before and after noon in a sunny day, preventing seedlings from being burnt, uncovering a night for hardening seedlings after the 3-leaf period in the sunny day, and uncovering the film completely 3 days before transplanting; applying diluted human excrement or biogas liquid in a proper amount 5-7 days before transplanting, and controlling the seedling age within 30 days.

② preparing and transplanting rice seedlings in field

Preparing a field: in the past, broad beans are used as vegetable broad beans, broad bean straws are turned into soil to fertilize the soil, base fertilizers are not needed to be too much when early season rice is cultivated, and 1000-2000 kg of farmyard manure such as fully decomposed animal manure or 100-150 kg of cake fertilizers and 30-50 kg of ground phosphate rock are generally used as the base fertilizers in combination with land turning and fertilizing per mu. And (5) harrowing the ploughed rice by a water layer of 3-3.3 cm, and preparing for transplanting rice after ploughing and harrowing are leveled.

Timely transplanting rice seedlings: generally, in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, artificial planting or mechanical planting is adopted. The row spacing of the reference plants is 17cm multiplied by 20cm, the planting density is 1.8-2.2 million stumps/mu, tillering seedlings with 2-3 grains are planted in each stump, and 7-10 million basic seedlings are planted in each mu.

Management of field

And (3) reasonable fertilization: according to the principle of forward promotion, central control and backward stable fertilization, the tillering fertilizer and the spike grain fertilizer are properly applied under the condition of sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, after transplanting, 100-150 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 50-100 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of land 4-5 days later as tillering fertilizer, and after drying the land and rehydration, 50-100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or about 50kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied to each mu of land immediately as spike fertilizer.

Water content management: irrigation and drainage are fully utilized to adjust water, fertilizer, gas and heat of the rice field, and a field microclimate suitable for rice growth is created. The water management method comprises the steps of transplanting rice seedlings with water, enabling roots to live in shallow water and tillering, sunning enough seedlings (namely, sunning the seedlings when the number of the seedlings reaches about 20 ten thousand per mu), mainly wetting the seedlings after the sunning and rehydration, maintaining dry and wet irrigation, paying attention to the method that the seedlings drain water and expose the seedlings after turning green for 2-3 days to cultivate good root systems, and recovering shallow water after exposing the seedlings for 2-3 days, wherein the seedlings cannot be dehydrated too early in the later period so as not to influence the thousand seed weight.

Preventing and controlling diseases, pests and weeds

Agricultural control is preferentially adopted, and the microclimate in the field is improved by adopting disease-resistant varieties, reasonable crop rotation, strong seedling cultivation, reasonable thin planting, additional application of organic fertilizer, timely weed removal, scientific fertilizer and water regulation, timely field drying and other fitness cultivation measures, so that the field is good in ventilation and light transmission, the resistance of the plants is enhanced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced; weeds and rice residues on the edge of the ditch field are thoroughly removed, and the places where diseases and insect pests are bred are reduced; through measures such as reasonable close planting, basic seedling increasing, scientific water and fertilizer management and the like, the rice is sealed and planted early, and the aim of inhibiting the growth of weeds is fulfilled; the weeds are controlled by tillage and weed killing and artificial weed removal. Secondly, biological and physical control is adopted, natural enemies of pests such as birds, frogs, spiders, parasitic wasps and the like are utilized to control the population quantity of the pests, for example, when the population number of the rice field moths reaches 100/mu, trichogramma is released to control cnaphalocrocis medinalis, chilo suppressalis and tryporyza incertulas; controlling insect pests such as rice planthoppers, chilo suppressalis and tryporyza incertulas by breeding ducks in a rice field and controlling field weeds; the frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp is adopted to trap and kill pests such as chilo suppressalis, leaf roller, rice planthopper and the like, and the small pests are trapped and killed by yellow plates. When the plant diseases and insect pests are serious, biological pesticide preparations certified by an organic certification institution can be selected for prevention and treatment, such as bacillus subtilis wettable powder for preventing and treating rice blast and false smut, Bt preparations, azadirachtin preparations and other preparations for preventing and treating chilo suppressalis and rice leaf roller, matrine, azadirachtin preparations, beauveria bassiana preparations and other preparations for preventing and treating rice planthopper.

Fifthly, harvesting

The early rice is generally ripe in the middle and late ten days of 7 months, and is harvested in time after being ripe, and the early rice is required to be harvested, beaten, sun-dried and stored singly, and is sold uniformly after being sun-dried. Generally, the average yield per mu is 480-560 kg.

(4) Organic cultivation technology for water chestnuts

Preparation of field

After harvesting the early-season rice, the rice straws are immediately turned into the field and the soil is fertilized while the rice straws are rotten at high temperature, and weeds and stubble on the field and the ridges around the field are removed. 2000-3000 kg of farmyard organic fertilizer such as miscellaneous manure or decomposed animal manure or 1000-2000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure or 150-200 kg of decomposed rapeseed cakes are applied to each mu of ploughed land, and 40kg of phosphate ore powder and 20kg of potassium ore powder are additionally added as base fertilizers. 50-100 kg/mu of quicklime is applied to the soil with heavy acidity in the farmland. And ploughing and raking the two ploughs to level the field surface, keeping the living soil layer at 20-25 cm, keeping the shallow water layer at 2-5 cm, and achieving the purposes of leveling the field surface, soil activation, soil fertilization, grass purification and sufficient water for field planting.

② cultivating disease-free strong seedlings of water chestnut

Variety selection: selecting high-yield and high-quality water chestnut varieties with strong disease resistance and stress resistance, large bulbs, thin peels, sweet taste and less fine residues, and being suitable for local cultivation, such as Hubei No. 1, Guizhou No. 2, filial water chestnuts, 91-33 water chestnuts, Guilin water chestnuts, Sanyo water chestnuts, Tufeng water chestnuts, Huchang water chestnuts, Yuhangda Dahongpao, Suzhou water chestnuts and other excellent varieties.

And (3) seed reserving and seed camelina sativa selection: in the later stage of growth of water chestnuts in the first year, selecting field blocks which are uniform in growth, strong in tillering plant property, free of lodging and free of pest damage as seed reserving fields. When in harvesting, the bulbs with round appearance, undamaged epidermis, thick and healthy lateral buds of terminal buds, dark brown skin, weight of more than 20g of single bulb and characteristics of cultivated species are dug and taken to be stored for overwintering, and the bulbs can also be dug for direct seedling culture in the next 3 months after overwintering storage in the field.

Culturing strong seedlings: two-stage seedling raising is adopted in Yangtze river basin, namely one-stage seedling raising (dry seedling) and two-stage seedling raising (seedling field seedling) and the two-stage seedling raising is adopted, 110-200 camelina sativa seeds are required to be planted in each mu of field, and the seed consumption is 2.0-5.0 kg. a. First stage seedling (dry land seedling): selecting dry land or garden soil which is sheltered from wind and exposed to the sun, loose in soil and fertile in the middle ten days of 4 months, hoeing loose surface soil by about 10cm, hoeing finely and breaking the soil, and trimming into a seedbed with the furrow width of 100-150 cm; selecting corms which are full, smooth in surface skin, consistent in color and luster, large and uniform, complete and robust in top buds and side buds, free of wounds and rot and have the characteristics of the corms from stored water chestnuts or harvested after field overwintering storage, soaking the corms in clean clear water for 18-24 hours, taking out the corms, draining off clear water, neatly arranging the corms in a seedbed according to the row spacing of 15-20 cm and the plant spacing of 5-8 cm to enable the top buds to face upwards, spraying enough bottom water, uniformly covering fine sandy soil, ensuring that the top buds are covered, regularly watering to keep the soil moist until seedlings are raised; in the early stage, a small arched shed needs to be built due to low air temperature and a plastic film is covered for germination acceleration, the seedling can be covered by a sunshade net after 5 months to prevent direct sunlight from burning, and the seedling is transplanted to a seedling bed for seedling culture in the second stage when the top bud of the seedball is 20-25 cm long. b. Seedling growing in the second stage (seedling growing in rice seedling bed): generally selecting paddy fields with convenient irrigation and drainage and rich organic matters in the middle ten days of 5 months, applying 2000-3000 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer or 1500-2000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure or 150kg of decomposed cake fertilizer as base fertilizer per mu, ploughing seedling raising fields to plough soil water into paste, and leveling the field to mud and rot; in the middle and last ten days of 5 months, lifting and transplanting seedlings from a seedling bed raised in dry land, wherein the reference row spacing is 40-50 cm multiplied by 50-60 cm, and 1 seedling is planted in each hole; after seedling transplantation, the early stage irrigation depth is 2-3 cm, the deepest irrigation depth is not more than 4cm, and the later stage water depth is kept at 3-5 cm; applying additional fertilizer frequently in the seedling stage, applying 500-1000 kg of 30% diluted liquid manure or diluted biogas slurry to each mu in 15 days or so after transplanting, weeding with mud, and applying 500-1000 kg of 30% diluted liquid manure or diluted biogas slurry to each mu in 10 days or so; after 30-40 days, the seedlings are planted when the height is more than 35-40 cm and the leaf-shaped stem is more than 0.5cm thick.

③ timely planting

Usually, the permanent planting is carried out in the middle and late 7 months, and the late autumn is not exceeded. During planting, each hole has 1 bunch, each bunch has 3-5 leaf-shaped stems, and the planting depth is preferably 10-12 cm into mud. If the seedlings are too high, cutting off tips, keeping the height of leaf-shaped stems to be 30-35 cm, or folding and planting the tips into soil so as to prevent the tips from being broken by wind and shaking roots after planting. In order to improve the field ventilation and light transmittance and reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, the organic cultivation needs to be carried out at a proper thin planting rate, the density is generally 2500-3000 holes/mu, and the reference plant row spacing is 40-50 cm multiplied by 50-60 cm.

Fourthly, field management

Timely topdressing: the principle of 'front stability, middle control and rear attack' is mastered during fertilization, sufficient base fertilizer is applied, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the early stage of top dressing, and potassium fertilizer is mainly applied in the later stage. After 7-10 days of field planting, top dressing for the 1 st time, and after transplanting and green turning, applying 400-500 kg of decomposed human excrement and urine per mu in combination with intertillage for the 1 st time to promote early tillering and plant growing; applying 70-80 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 100-200 kg of plant ash per mu by combining weeding for promoting row sealing in about 8 middle-of-month ten days when the plants grow vigorously every 10-15 days for the 2 nd topdressing; and (3) applying top dressing for top dressing in the middle ten days of 9 months, applying appropriate amount of nodulation fertilizer according to the growth condition of the whole field, generally applying 100kg of rotten cake fertilizer or 750kg of biogas liquid per mu when the color of the overground leafy stem is deepened and the central plant of the meristematic plant starts to pump out flower stems, and additionally adding 20kg of potassium mineral powder to promote the nodulation of the camelina sativa.

Water content management: during planting, keeping a shallow water layer of about 3cm to facilitate root pricking, keeping the water depth of 5-8 cm to facilitate stump survival after planting, keeping the shallow water layer of 2-5 cm to facilitate plant division after green turning, gradually deepening irrigation along with the growth acceleration of plants later, keeping the water layer of 6-9 cm in a vigorous growth period, properly draining and drying in the sun in the field from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months as stem leaves grow too vigorously to inhibit excessive plant division, promoting early capsella bursa-pastoris development, keeping the water depth of 5-10 cm in the bulb expansion period from the middle of 9 months to the middle of 10 months, starting water cut in the field in the later 10 months, and keeping shallow water and moist; and (4) ditching and draining in the middle and last ten days of 11 months to facilitate mining and digging.

Intertillage weeding: and (4) combining topdressing for 1 st intertillage 7-10 days after the field planting, and removing weeds by hands. And (3) intertillage weeding for the 2 nd time is carried out by combining with top dressing for the 2 nd time at intervals of 10-15 days, and a part of weak seedlings can be pulled out from a place where the seedlings are dense, so that ventilation and light transmission are promoted, the plants can grow healthily and strongly, and the disease resistance is enhanced. The bulb forming period is strictly prevented from being used by people and animals in the field so as to avoid treading off underground stolons.

And (3) pest control: preferentially adopting agricultural control, such as reasonable crop rotation, selecting disease and insect resistant varieties, selecting disease-free field blocks for seed reservation, selecting disease-free seed balls for seed culture and cultivating strong seedlings; reasonably close planting and proper thin planting, and keeping good ventilation and light transmission among plants; the cultivation management and scientific fertilization are enhanced, and the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied additionally, so that the disease and insect resistance of plants is enhanced; cleaning a field in time, removing all dead leaves of residual stems in the field after the leafy stems wither in winter, performing centralized treatment or retting compost, eradicating weeds at the edges of the field, and reducing the initial infection source of diseases and insect pests in the next year; scientifically managing water, avoiding serial irrigation and flood irrigation and irrigating water in a disease field into a disease-free field, properly drying the field in the sun in the disease period, reducing the humidity, preferably drying the field until the surface of the field is wet and small in cracks (namely mud with hard surface and soft inner surface), and immediately rehydrating after the surface is formed; 50-100 kg of quicklime is applied to each mu of field when the field is ploughed to disinfect the soil. Advocate and adopt biological and physical prevention and cure, protect the frog to prey on the field pest, utilize trichogramma, grass green, Encarsia formosa, ladybug, aphid fly, etc. natural enemy to prey on the pest; the method adopts a frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp or a sex attractant to trap and kill prodenia litura, white standing grain borer and the like, and adopts a yellow plate to trap and kill winged aphid imagoes. At the early stage of disease, the diseased plant is timely pulled out and taken out of the field and buried deeply, if necessary, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis or paenibacillus polymyxa can be used for preventing and treating diseases, and Bt preparations are used for preventing and treating insect pests.

Fifth harvesting

In the middle and late ten days of 11 months, the overground stems and leaves of the water chestnuts begin to wither and yellow from top to bottom and gradually dry and fall down, and when the skin color of the corms is changed from white to yellow brown to red brown, the corms are mature and can be collected. Generally, after 12 middle ten days, the average daily temperature is reduced to below 5 ℃, the corm has high sugar content, is sweet and juicy, and is the best period for harvesting. The harvesting period is preferably from the late 12 months to the late 2 months of the next year. The general yield is 1500-2500 kg/mu.

(5) Organic cultivation technology for green soy beans

The green soy bean is the predecessor of summer and autumn pepper, and the technical key points of organic cultivation are as follows.

Variety selection and seed treatment

The green soybean variety suitable for local ecological condition cultivation is selected, and early-middle-aged species with compact plant type, concentrated pod bearing, full pods with large grains, tender meat, strong pest resistance, wide adaptability, high yield and good commodity are generally selected, such as Taiwan 75, Taiwan 753, Taiwan 292, Japanese riches and honour, Suxian 08-16, Qingsu No. 2, Qingsu No. 5, Sudou No. 5, spring green and the like. Non-transgenic seeds with a seed quality of more than one grade of the national standard are selected.

The seeds are dried for 1-2 days before sowing in a sunny day, then blanched seeds are adopted, namely the seeds are put into warm water (2 parts of boiled water and 1 part of cold water) with the temperature of 55 ℃ and the weight of the seeds is 3-4 times of the weight of the seeds, the seeds are continuously stirred, the seeds are continuously soaked for about 30 minutes after the water temperature is reduced to the room temperature, and then the seeds are mixed by using a rhizobium inoculant, and the seeds can be used after being stirred.

Second, sowing in good time

Soil preparation and bed making and base fertilizer application: ploughing and drying soil after harvesting the pre-grown water chestnuts, applying 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer and 50kg of ground phosphate rock as base fertilizer per mu in combination with soil preparation. The deep furrow high furrow cultivation is adopted, the furrow width is 1.5-2 m generally, furrow ditches, waist ditches and surrounding ditches are opened, the three ditches are matched, the rain stops, the water is dry, and no water is accumulated in the ditches.

Timely seeding: sowing is generally carried out in the last 3 th to the middle 4 th of the month in open field cultivation, and sowing is generally carried out in the middle and last 3 th of the month in mulching cultivation. And (3) performing hole sowing, wherein the general density is about 2 ten thousand plants per mu, the reference row spacing is 30-40 cm, the plant spacing is 15-25 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sowed in each hole. And mixing decomposed animal manure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer or fire soil ash 1000-1500 kg with 20-40 kg of phosphorite powder and 10-20 kg of potassium ore powder per mu as covering seed fertilizer.

Management of field

Timely final singling and intertillage weeding: the film of the seedlings cultivated by mulching must be broken and put in time after the seedlings come out of the ground, and the film around the seedlings is pressed tightly by soil. After the young soybean seedlings are completely grown, thinning and final singling are carried out in time, generally 2 seedlings are left in each hole, and if the seedling shortage phenomenon is found, the seedlings are supplemented in time. And intertillage and weeding are carried out for 2-3 times before the plants are not sealed in the non-plastic film mulching cultivation.

And (3) fertilizer and water management: under the condition of sufficient basal application, additional fertilizer is not needed generally, and if seedlings show insufficient fertility symptoms such as small leaves, light color, weak seedlings, short branches and the like, 100-150 kg of plant ash can be applied per mu as seedling promoting fertilizer; when the fertilizer deficiency symptom occurs in the flowering and pod bearing period, 100kg of fully decomposed high-quality chicken manure or 50kg of cake fertilizer or 100kg of plant ash can be applied as the flower pod fertilizer per mu. The green soybeans are drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant, the rainfall of Yangtze river basin is abundant, watering is not needed except for special years, drought resistance and waterlogging drainage are needed in a flower pod period, soil is kept moist, and watering is needed in time if drought occurs.

Timely pinching: and (3) pinching at the later stage of the full-bloom stage, namely removing 1-2 cm of terminal buds of main stems, so that nutrients are supplied to the bean pods in a centralized manner, seeds of the bean pods are full and mature uniformly, and centralized harvesting and yield improvement are facilitated.

Controlling diseases, pests and weeds: the method insists on the plant protection policy of 'prevention is the main and comprehensive prevention', and takes corresponding prevention measures aiming at the climate conditions and the occurrence rule of the main diseases, pests and weeds of the green soy beans. The method mainly comprises the steps of reasonable crop rotation, timely sowing of selected disease-resistant varieties and disease-free seeds, reasonable close planting, deep groove high-bed mulching film mulching cultivation, tight prevention of field water accumulation, timely clearing of residual branches, spoiled leaves and weeds after harvesting and other agricultural measures. Reasonably applying biological and physical control, such as sun-drying seeds and soaking seeds in warm soup to kill germs carried on the surfaces of the seeds; the natural enemies are protected, environmental conditions beneficial to the survival of the natural enemies are created, and the frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp, the yellow plate or the sex attractant are adopted to trap and kill insect imagoes such as prodenia litura and the like, and a silver gray mulching film is covered or silver gray film strips are hung to repel aphids and the like. If necessary, biological pesticide can be used for biological control, such as 0.3% matrine or Bt preparation and rotenone and other biological pesticide for controlling pests. The weeds are controlled by pressing grass and cultivating land through various agricultural cultivation measures such as fine tillage and fine cropping, timely intertillage, artificial weeding, proper close planting, mulching film mulching cultivation and the like.

Fourthly, harvesting in good time

And (4) harvesting timely when the filling is sufficient, the bean pods are large, the seeds are full and plump and the bean pods are fresh green in the last stage of the swelling. Generally, harvesting begins to appear on the market in the middle and last ten days of 6 months, and is finished before the last ten days of 7 months, and the yield of fresh pods per mu is 700-900 kg. Immediately irrigating the field after harvesting the green beans, and turning the straws into the soil as green manure to rot the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil (the mulching film must be removed firstly in the mulching film covering cultivation).

In conclusion, the pepper, the vegetable broad bean, the early season rice, the water chestnut and the green soybean produced by the paddy-upland rotation organic cultivation method have the advantages that the quality is excellent, the quality requirements of organic agricultural products are met, the yield is high, and the yield is not obviously different from that of conventional cultivation; the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is light in the planting process, the soil fertility can be effectively improved, and the method provided by the invention has the advantages that the crop rotation cultivation is carried out for many years, and the whole effect is stable.

Claims (6)

1. A paddy-upland rotation organic cultivation method of summer and autumn pepper is characterized in that,

selecting proper places to establish an organic cultivation production base in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river;

in the same organic cultivation production base, organic cultivation of green soy beans, vegetable broad beans, early season rice and water chestnuts is reasonably arranged besides organic cultivation of hot peppers; the yield of 1 crop of pepper is 2000-3200 kg/mu, the yield of the fresh bean pod of 1 crop of green bean is 700-900 kg/mu, the yield of the green bean pod of 1 crop of vegetable broad bean is 1200-1500 kg/mu, the yield of 1 crop of early rice is 480-560 kg/mu, and the yield of 1 crop of water chestnut is 1500-2500 kg/mu;

the organic cultivation of the pepper is as follows: immediately irrigating water in the field after harvesting the pre-planted green soybeans, turning the straws into the soil as green manure, composting the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil, draining water, drying the field, turning over the soil, and cultivating 1 crop of summer and autumn pepper;

the organic cultivation of the summer and autumn peppers selects early and medium-maturing varieties which have the characteristics of heat resistance, disease resistance, stress resistance, wide adaptability, strong growth vigor, centralized fruit setting, strong fruit hanging capability, high yield, high quality and good commodity and are suitable for local cultivation and market requirements, seeds which are not treated by forbidden substances are selected, and transgenic seeds are forbidden;

in the organic cultivation of the summer and autumn peppers, the seedlings are cultivated by adopting a sunshade net for covering and rain-sheltering measures in the early ten days to the early 7 months of the 6 th month, generally adopting a nutrition pot or a 50-hole seedling cultivation plug tray for seedling cultivation, heeling in the nutrition pot/50-hole seedling cultivation plug tray when 3-4 true leaves grow out from the seedlings during seedling bed broadcast sowing and seedling cultivation, and heeling in can be omitted if proper sparse sowing is carried out; during seedling raising, sun shading, temperature reduction, rain sheltering measures and water management are enhanced, and excessive growth of seedlings is prevented; the standard of strong seedlings is as follows: the seedlings grow strongly, the root systems are developed, 5-7 true leaves are provided, and the seedling age is not more than 35 days;

the organic cultivation of the summer and autumn peppers is carried out by adopting deep-groove high-ridge cultivation, selecting disease-free strong seedlings and carrying out plastic film mulching and planting in the afternoon or cloudy days from the bottom of 7 months to the top of 8 months, planting 3000-4500 plants in each mu, starting harvesting in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, and harvesting for 11 months all the time;

according to the organic cultivation of the summer and autumn peppers, a base fertilizer is used as a main fertilizer in a fertilizing principle, reasonable additional fertilizer is applied, 70% -80% of the total fertilizing amount is used as the base fertilizer, 2000-3000 kg of decomposed animal manure, 150-200 kg of cake fertilizer or 2500-3000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure, 30-50 kg of ground phosphate rock and 20-30 kg of potassium ore powder are applied to each mu of land, and the organic cultivation is carried out on the land before soil preparation after deep ploughing; before topdressing, the pepper is light and heavy, so as to meet the nutritional requirement of continuous flowering and fruiting of the pepper, after field planting and survival, 300-500 kg of 10-20% decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry is applied as a seedling raising fertilizer for 1-2 times, and after setting, 20-30% decomposed human excrement or biogas slurry is applied for 2-4 times in the growth and harvesting period of the fruit, 300-500 kg each time, or 60-120 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer is applied in holes;

the organic cultivation of the green soy beans comprises the following steps: ploughing and drying soil after harvesting the pre-planted water chestnuts, directly seeding and cultivating a suitable green soybean variety in the middle and late 3 months to the middle and upper 4 months after applying sufficient base fertilizer, timely pinching in a full-bloom period, harvesting and leaving stubble before the early 7 months, immediately irrigating in the field, ploughing green soybean straws serving as green fertilizer into the soil, composting the soil at high temperature, and cultivating summer and autumn peppers;

the above-mentioned suitable green soybean variety is a non-transgenic early-medium-maturing variety which is compact in plant type, concentrated in pod bearing, full of large pods, tender in meat quality, strong in disease and insect resistance, wide in adaptability, high in yield, good in commodity, and suitable for local ecological condition cultivation, and includes: taiwan 75, Taiwan 753, Taiwan 292, Japanese Fugui, Suxian 08-16, Qingsu No. 2, Qingsu No. 5, Sudou No. 5, spring green;

the application method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: ploughing and drying soil after harvesting the pre-grown water chestnuts, applying 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer and 50kg of ground phosphate rock as base fertilizer per mu in combination with soil preparation;

the organic cultivation of the green soy beans comprises open field cultivation and mulching film mulching cultivation, the open field cultivation is performed in the middle and last 3-4 months for sowing, and the mulching film mulching cultivation is performed in the middle and last 3-month for sowing; hole sowing is adopted, the general density is 2 ten thousand plants per mu, the reference row spacing is 30-40 cm, the plant spacing is 15-25 cm, and 2-3 seeds are sowed in each hole; during sowing, mixing decomposed animal manure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer or fire soil ash 1000-1500 kg with 20-40 kg of phosphate rock powder and 10-20 kg of potassium ore powder per mu as covering fertilizer;

the timely pinching in the full-bloom period is as follows: and (3) pinching at the later stage of the full-bloom stage, namely removing 1-2 cm of terminal buds of main stems, so that nutrients are supplied to the bean pods in a centralized manner, seeds of the bean pods are full and mature uniformly, and centralized harvesting and yield improvement are facilitated.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic cultivation base is an agricultural production area with convenient transportation, convenient drainage and irrigation, away from urban areas and industrial and mining areas, good ecological conditions, no pollution of heavy metals and pesticide residues, away from garbage dumps and other pollution sources and transportation main lines, and sustainable production capacity, the soil environment quality requirement is not lower than the secondary standard in soil environment quality Standard (GB 15618-; the planting area of each organic cultivation production base is not less than 10 hectares, the production bases are connected into pieces and have integrity, and an obvious isolation zone or a buffer zone is arranged at the junction of the organic production base and a conventional production land.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic cultivation method comprises the following steps:

in the whole cultivation process, artificial chemical synthetic substances including pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, hormones and growth regulators are forbidden to be used, and genetic engineering technology and products thereof are not used;

in the whole cultivation process, only organic fertilizers are allowed to be applied and used for planting leguminous crops as green manure and returning straws to the field to fertilize soil, and the organic fertilizers can use potassium mineral powder, phosphate rock powder and calcium chloride, and can also use organic special fertilizers and microbial fertilizers besides animal excrement and plant retting fertilizers, green manure, plant ash, cake fertilizers and biogas fertilizers;

the prevention and control of the plant diseases and insect pests are based on the agricultural comprehensive prevention and control, biological and physical methods are adopted for prevention and control, the artificially synthesized pesticide is not used for chemical prevention and control, when the plant diseases and insect pests occur, the permitted mineral substances or plant medicaments are used for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests, rotenone, pyrethrum, emulsified vegetable oil and diatomite which are derived from plants, microorganisms including bacillus cartap and Bt preparations and preparations thereof can be used for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests, and sulfur, lime sulphur and Bordeaux mixture can also be used for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests;

in the production process, the stability of a farmland ecosystem is maintained, environmental pollution and ecological damage cannot be caused, plant residues are cleaned in time after each crop is harvested, straws are collected and piled into organic fertilizers or returned to the field for fertilizing soil, all agricultural organic matters including the straws are comprehensively utilized, and all non-degradable wastes including agricultural films are recycled and utilized.

4. The method for organic cultivation of hot and dry crops in rotation of summer and autumn pepper as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the organic cultivation of broad bean for vegetables is as follows: in the later period of harvesting of the peppers in summer and autumn, reserving an original mulching film in the middle of 10 months to directly bunch-plant the broad beans for vegetable planting in a tillage-free mode on pepper cultivation ridges, cleaning a garden in time after harvesting of the peppers in 11 months is finished, enhancing management of the broad beans for vegetable planting, timely pruning to promote early ripening, harvesting green bean pods as early as possible in the middle and late ten days of the next 4 months to finish stubble harvesting, turning the straws harvested green bean pods into soil as green manure to fertilize the soil, and then cultivating 1 crop of early rice.

5. The method for organic cultivation of summer and autumn pepper through rotation in paddy and dry fields as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the organic cultivation of early season rice is: after broad beans used for serving before are harvested, broad bean straws are turned into soil to fertilize the soil, and after sufficient base fertilizer is applied in combination with soil turning, 1 crop of early rice is cultivated; the early season rice is planted in the first 3-4 days, the rice is planted in the middle and last 4 days, and after harvesting, the rice is turned into the field and the soil is composted by retting the rice at high temperature.

6. The method for organic cultivation of summer and autumn pepper in paddy-upland rotation as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the organic cultivation of water chestnut is: immediately turning the straws into the field after harvesting the early cropping rice, composting the straws at high temperature to fertilize the soil, and cultivating 1 crop of water chestnuts after applying sufficient base fertilizer in combination with the cultivated land; selecting a variety suitable for local cultivation, cultivating disease-free strong seedlings by adopting a two-stage method in the middle and upper ten days of 4 months, planting in the middle and lower ten days of 7 months, and harvesting from the middle and lower ten days of 11 months to the upper 2 months of the next year.