CN106133982B - 钠离子二次电池 - Google Patents
钠离子二次电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106133982B CN106133982B CN201580015382.8A CN201580015382A CN106133982B CN 106133982 B CN106133982 B CN 106133982B CN 201580015382 A CN201580015382 A CN 201580015382A CN 106133982 B CN106133982 B CN 106133982B
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- Prior art keywords
- sodium ion
- secondary battery
- ion secondary
- cathode
- electrode group
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- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 9
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanide Chemical compound [NH2-] HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 4
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- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical group O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910006095 SO2F Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-3-methyl-2h-imidazole Chemical compound CCCCN1CN(C)C=C1 KAIPKTYOBMEXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBZJNLWLRUHZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methyl-2h-imidazole Chemical compound CCN1CN(C)C=C1 IBZJNLWLRUHZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-imidazole Chemical class C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000181 Ethylene propylene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910008416 Li-Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006861 Li—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012093 Myrtus ugni Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910014485 Na0.44MnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004848 Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021225 NaCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021271 NaCrO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021311 NaFeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019338 NaMnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018970 NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019013 NaNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016771 Ni0.5Mn0.5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920012266 Poly(ether sulfone) PES Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical class C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000061461 Tema Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O)OC(=O)C)O)O SMEGJBVQLJJKKX-HOTMZDKISA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KXNAKBRHZYDSLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Ti+4] KXNAKBRHZYDSLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
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- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(CC)CC SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/39—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34 working at high temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1393—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
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Abstract
一种钠离子二次电池,其包含:电极组,所述电极组包含正极和负极;电解质,所述电解质浸渗在所述电极组中;壳,所述壳包含具有开口部的容器和封闭所述开口部的封口板;和一个或多个绝缘构件,其中所述电解质含有熔融盐,所述熔融盐含有阳离子和阴离子,所述阳离子包含钠离子和有机阳离子,并且所有所述绝缘构件均由不含氟原子的材料构成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含含有熔融盐的电解质的钠离子二次电池,特别地,涉及包含含有钠离子和有机阳离子的熔融盐的钠离子二次电池。
背景技术
近年来,用于将自然能转化为电能的技术已经受到关注。对作为高能量密度电池的非水电解质二次电池的需求日益增加。特别地,锂离子二次电池具有重量轻且具有高电动势的优点。然而,锂离子二次电池包含有机溶剂作为电解质的主要成分,因此具有耐热性低的缺点。此外,锂资源的价格在升高。
包含阻燃性熔融盐作为电解质成分的二次电池的开发已经取得了进展。熔融盐具有优异的热稳定性,比较容易确保安全性,并且还适合于在高温下持续使用。其中,利用便宜的钠的法拉第反应的钠离子二次电池是有前途的。
作为熔融盐,含有钠离子和有机阳离子的离子液体一直受到关注(专利文献1)。
包含熔融盐的钠离子二次电池可以在比常温高的温度(例如40℃至90℃)下工作。因此,从抑制副反应的观点来看,已经将具有高耐热性和耐化学性的氟树脂用于绝缘构件如隔膜、框体和垫片。
还报道了将氟树脂袋用作固定包含正极、隔膜和负极的层压体的绝缘袋(专利文献2)。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2012-134126号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2012-209071号公报
发明内容
技术问题
然而,在钠离子二次电池中,当在绝缘构件可以与电解质接触的位置存在由含氟原子的材料构成的绝缘构件时,钠离子二次电池的充放电循环特性倾向于劣化。对循环特性劣化的原因的调查揭示了,进行了其中钠从绝缘构件抽取氟原子的反应。还发现,已经被抽取了氟原子的绝缘构件是高反应性的并且还诱发了熔融盐的分解。
由含氟原子的材料构成的绝缘构件本来应该具有高稳定性。在包含有机溶剂作为电解质成分的二次电池中,没有显现由于从由含氟原子的材料构成的绝缘构件抽取氟原子而导致的充放电循环特性的劣化。然而,在含有熔融盐的钠离子二次电池中,由于从绝缘构件抽取氟原子而导致充放电循环特性显著劣化。
技术方案
鉴于前述说明,本发明的一个方面涉及如下的钠离子二次电池,其包含:电极组,所述电极组包含正极和负极;电解质,所述电解质浸渗在所述电极组中;壳,所述壳包含具有开口部的容器和封闭所述开口部的封口板;和一个或多个绝缘构件,其中所述电解质含有熔融盐,所述熔融盐含有阳离子和阴离子,所述阳离子包含钠离子和有机阳离子,并且所有绝缘构件均由不含氟原子的材料构成。
有益效果
前述结构导致含有熔融盐的钠离子二次电池的充放电循环特性的改善。
附图说明
[图1]图1为显示根据本发明的一个实施方式的钠离子二次电池的示意结构的分解透视图。
[图2]图2为显示包含在根据本发明的一个实施方式的钠离子二次电池中的外部端子及其附近的结构的纵截面图。
[图3]图3为电极组的子组(サブグループ)的沿图1的I1-I1线取的横截面图。
具体实施方式
首先,下面将列出并说明本发明的实施方式。
(1)根据一个实施方式的钠离子二次电池包含:电极组,所述电极组包含正极和负极;电解质,所述电解质浸渗在所述电极组中;壳,所述壳包含具有开口部的容器和封闭所述开口部的封口板;和一个或多个绝缘构件。所述电解质含有熔融盐,所述熔融盐含有阳离子和阴离子,所述阳离子包含钠离子和有机阳离子。所有绝缘构件均由不含氟原子的材料构成。所述开口部可以为用于通过其插入电极组的开口部。所有绝缘构件优选不含氟原子。
在钠离子二次电池中,使用各种绝缘构件以防止短路的发生。一般地,将氟树脂用于所述绝缘构件。看起来氟树脂的使用改善钠离子二次电池的耐久性。然而,在所有绝缘构件均由不含氟原子的材料构成的情况下(具体地,在所有绝缘构件均不含氟树脂的情况下),与将氟树脂用于绝缘构件的情况相比,钠离子二次电池具有改善的充放电循环特性。这可能是因为由于绝缘构件而导致的熔融盐的劣化受到抑制。
(2)钠离子二次电池优选包含与正极或负极电连接的外部端子。优选地,所述外部端子部分地露出至所述壳的外部。在钠离子二次电池中,所述绝缘构件优选包含置于正极与负极之间的隔膜、置于封口板与电极组之间的框体、和使外部端子与壳绝缘的垫片。垫片不仅防止短路的发生,而且防止电解质的泄漏。
在包括隔膜、框体和垫片的多个绝缘构件中的任一个由含氟原子的材料构成的情况下,难以改善充放电循环特性。在壳的所有内容物中,绝缘构件的体积或质量是相当大的。因此,认为容易显现有机阳离子的分解。
钠离子二次电池在相对高的温度下工作并且在电解质中具有高钠离子浓度。因此,看起来从绝缘构件抽取氟原子的氟原子抽取反应容易进行。看起来一旦氟原子抽取反应进行,则有机阳离子分解,使得绝缘构件的劣化以连锁反应的方式进行。这些副反应还导致充放电循环特性的劣化。
(3)在钠离子二次电池中,绝缘构件优选包含至少部分地覆盖电极组的表面的绝缘片。绝缘片可以为能够收容电极组的至少一部分的袋,或可以由进行了折叠以包围电极组的下表面和侧面的一个以上的片形成。
(4)在负极包含负极集电器和附着在负极集电器的表面的负极混合物、并且负极混合物含有负极活性物质和粘合剂的情况下,粘合剂优选由不含氟原子的材料构成。这是因为在负极内可以通过钠离子进行氟原子抽取。优选地,粘合剂不含氟原子。
在正极处,因为电位高且钠离子的稳定性高,所以基本上不发生从粘合剂抽取氟原子。
在此使用的熔融盐被定义为与离子液体相同,并且表示由阴离子和阳离子构成的液态离子物质。在钠离子二次电池的正极和负极处,进行钠离子参与的法拉第反应。
除熔融盐以外,电解质还可以含有例如有机溶剂和/或添加剂。熔融盐在电解质中的浓度没有特别限制。在熔融盐占电解质的10质量%以上、进一步为20质量%以上的情况下,显著地提供抑制充放电循环特性劣化的效果。优选地,从改善耐热性的观点来看,熔融盐占电解质的80质量%以上,更优选90质量%以上,特别优选100质量%。
绝缘构件的实例包括隔膜、框体、垫片和绝缘片。绝缘构件的类型和数目没有特别限制,只要各个绝缘构件由不含氟原子的材料构成即可。
在绝缘构件中含有的不含氟原子的材料没有特别限制,只要其与熔融盐的反应性低即可。可以使用的材料的实例包括聚烯烃,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和乙烯-丙烯共聚物;聚酯树脂,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)和聚碳酸酯(PC);聚醚树脂,如聚砜(PS)、聚醚砜(PES)和聚苯醚(PPE);聚苯硫醚树脂,如聚苯硫醚(PPS)和聚苯硫醚酮;聚酰胺树脂,如芳族聚酰胺树脂(例如,芳纶树脂);聚酰亚胺树脂;纤维素树脂;和纸。这些可以单独使用或以两种以上的组合使用。
[发明实施方式的详情]
以下将适当地参照附图对根据本发明的实施方式的钠离子二次电池的具体实施例进行说明。本发明不限于这些实施例。其旨在包含与权利要求书的范围等价的含义和范围内的任何变体。
图1为显示根据实施方式的钠离子二次电池的示意结构的分解透视图。
图中所例示的棱柱状钠离子二次电池10包含棱柱状电极组12、具有开口部的棱柱状容器14和封闭容器14的开口部的封口板16。容器14和封口板16由金属构成。容器14和封口板16都被包含在导电壳中。
在封口板16与电极组12的上表面之间配置有由不含氟原子的材料构成的作为绝缘构件的框体18。例如,框体18用于防止由于封口板16与电极组12的上端面之间的接触导致的短路的发生。
在电极组12与容器14之间配置有作为绝缘构件的绝缘片20。在图1中,绝缘片20被部分切掉以显示电池的内部结构。实际上,绝缘片20覆盖电极组12的底面和4个侧面的全部。绝缘片20用于将电极组12与容器14物理地隔开以防止内部短路的发生。
封口板16可以设置有正极外部端子40和负极外部端子42。正极外部端子40被布置在临近封口板16的纵向方向(Y轴方向)的一个端部的位置处。负极外部端子42被布置在临近另一个端部的位置处。
图2为显示包含在钠离子二次电池10中的正极外部端子40及其附近的结构的纵截面图。负极外部端子42具有与正极外部端子40的结构基本上相同的结构。
正极外部端子40包含:包括头部41a和从头部41a延伸的螺纹部41b的螺栓状端子41;和安装在螺栓状端子41的螺纹部41b的螺母43。将螺栓状端子41从壳的内部向外部插入布置在封口板16上的圆形端子孔16a中。在端子孔16a的周缘部与螺栓状端子41的螺纹部41b之间配置有作为绝缘构件的环状第一垫片53。第一垫片53被安装在螺栓状端子41的螺纹根部41b。
螺栓状端子41的头部41a在尺寸上大于端子孔16a的直径。将螺母43安装在从封口板16向外突出的螺纹部41b,并且相对于头部41a拧紧,使得将螺栓状端子41固定至封口板16。
在螺母43与封口板16之间配置有O形环状的金属垫圈47。在垫圈47与封口板16之间配置有作为绝缘构件的O形环状的第二垫片54。
在螺栓状端子41的头部41a与封口板16之间配置有作为绝缘构件的第三垫片55。第三垫片55可以具有与螺栓状端子41的头部41a的形状和尺寸基本上相同的形状和尺寸。
在封口板16的中央部可以设置被构造为在壳中的内压异常上升时放出壳中的气体的排气阀44(例如,破裂阀)。在排气阀44的附近可以布置调压阀46和注液孔48。注液孔48为在将封口板16安装至容器14的开口部后通过其将电解质注入壳中的孔。用液栓(未图示)将注液孔48堵塞。
在该实施方式中,电极组12由包含交替堆叠的正极和负极的层压体形成并且具有上表面、下表面和4个平坦的侧面。电极组12的外形为接近长方体的棱柱。电极组12包含多个子组12a、12b、12c和12d(在图中示出的4个子组)。
图3为电极组的子组的横截面图。该横截面图为沿着包含图1的I1-I1线且与Y轴垂直的平面切割子组12a时的横截面图。电极(在图中示出的正极和负极)的数目不一定等于在子组12a中实际包含的电极的数目。其它子组12b至12d具有与子组12a的结构相同的结构。
电极组12的子组12a具有如下结构:其中在作为绝缘构件的袋状隔膜21中含有的多个正极22和多个负极24交替堆叠。各个正极22包含正极集电器和正极活性物质。各个负极24包含负极集电器和负极活性物质。在图3中,没有区别示出正极集电器、正极活性物质、负极集电器和负极活性物质。各个隔膜21的形状不限于袋状。隔膜21用于将正极22与负极24物理地隔开以防止内部短路的发生。隔膜21由具有填充有电解质的孔的多孔材料构成。
在多个正极22(或正极集电器)各自的上端部安装有引线片(正极引线片)26。正极引线片26可以分别与正极22或正极集电器一体地形成。将子组12a的多个正极22的引线片集束并且例如焊在一起,使得这些正极22并联。
将正极引线片26的束部(下文中,称为“正极引线片束部”)26A与导电的正极连接构件30(参见图1)连接。将正极连接构件30与正极外部端子40电连接。其它子组12b至12d各自包含正极引线片束部26A。在上述结构中,电极组12的所有正极22均与正极外部端子40并联。
类似地,在多个负极24(或负极集电器)各自的上端部安装有引线片(负极引线片)28。将子组12a的多个负极24的引线片集束并且例如焊在一起,使得所述多个负极24并联。
将负极引线片28的束部(下文中,称为“负极引线片束部”)28A与导电的负极连接构件32(参见图1)连接。将负极连接构件32与负极外部端子42电连接。其它子组12b至12d各自包含负极引线片束部28A。在上述结构中,电极组12的所有负极24均与负极外部端子42并联。
框体18被布置在封口板16与电极组12的上表面之间,以防止导电的容器14与正极引线片束部26A、负极引线片束部28A、正极连接构件30和负极连接构件32接触。在图示例的情况下,框体18包含外形基本上为矩形的底板18a、和从底板18a的4个边相对于底板18a垂直地延伸的4个围壁部18b。底板18a包含用于插入子组12a至12d的各自的正极引线片束部26A的孔18c;和用于插入子组12a至12d的各自的负极引线片束部28A的孔18d。4个围壁部18b围绕正极引线片束部26A、负极引线片束部28A、正极连接构件30和负极连接构件32,从而防止这些导电构件与容器14接触。
在前述实施方式中,框体、绝缘片、垫片和隔膜被用作绝缘构件。各绝缘构件由不含氟原子的材料构成。
作为用于框体18的材料,优选由不含氟原子的树脂构成的成形体。可以通过例如树脂片的冲裁或原料树脂组合物的传递模塑的加工方法制造成形体。树脂片和原料树脂的优选实例包括聚烯烃树脂、聚酰胺树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、聚酯树脂、聚醚树脂和纤维素树脂。可以将纸用作框体用材料。
作为用于绝缘片20的材料,优选由不含氟原子的树脂构成的片。用于片的材料的优选实例包括聚烯烃树脂、聚苯硫醚树脂、聚酰胺树脂和聚酰亚胺树脂。作为用于绝缘片20的材料,可以使用纸。这些材料可以单独使用或以2种以上的组合使用。
作为用于隔膜21的材料,例如,优选由不含氟原子的树脂构成的微孔膜或无纺布。各隔膜21可以由具有多个层的多层部件形成,所述多个层具有不同的组成和形态。作为用于微孔膜和无纺布的材料,可以单独使用或以两种以上的组合使用与用于绝缘片20的材料相同的材料。在无纺布的情况下,可以使用无机纤维如玻璃纤维。
由树脂构成的隔膜可以含有无机填料。无机填料的实例包括陶瓷如二氧化硅、氧化铝、沸石和二氧化钛;滑石,云母和硅灰石。无机填料优选呈粒子状或纤维状。各隔膜具有例如10质量%至90质量%、优选20质量%至80质量%的无机填料含量。
作为用于第一垫片53、第二垫片54和第三垫片55的材料,优选由不含氟原子的树脂构成的成形体。可以通过例如树脂片的冲裁或原料树脂组合物的传递模塑的加工方法制造成形体。树脂片和原料树脂的优选实例包括聚醚树脂、聚苯硫醚树脂和橡胶状聚合物(例如,硅橡胶、丁基橡胶、丙烯酸橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶和乙烯丙烯橡胶)。
以下将对作为钠离子二次电池的发电要素的电极和电解质进行说明。
例如通过如下形成各正极22或各负极24:将电极混合物施加至由金属箔构成的集电器,并且任选地在厚度方向上将集电器和电极混合物压缩在一起。电极混合物含有作为必需成分的活性物质并且可以含有作为任选成分的导电助剂和/或粘合剂。将电极混合物形成为活性物质层。
或者,可以通过经由镀敷法和/或气相法(例如,蒸发)在集电器上沉积活性物质而形成活性物质层。
作为用于钠离子二次电池的负极活性物质,可以使用可逆地吸藏和放出钠离子的材料。所述材料的实例包括碳材料、尖晶石型锂钛氧化物和尖晶石型钠钛氧化物。作为碳材料,优选难石墨化碳(硬碳)。作为用于钠离子二次电池的负极活性物质,可以使用含有能与钠合金化的元素的材料。能与钠合金化的元素的实例包括硅、锡、锌、铟、锑、铅、铋和磷。含有所述元素的材料可以呈单质、合金或化合物的形态。含有所述元素的材料的具体实例包括硅氧化物、硅合金、单质硅、锡氧化物、锡合金、单质锡、锌氧化物、锌合金和单质锌。对于负极活性物质,这些材料可以单独使用或以其多种的组合使用。
作为用于钠离子二次电池的正极活性物质,优选使用可逆地吸藏和放出钠离子的过渡金属化合物。作为过渡金属化合物,优选使用含钠的过渡金属氧化物。含钠的过渡金属氧化物的实例包括NaCrO2、NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2、NaMn1.5Ni0.5O4、NaFeO2、NaFex(Ni0.5Mn0.5)1-xO2(0<x<1)、Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2、NaMnO2、NaNiO2、NaCoO2和Na0.44MnO2。对于正极活性物质,这些材料可以单独使用或以其多种的组合使用。
在要形成为负极活性物质层的负极混合物含有负极活性物质和粘合剂的情况下,粘合剂优选由不含氟原子的材料构成。粘合剂优选由不含氟原子的聚合物构成。相对于100质量份的负极活性物质,粘合剂的量例如为1至10质量份,优选2至7质量份。
对于常规钠离子二次电池的电极,通常将氟树脂如聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)用作粘合剂。然而,当在负极内部发生钠从粘合剂抽取氟原子的反应时,粘合剂劣化,可能引起充放电循环特性的劣化。
不含氟原子的聚合物可以为合成聚合物、天然聚合物或它们的处理产物。天然聚合物及其处理物的实例包括多糖类如纤维素树脂(例如,纤维素醚或纤维素酯)。合成聚合物的实例包括热塑性树脂和热固性树脂。可以单独使用一种聚合物。可以组合使用两种以上的聚合物。
纤维素树脂的实例包括纤维素醚,例如,诸如羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的羧烷基纤维素和其盐(例如,诸如CMC的钠盐的CMC的碱金属盐),诸如羟乙基纤维素的羟烷基纤维素;和纤维素酯,如乙酰纤维素。
合成聚合物的实例包括聚酰胺树脂、聚酰亚胺树脂、丙烯酸树脂、聚烯烃树脂、乙烯基树脂、氰化乙烯基树脂、聚苯醚树脂、聚苯硫醚树脂和橡胶状聚合物。聚合物具有例如10000以上、优选20000以上的重均分子量。聚合物具有例如500000以下、优选200000以下的重均分子量。
电解质中的熔融盐含有阳离子和阴离子。阳离子包含钠离子和有机阳离子。熔融盐含有至少两种盐。两种盐中的一种为钠离子和第一阴离子的盐。另一种为有机阳离子和第二阴离子的盐。钠离子和有机阳离子优选占熔融盐中的阳离子的80摩尔%以上,更优选90摩尔%以上,特别优选100摩尔%。
相对于钠离子和有机阳离子的总和,钠离子的比例优选为10摩尔%以上,更优选20摩尔%以上。钠离子的比例优选为90摩尔%以下,更优选80摩尔%以下。
第一阴离子和第二阴离子各自独立地可以列举例如含氟酸阴离子(例如,PF6 -或BF4 -),含氯酸阴离子(ClO4 -),双(磺酰)胺阴离子或三氟甲基磺酸根离子(CF3SO3 -)。其中,优选双(磺酰)胺阴离子。
作为双(磺酰)胺阴离子,优选例如双(氟磺酰)胺阴离子((N(SO2F)2 -)(FSA-),双(三氟甲基磺酰)胺阴离子(N(SO2CF3)2 -)(TFSA-),或(氟磺酰)(三氟甲基磺酰)胺阴离子(N(SO2F)(SO2CF3)-)。
作为有机阳离子,优选季铵阳离子、吡咯烷阳离子或咪唑阳离子。
季铵阳离子的实例包括四烷基铵阳离子(特别地,例如四C1-5烷基铵阳离子),如四乙基铵阳离子(TEA+)和三乙基甲基铵阳离子(TEMA+)。吡咯烷阳离子的实例包括1-甲基-1-丙基吡咯烷阳离子(Py13)、1-丁基-1-甲基吡咯烷阳离子(Py14)和1-乙基-1-丙基吡咯烷阳离子。咪唑阳离子的实例包括1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑阳离子(EMI)和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑阳离子(BMI)。
以下将基于实施例对实施方式进行具体说明。然而,本发明不限于以下描述的这些实施例。
<<实施例1>>
(正极的制作)
首先,将85质量份的具有10μm的平均粒径的NaCrO2(正极活性物质)、10质量份的乙炔黑(导电剂)和5质量份的聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)(粘合剂)分散在N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中以制备正极糊料。将得到的正极糊料施加至铝箔(厚度为20μm)的两面,充分干燥,并且压延以制作具有180μm的总厚度的正极,正极在其各表面上包含正极活性物质层,并且正极活性物质层具有80μm的厚度。
将正极切成100×100mm的正方形以准备10个正极。在各正极的一边的一端部形成集电用引线片。
(负极的制作)
首先,将95质量份的硬碳(负极活性物质)和5质量份的聚酰胺-酰亚胺(粘合剂)分散在NMP中以制备负极糊料。将负极糊料施加至铝箔(厚度为20μm)的两面,充分干燥并且压延以制作具有150μm的总厚度的负极,负极在其各表面上包含负极活性物质层,并且负极活性物质层具有65μm的厚度。
将负极切成105×105mm的正方形以准备11个负极。在各负极的一边的一端部形成集电用引线片。11个负极中的两个为各自仅在其一个表面上包含负极活性物质层的电极。
(隔膜)
准备由含二氧化硅的聚烯烃构成的50μm厚的隔膜(具有70%的孔隙率)。将隔膜切成110×110mm的片以准备20个隔膜。
(电解质)
制备100%由双(氟磺酰)胺钠(NaFSA)和1-甲基-1-丙基吡咯烷双(氟磺酰)胺(Py13FSA)的摩尔比为30:70的混合物构成的电解质。
(钠离子二次电池的组装)
以使得隔膜置于正极与负极之间的方式堆叠正极和负极,将正极引线片堆叠在一起,将负极引线片堆叠在一起,并且将正极引线片的束和负极引线片的束布置在两侧对称的位置,从而制作电极组。将各自仅在其一个表面上设置有负极活性物质层的负极各自布置在电极组的相应的一个端部。
随后,对由聚丙烯构成的绝缘片(厚度为20μm)进行折叠以覆盖电极组的下表面和4个侧面。将用绝缘片覆盖的电极组收容在由铝构成的容器中。
将由聚丙烯构成的框体布置在电极组的上表面上。用封口板封闭容器的开口部。在封闭开口之前,将引线片的束与布置在封口板上的预定连接构件连接。
封口板设置有正极外部端子和负极外部端子。将由聚丙烯构成的垫片置于封口板与各端子之间以确保绝缘。
通过在封口板上形成的注液孔将电解质注入得到的壳中。使得到的制品静置直到电解质充分浸渗在电极组中。进行初始充放电和预定的排气操作以完成实施例1的电池A1。
<<比较例1>>
除了使用由聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)构成的框体以外,与实施例1同样地制作了比较例1的电池B1。
<<比较例2>>
除了使用由PTFE构成的绝缘片(厚度为18μm)以外,与实施例1同样地制作了比较例2的电池B2。
<<比较例3>>
除了将由PTFE构成的垫片置于各端子与封口板之间以外,与实施例1同样地制作了比较例3的电池B3。
[充放电循环试验]
在恒温室中于60℃下保持得到的电池(电池A1和电池B1至B3)。在0.2It的电流倍率下在1.5至3.5V的范围内重复500次恒流充放电操作。将最终放电的放电容量与初次放电容量的比例定义为容量保持率并且进行计算。表1列出实施例(电池A1)和比较例(电池B1至B3)的容量保持率。
[表1]
电池 | 容量保持率(%) |
A1 | 91 |
B1 | 78 |
B2 | 45 |
B3 | 87 |
实施例的电池A1的容量保持率为90%以上,并且高于比较例的电池B1至B3的容量保持率。
在完成充放电循环试验后,将电池拆解。在实施例的电池A1中,绝缘构件如框体没有变色。在比较例的电池B1至B3中,由PTFE构成的绝缘构件变色。该结果证明了劣化的进行。
产业实用性
根据本发明的钠离子二次电池对于例如家庭用和工业用大型电力储存装置以及电动车辆和混合动力车辆用电源是有用的。
附图标记
10 钠离子二次电池,12 电极组,12a至12d 子组,14 容器,16 封口板,16a 端子孔,18 框体,20 绝缘片,21 隔膜,22 正极,24 负极,26 正极引线片,26A 正极引线片束部,28 负极引线片,28A 负极引线片束部,30 正极连接构件,32 负极连接构件,40 正极外部端子,41 螺栓状端子,41a 头部,41b 螺纹部,42 负极外部端子,43 螺母,44 排气阀,46调压阀,47 金属垫圈,48 注液孔,53 第一垫片,54 第二垫片,55 第三垫片。
Claims (3)
1.一种钠离子二次电池,其包含:
电极组,所述电极组包含正极和负极;
电解质,所述电解质浸渗在所述电极组中;
壳,所述壳包含具有开口部的容器和封闭所述开口部的封口板;和
一个或多个绝缘构件,
其中所述电解质含有熔融盐,
所述熔融盐含有阳离子和阴离子,
所述阳离子包含钠离子和有机阳离子,
所有所述绝缘构件均由不含氟原子的材料构成,并且
所述钠离子二次电池还包含:
与所述正极或所述负极电连接的外部端子,
其中所述外部端子部分地露出至所述壳的外部,
其中所述绝缘构件包含
置于所述正极与所述负极之间的隔膜,
置于所述封口板与所述电极组之间的框体,和
使所述外部端子与所述壳绝缘的垫片,并且
所述隔膜由不含氟原子的树脂构成。
2.权利要求1所述的钠离子二次电池,其中,
所述绝缘构件包含覆盖所述电极组的表面的至少一部分的绝缘片。
3.权利要求1所述的钠离子二次电池,其中,
所述负极包含负极集电器和附着在所述负极集电器的表面的负极混合物,
所述负极混合物含有负极活性物质和粘合剂,并且
所述粘合剂由不含氟原子的材料构成。
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US10950912B2 (en) | 2017-06-14 | 2021-03-16 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | Arrangements for inhibiting intrusion into battery pack electrical components |
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US20210005937A1 (en) * | 2018-03-20 | 2021-01-07 | University Of Maryland, College Park | ELECTROLYTES FOR RECHARGEABLE Zn-METAL BATTERY |
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