CN106076344B - 活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106076344B CN106076344B CN201610399455.4A CN201610399455A CN106076344B CN 106076344 B CN106076344 B CN 106076344B CN 201610399455 A CN201610399455 A CN 201610399455A CN 106076344 B CN106076344 B CN 106076344B
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- catalyst
- metal oxide
- butanol
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- active carbon
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 19
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 100
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 102000007698 Alcohol dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010021809 Alcohol dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxolanthaniooxy)lanthanum Chemical compound O=[La]O[La]=O KTUFCUMIWABKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 28
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000005909 ethyl alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005882 aldol condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011017 operating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229960001866 silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002492 Ce(NO3)3·6H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 3
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- JOPDZQBPOWAEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-H tristrontium;diphosphate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[Sr+2].[Sr+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JOPDZQBPOWAEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 3
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyraldehyde Chemical compound CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium nitrate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000421 cerium(III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 2
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium nitrate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O DHEQXMRUPNDRPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZYRSLHNPKPEFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-1-butanol Chemical class CCC(CC)CO TZYRSLHNPKPEFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012691 Cu precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012327 Ruthenium complex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007806 chemical reaction intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001701 hydrotalcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001545 hydrotalcite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VCRYGHPVKURQMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;platinum Chemical compound C.[Pt] VCRYGHPVKURQMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sm+3].[Sm+3] FKTOIHSPIPYAPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric aldehyde Natural products CCCCC=O HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/78—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/32—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring increasing the number of carbon atoms by reactions without formation of -OH groups
- C07C29/34—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring increasing the number of carbon atoms by reactions without formation of -OH groups by condensation involving hydroxy groups or the mineral ester groups derived therefrom, e.g. Guerbet reaction
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种活性炭负载型铜‑金属氧化物催化剂及其制备方法与应用,所述的催化剂由如下质量百分数的组分组成:载体活性炭55%~98%、金属Cu 1%~20%、金属氧化物MOx 1%~25%;本发明催化剂制备方便、成本低廉,可应用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应中,应用时采用固定床连续化反应,流程简单,反应条件相对温和,产物中正丁醇的收率达到10wt%~30wt%,产物分离后未反应的乙醇可循环再用。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂(Cu-MOx/AC)及其制备方法和应用,该催化剂可用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇。
(二)背景技术
由于化石资源的日益枯竭及其使用时带来的温室效应问题,使得可再生生物质燃料的开发及利用越来越受到人们的重视。作为一种可再生生物质燃料,生物乙醇作为汽油调合组分在欧洲、美洲、亚洲的许多国家已经广泛使用。然而,乙醇具有吸湿性强、能源密度低、腐蚀发动机汽缸等问题,因而并不是理想的汽油调合组分。丁醇难溶于水、能源密度高、对汽车发动机腐蚀性小,与乙醇相比可以与汽油以更高的比例混合(20%vs 10%),且无需对车辆进行改造,因而成为当前乙醇汽油调合组分的理想替代品。
正丁醇当前主要用于合成邻苯二甲酸二丁脂、脂肪族丁脂类及磷酸丁脂类增塑剂,这些脂类增塑剂广泛应用于各种塑料和橡胶制品。工业上正丁醇是以石油基乙烯为原料,经选择性氧化、羟醛缩合和加氢反应合成,或者以石油基丙烯为原料经羰基化和加氢反应得到。正丁醇也可采用与乙醇相似的发酵流程以生物质原料(当前主要是谷物)制取,但是生物发酵法制取丁醇的效率很低,同时生产丁醇需用较大的蒸发、加热、冷却等设施,投资费用较高。而另一方面,工业上采用生物发酵法可以将各种淀粉质和糖类生物质原料转化为生物乙醇,该工艺已经相当成熟并具备一定规模;同时,以纤维素(包括农作物秸秆、林业加工废料、甘蔗渣及城市垃圾等)为原料的第二代生物乙醇生产技术已经成为美国、日本等发达国家竞相开发的新技术方向,并且取得了较大的进展。因此,通过催化转化法将生物乙醇变成生物丁醇也随之成为当前学术和工业界关注的热点之一。在公开发表的文献中,铱、钌的络合物催化剂被用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应,并且取得了较高的丁醇选择性及收率,但是其制备复杂、使用氢氧化钠、乙醇钠等可溶性强碱作为乙醛羟醛缩合步骤的催化剂,特别是其采用釜式反应器,催化剂分离困难,反应不能连续化进行,因而不利于将来丁醇燃料的大规模生产[Dowson,G.R.M.,Haddow,M.F.,Wass,D.F.,Catalytic conversionof ethanol into an advanced biofuel:unprecedented selectivity for n-butanol.,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2013,52,9005-9008;Chakraborty,S.P,Piszel,E.P.,Cassandra,E.H.,Jones,W.D.,Highly selective formation of n-butanol from ethanol throughthe Guerbet process:A tandem catalytic approach.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2015,137,14264-14267;Wingad,R.L.,Gates,P.J.,Street,S.T.G.,Wass,D.F.,Catalyticconversion of ethanol to n-butanol using ruthenium P-N Ligand complexes.,ACSCatal.,2015,5,5822-5826]。水滑石、磷灰石、磷酸锶、氧化铝负载铜和镍等固体催化剂用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇的反应也有许多公开报道,但是其丁醇的收率普遍较低(一般低于10wt%),并且反应温度和压力较高[Carvalho,D.L.,de Avillez,R.R.,Borges,L.E.P.,Mg and Al mixed oxides and the synthesis of n-butanol fromethanol.Appl.Catal.A.,2012,415-416,96-100;Tsuchida,T.,Sakuma,S.,Takeguchi,T.,Ueda,W.,Yoshioka,T.,Reaction of ethanol over hydroxyapatite affected by Ca/Pratio of catalyst.J.Catal.,2008,259,183-189;OgO,S.,Onda,A.,Yanagisawa,K.,Selective synthesis of 1-butanol from ethanol over strontium phosphatehydroxyapatite catalysts.Appl.Catal.A.,2011,402,188-195;OgO,S.,Onda,A.,Yanagisawa,K.,Iwasa,Y.,Hara,K.,Fukuoka,A.1-Butanol synthesis from ethanolover strontium phosphate hydroxyapatite catalysts with various Sr/Pratios.J.Catal.,2012,296,24-30;Riittonen,T.,Toukoniitty,E.,Madnani,D.K.,Leino,A.-R.,Kordas.One-pot liquid-phase catalytic conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol over aluminium oxide—the effect of the active metal on theselectivity.Catalysts,2012,2,68-84;Dziugan,P.,Jastrzabek,K.G.,Binczarski,M.,Karski,S.Continuous catalytic coupling of raw bioethanol into butanol andhigher homologues,Fuel,2015,158,81-90;Jordison,T.L.,Lira,C.T.,Miller.D.J.,Condensed phase ethanol conversion to higher alcohols.,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,2015,54,10991-11000;Riittonen,T.,Eranen,K.,Maki-Arvela,P.,Shchukarev,A.,Rautio,A.R.,Continuous liquid-phase valorization of bio-ethanol towards bio-butanol over metal modified alumina.Renew.Energ.,2015,74,369-378]。而在最新的文献中,大比表面氧化铈负载的铜被用于乙醇催化升级制丁醇反应,并且取得了67%的乙醇转化率和高达30%的丁醇收率,但是其在超临界二氧化碳介质中进行,高于10MPa的反应压力提高了对反应设备材质的要求,并且单位体积反应器丁醇的生产能力较低,因而其工业应用也受到一定程度的制约[Earley,J.H.,Bourne,R.A.,Watson,M.J.,Continuouscatalytic upgrading of ethanol to n-butanol and>C4products over Cu/CeO2catalysts in supercritical CO2.Green Chem.,2015,17,3018-30 25]。
活性炭具有发达的孔隙结构、高比表面积和丰富的表面活性基团,在工业上被广泛用于贵金属催化剂(如钯炭、铂炭等)的载体。然而由于铜的Hüttig温度(134℃)较低,加上其与活性炭载体之间较弱的相互作用,使得铜纳米粒子在活性炭表面易于烧结长大,因而铜基催化剂通常很少以活性炭为载体。
(三)发明内容
本发明通过在高比表面活性炭载体的内外表面引入适量的碱土金属或稀土金属氧化物,实现了铜活性组分在活性炭表面的高度分散及铜纳米粒子的稳定存在,同时引入了碱性活性中心,从而制备出高效、稳定的乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇的Cu-MOx/AC多功能催化剂。其应用于固定床乙醇连续脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应,在150~300℃、0.1~4.0MPa、LHSV=0.5~4h-1、氮气/乙醇=100~600:1(体积比)的反应条件下,表现出高达10wt%~30wt%的丁醇收率,特别是其在200h小试实验的后期达到稳定状态。
因此,本发明提供了一种活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂(Cu-MOx/AC)及其制备方法和应用,该催化剂应用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇的固定床连续催化反应,具有较高的乙醇转化活性、丁醇选择性及收率,并具有较高的稳定性。
本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂(记作Cu-MOx/AC),由如下质量百分数的组分组成:
载体活性炭 55%~98%
金属Cu 1%~20%
金属氧化物MOx 1%~25%
优选的,所述活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂由如下质量百分数的组分组成:
载体活性炭 65%~98%
金属Cu 1%~15%
金属氧化物MOx 1%~20%
本发明中,所述的载体活性炭为颗粒状或柱状,比表面为800~2500m2/g,最可几孔径为1~6nm,孔容为0.1~2.0ml/g;颗粒状活性炭的直径为0.4~3.5mm,颗粒强度:平均值大于1Kg/颗;柱状活性炭的颗粒直径为0.8~4mm,长度3~8mm,颗粒强度:径向强度平均值大于50N/cm。
所述的金属氧化物MOx中,M表示碱土金属或稀土金属,所述的碱土金属包括Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba等,所述的稀土金属包括La、Ce、Sm等,x=1、1.5或2。
作为本发明催化剂中的碱性活性组分,所述的金属氧化物MOx为碱土金属氧化物或稀土金属氧化物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物,优选所述的金属氧化物MOx为稀土金属氧化物中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物;具体的,所述金属氧化物MOx为MgO、CaO、SrO、BaO、La2O3、CeO2、Sm2O3中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物;碱性活性组分的加入有利于提高铜的分散度及稳定性,同时提供了中间产物乙醛缩合的活性中心,从而提高了催化剂的活性、选择性以及稳定性。
本发明以颗粒状或柱状活性炭为载体,在活性炭的内外表面负载了Cu和碱性活性组分MOx,制成了颗粒状或柱状Cu-MOx/AC催化剂。活性炭载体的高比表面有利于实现Cu和碱性活性组分MOx的高度分散及紧密相互作用,这不仅提高了催化剂的乙醇脱氢活性,而且提高了中间产物乙醛经羟醛缩合得到丁醇的选择性;同时,Cu和碱性活性组分MOx之间紧密的相互作用稳定了活性炭载体表面的铜纳米粒子,在一定程度上限制了其烧结和长大。因而本发明催化剂在乙醇固定床连续脱氢缩合制丁醇的反应中表现出较高的活性、丁醇选择性和稳定性。
本发明还提供了所述活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂的制备方法,所述的制备方法包括共浸渍法、分步浸渍法两类,制备方法中物料的投料量按上述催化剂的组分组成进行换算。
所述共浸渍法的操作步骤为:
将干燥的载体活性炭浸没于Cu前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)和MOx前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)混合物的溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干(使Cu前驱体和MOx前驱体均匀地负载到载体活性炭的内外表面),剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选120~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后得到所述的活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂。
所述的分步浸渍法有3种,分别为:
分布浸渍法a,其操作步骤为:
将干燥的载体活性炭浸没于Cu前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后再浸没于MOx前驱体(浓度为0.05~0.5M)溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后得到所述的活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂。
分布浸渍法b,其操作步骤为:
将干燥的载体活性炭浸没于MOx前驱体(浓度0.05~1M)溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后再浸没于Cu前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后得到所述的活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂。
分布浸渍法c,其操作步骤为:
将干燥的载体活性炭浸没于Cu前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)和MOx前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)混合物的溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后再浸没于MOx前驱体(浓度为0.05~1M)溶液中,搅拌均匀后放置1~4h,然后将溶剂蒸干,剩余物质置于管式炉中,在80~700℃(优选110~550℃)、惰性气氛下处理1~20h,冷却后得到所述的活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂。
上述制备方法中,
用于配制所述的Cu前驱体溶液、MOx前驱体溶液、或者Cu前驱体和MOx前驱体混合物的溶液的溶剂各自独立为甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇或去离子水等。
所述的Cu前驱体为硝酸铜、氯化铜、乙酸铜等可溶性铜盐中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物。
所述的MOx前驱体为硝酸镁、硝酸钙、硝酸锶、硝酸钡、硝酸镧、硝酸铈、硝酸钐等中的一种或两种以上任意比例的混合物。
上述制备方法中涉及的溶剂蒸干在旋转蒸发仪上进行,旋转蒸发仪电机的转速为10~50rpm,其腔体内的真空度为0.08~0.1MPa。
本发明所述的活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂可应用于乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应,所述的反应在固定床反应器中连续进行,本发明催化剂在该反应中表现出10wt%~30wt%的丁醇收率。
本发明催化剂在使用前需要进行预处理,所述的预处理在流动的氮气、氢气或体积比1:10的氢气/氮气混合气中进行,空速为100~3000h-1,温度为150~550℃,时间为0.5~10h。
优选的,所述乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇的反应条件为:温度150~300℃,反应压力0.1~4.0MPa,液体空速0.5~4.0h-1,氮气/乙醇=100~600:1(体积比)。在该条件下,所述的丁醇选择性及收率最高,并具有较好的稳定性。反应的主要副产物有乙醛、丁醛、乙酸乙酯、2-乙基丁醇、正己醇等,未反应的乙醇可循环再用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果体现在:
(1)由上述方法制得的颗粒状或柱状Cu-MOx/AC催化剂中,铜与碱性活性组分MOx的相互作用紧密,且高度分散于高比表面活性炭载体的内外表面,因而该催化剂不仅乙醇脱氢活性高,而且反应中间产物乙醛经羟醛缩合得到丁醇的选择性也高;同时铜和碱性活性组分MOx之间紧密的相互作用稳定了活性炭载体表面的铜纳米粒子,在一定程度上限制了其烧结和长大,从而使该催化剂也具有较好的稳定性。
(2)所述的Cu-MOx/AC催化剂为颗粒状或柱状;颗粒状时直径为0.4~3.5mm,颗粒强度:平均值大于1Kg/颗;柱状时直径为0.8~4mm,长度3~8mm,颗粒强度:径向强度平均值大于50N/cm。该催化剂适用于乙醇固定床连续催化转化制正丁醇的工业化生产,从而克服了使用均相催化剂或粉末状催化剂的间歇式反应工艺中催化剂制备复杂及分离困难、劳动强度大、生产操作不安全等一系列问题。
综上,本发明的催化剂制备方便、成本低廉,应用时采用固定床连续化反应,流程简单,反应条件相对温和,产物中正丁醇的收率达到10wt%~30wt%,产物分离后未反应的乙醇可循环再用。
(四)附图说明
图1为乙醇连续脱氢缩合制正丁醇固定床反应装置的示意图;图1中,1-计量泵,2-汽化器,3-固定床反应器,4-催化剂床层,5-测温点,6-冷凝器,A-液体原料进口,B-氮气进口,C-反应器顶部,D-反应器底部,E-产品出口。
图2为实施例3制得的催化剂C上乙醇固定床连续脱氢缩合制正丁醇200h的评价结果;反应条件为:温度250℃,压力2.0MPa,液体空速为2.0h-1,氮气/乙醇=500:1(体积比)。
(五)具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此。
实施例1
将0.7603g硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)和0.4555g硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)加入到10ml去离子水中,待其溶解、混合均匀后,将2g柱状活性炭颗粒加入其中浸渍4h。将上述混合物在旋转蒸发仪上先于50℃,0.09MPa的条件下干燥3h,再于80℃、0.09MPa干燥2h。将干燥后的固体物质置于管式炉中于450℃、氮气气氛里焙烧3h得到催化剂A。其金属Cu的负载量为8.4wt%,CeO2的负载量为7.6wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为124.2N/cm;其比表面积为1001.3m2/g,最可几孔径为2.9nm,孔容为0.49ml/g。
实施例2
催化剂B的制备方法同实施例1,但浸渍溶剂换成无水乙醇。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.4wt%,CeO2的负载量为7.6wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为123.5N/cm;其比表面积为1005.8m2/g,最可几孔径为2.8nm,孔容为0.49ml/g。
实施例3
催化剂C的制备方法同实施例2,但硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)的质量为0.6833g。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.1wt%,CeO2的负载量为10.9wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为117.1N/cm;其比表面积为988.4m2/g,最可几孔径为2.9nm,孔容为0.45ml/g。
实施例4
催化剂D的制备方法同实施例2,但硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)的质量为0.3416g。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.6wt%,CeO2的负载量为5.8wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为118.1N/cm;其比表面积为1010.2m2/g,最可几孔径为2.7nm,孔容为0.50ml/g。
实施例5
将0.7603g硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)和0.4542g硝酸镧(La(NO3)3·6H2O)加入到10ml无水乙醇中,待其溶解、混合均匀后,将2g柱状活性炭颗粒加入其中浸渍4h。将上述混合物在旋转蒸发仪上先于50℃,0.09MPa的条件下干燥3h,再于80℃、0.09MPa干燥2h。将干燥后的固体物质置于管式炉中于450℃、氮气气氛里焙烧3h得到催化剂E。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.4wt%,La2O3的负载量为7.2wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的圆柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为120.5N/cm;其比表面积为1001.3m2/g,最可几孔径为2.8nm,孔容为0.49ml/g。
实施例6
将0.7603g硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)加入到10ml无水乙醇中,待其溶解、混合均匀后,将2g柱状活性炭颗粒加入其中浸渍4h。将上述混合物在旋转蒸发仪上先于50℃,0.09MPa的条件下干燥3h,再于80℃、0.09MPa干燥2h。将干燥后的固体物质置于管式炉中于450℃、氮气气氛里焙烧3h。再将冷却后所得的固体物质加入由1.3665g硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)和10ml无水乙醇配制的溶液中浸渍4h。再重复上述的干燥、焙烧程序得到催化剂F。其金属Cu的重量含量为7.3wt%,Ce2O3的负载量为19.8wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的圆柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为110.2N/cm;其比表面积为861.3m2/g,最可几孔径为2.8nm,孔容为0.36ml/g。
实施例7
将0.7603g硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)和0.2278g硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)加入到10ml无水乙醇中,待其溶解、混合均匀后,将2g柱状活性炭颗粒加入其中浸渍4h。将上述混合物在旋转蒸发仪上先于50℃,0.09MPa的条件下干燥3h,再于80℃、0.09MPa干燥2h。将干燥后的固体物质置于管式炉中于450℃、氮气气氛里焙烧3h。再将冷却后所得的固体物质加入由0.4555g硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)和10ml无水乙醇配制的溶液中浸渍4h。再重复上述的干燥、焙烧程序得到催化剂G。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.1wt%,Ce2O3的负载量为10.9wt%,其余为活性炭载体;所得催化剂为直径0.8mm、长3~8mm的圆柱形颗粒,颗粒径向平均强度为115.5N/cm;其比表面积为983.3m2/g,最可几孔径为2.8nm,孔容为0.45ml/g。
对比例1
催化剂H的制备方法同实施例1,但所用的载体为0.85~1.4mm的球形硅胶颗粒。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.4wt%,CeO2的负载量为7.6wt%,其余为硅胶载体;所得催化剂为0.85~1.4mm的球形颗粒,其平均强度为7.9Kg/颗;所得催化剂的比表面积为355.0m2/g,最可几孔径为9.6nm,孔容为0.81ml/g。
对比例2
催化剂I的制备方法同实施例1,但所用的载体为0.85~1.4mm的球形γ-氧化铝颗粒。其金属Cu的重量含量为8.4wt%,CeO2的负载量为7.6wt%,其余为氧化铝载体;所得催化剂为0.85~1.4mm的球形颗粒,其平均强度为5.8Kg/颗;所得催化剂的比表面积为260.0m2/g,最可几孔径为6.8nm,孔容为0.60ml/g。
催化剂A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H和I在固定床乙醇连续脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应中的反应条件和结果如表1所示。
表1 不同催化剂在固定床乙醇连续脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应中的反应条件和结果
由表1的结果可以知道,与实施例的催化剂A、B、C、D、E、F和G相比,对比例的催化剂H和I上丁醇的选择性及收率低很多(主要生成乙酸乙酯);这一结果可能是硅胶或γ-氧化铝载体与铜、碱性活性组分MOx之间较强的相互作用及其引起的活性组分价态、形貌等的变化所致;相比于活性炭,硅胶和γ-氧化铝不同的表面性质,特别是酸性性质也应该是以其为载体时副产物很多的重要原因之一。
Claims (4)
1.一种活性炭负载型铜-金属氧化物催化剂在乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇反应中的应用,所述的催化剂由如下质量百分数的组分组成:
载体活性炭 55%~98%
金属Cu 1%~20%
金属氧化物MOx 1%~25%
其中,所述的金属氧化物MOx为La2O3、CeO2中的一种或两种以任意比例的混合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的催化剂由如下质量百分数的组分组成:
载体活性炭 65%~98%
金属Cu 1%~15%
金属氧化物MOx 1%~20%。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的载体活性炭为颗粒状或柱状,比表面为800~2500m2/g,最可几孔径为1~6nm,孔容为0.1~2.0ml/g;颗粒状活性炭的直径为0.4~3.5mm,颗粒强度:平均值大于1Kg/颗;柱状活性炭的颗粒直径为0.8~4mm,长度3~8mm,颗粒强度:径向强度平均值大于50N/cm。
4.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的反应在固定床反应器中连续进行,所述乙醇脱氢缩合制正丁醇的反应条件为:温度150~300℃,反应压力0.1~4.0MPa,液体空速0.5~4.0h-1,氮气/乙醇体积比=100~600:1;
所述的催化剂在使用前经过预处理,所述的预处理在流动的氮气、氢气或体积比1:10的氢气/氮气混合气中进行,空速为100~3000h-1,温度为150~550℃,时间为0.5~10h。
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