CN106050930B - 滚动元件轴承 - Google Patents

滚动元件轴承 Download PDF

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CN106050930B
CN106050930B CN201610228085.8A CN201610228085A CN106050930B CN 106050930 B CN106050930 B CN 106050930B CN 201610228085 A CN201610228085 A CN 201610228085A CN 106050930 B CN106050930 B CN 106050930B
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rolling element
element bearing
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CN106050930A (zh
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J.王
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6637—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with liquid lubricant
    • F16C33/6681—Details of distribution or circulation inside the bearing, e.g. grooves on the cage or passages in the rolling elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/38—Ball cages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6603—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with grease as lubricant
    • F16C33/6629—Details of distribution or circulation inside the bearing, e.g. grooves on the cage or passages in the rolling elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/38—Ball cages
    • F16C33/3806—Details of interaction of cage and race, e.g. retention, centring
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/38—Ball cages
    • F16C33/44—Selection of substances
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/46—Cages for rollers or needles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6603—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with grease as lubricant
    • F16C33/6607—Retaining the grease in or near the bearing
    • F16C33/6614—Retaining the grease in or near the bearing in recesses or cavities provided in retainers, races or rolling elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6637—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with liquid lubricant
    • F16C33/664—Retaining the liquid in or near the bearing
    • F16C33/6651—Retaining the liquid in or near the bearing in recesses or cavities provided in retainers, races or rolling elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C37/00—Cooling of bearings
    • F16C37/007—Cooling of bearings of rolling bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/16—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with a single row of balls
    • F16C19/163—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with a single row of balls with angular contact
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2300/00—Application independent of particular apparatuses
    • F16C2300/20—Application independent of particular apparatuses related to type of movement
    • F16C2300/22—High-speed rotation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/38—Ball cages
    • F16C33/3837—Massive or moulded cages having cage pockets surrounding the balls, e.g. machined window cages
    • F16C33/3843—Massive or moulded cages having cage pockets surrounding the balls, e.g. machined window cages formed as one-piece cages, i.e. monoblock cages
    • F16C33/3856—Massive or moulded cages having cage pockets surrounding the balls, e.g. machined window cages formed as one-piece cages, i.e. monoblock cages made from plastic, e.g. injection moulded window cages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6603—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with grease as lubricant
    • F16C33/6607—Retaining the grease in or near the bearing

Abstract

本发明涉及滚动元件轴承(1)，包括至少一个轴承内环(2)和至少一个轴承外环(3)，其中，滚动元件(4)被布置在所述内环(2)和所述外环(3)之间，其中滚动元件(4)由保持架(5)引导。为了改进轴承润滑，本发明提出，保持架(5)包括至少一个开口(6a，6b)，特别是钻孔，其中，所述开口(6a，6b)从径向内表面(7)穿过所述保持架(5)至径向外表面(8)。

Description

滚动元件轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及滚动元件轴承，其包括至少一个轴承内环和至少一个轴承外环，其中所述滚动元件布置在所述轴承内环和轴承外环之间，其中所述滚动元件由保持架引导，其中所述保持架包括至少一个开口、特别是钻孔，其中所述开口从径向内表面穿过保持架至径向外表面。
背景技术
在本领域中已知一般类型的轴承。示例参考JP 2004340268A、EP2562437A2和US3743369A。尤其在高速滚动元件轴承的情况下，轴承中产生相当多的热量。保持架过热是高速运转中轴承损坏的主要原因。保持架过热经常在保持架引导区开始，因为保持架外表面和外环引导表面之间存在小间隙。由于快速旋转的保持架和静止的外环之间的滑动摩擦，在引导区处发热。
因此，本发明的目标是进一步发展一般类型的滚动元件轴承，以使得润滑得到改善，并且在高速运转时轴承中减少发热。由此，滚动元件轴承的寿命增加。
发明内容
根据本发明的解决方案在于，至少一个开口的径向外端部终止于保持架的径向外表面中的凹槽中。
优选地，多个开口布置在保持架中。开口可沿保持架的圆周等距离地布置。
至少一个开口可布置在保持架的轴向端部区域中。出于平衡原因，也可以将开口布置在保持架的两个轴向端部区域中。
至少一个开口优选地是钻孔，并且具有通过保持架的在径向方向上延伸的轴线。
作为替代方案，可以提供的是，至少一个开口是钻孔并且具有通过保持架的与径向方向成一角度延伸的轴线；该角度优选地在5°和30°之间。如果孔(钻孔)以一角度布置，那么油脂轴承润滑可得到进一步改进(见以下解释)。
至少一个开口可通过钻孔工艺制造。
凹槽可以是在保持架的径向外表面中的环形凹槽。此外，可以提供的是，凹槽在保持架的径向横截面上具有弧形形状；弧形形状优选地是圆形弧或椭圆形弧。
保持架优选地在径向外表面具有滑动表面，其设计用于与滚动元件轴承的轴承外环的径向内滑动表面滑动接触。
滚动元件轴承可以是球轴承。特别优选地，球轴承是角接触球轴承(ACBB)。
保持架可由塑料材料制成。
优选地，轴承至少部分地填充有润滑剂，特别是油或油脂。
由此，本发明提供具有自泵孔(self pumping holes)和阻尼凹槽(dampinggroove)的保持架的设计。在保持架中的径向孔允许的是，流体泵送流动通过保持架旋转本身被引入。贯穿孔的至引导表面的泵送流动减少了摩擦并且去除了滑动表面产生的热。因此，由于高的流体泵送率，更高的轴承速度是可能的。
通常，该应用是带有外环引导保持架的高速轴承。本发明既用于油润滑也用于油脂润滑。
有利地，当保持架碰撞外环引导肩部时，在保持架泵送孔顶部的凹槽允许保持住一些油，用于更好的润滑和保持架阻尼，也就是说，本发明由此提供具有泵送孔和阻尼凹槽的高速保持架。
特别地，除了对于保持架引导表面的冷却效果，所提出的在保持架另一侧具有开口、构造为与径向方向成角度的构思，提供了改进的润滑，尤其是对于具有油脂润滑的高速角接触球轴承来说。
附图说明
唯一的附图1示出本发明的实施方式。附图1示出通过带有根据本发明的保持架的滚动元件轴承的径向横截面视图。
附图标记说明
1 滚动元件轴承
2 轴承内环
3 轴承外环
4 滚动元件
5 保持架
6a，6b 径向开口(钻孔)
7 保持架的径向内表面
8 保持架的径向外表面
9 凹槽
10 保持架的滑动表面
11 轴承外环的滑动表面
12 油脂储藏
r 径向方向
F 流动方向
α 角度
具体实施方式
在附图中示出滚动元件轴承1，在本例中为球轴承。轴承1具有轴承内环2和轴承外环3。滚动元件4以常见方式布置在内环2和外环3之间。滚动元件4由保持架5引导。
保持架5具有用于容纳滚动元件4的凹穴(pocket)。在图示示例中，保持架5具有径向内表面7和径向外表面8。径向外表面8部分地设计为保持架5的滑动表面10。该滑动表面10可在轴承外环3的滑动表面11上滑动，以相对于轴承外环3引导保持架5。也就是，保持架5以保持架5的左轴向端部区域在轴承外环3的肩部上被引导。
为了在保持架5的滑动表面10和外环3的滑动表面11之间所述滑动接触处提供低摩擦，所述保持架5包括多个开口6a，在本例中是钻孔。在保持架的相反的轴向侧，可在保持架5中设有另一组开口6b。开口6a、6b从径向内表面7穿过保持架5至径向外表面8。开口可具有定向在径向方向r上的轴线。在根据附图所述的本实施方式中，提供一种解决方案，开口6a、6b的轴线布置为与径向方向r呈角度α，从而在径向向外的方向上轴向地向内延伸。所述角度优选地在5°和30°之间。
在本例中，径向钻孔6a、6b被钻入保持架5中。在图示实施方式中，在非引导侧(右侧)的钻孔6b是用于保持架平衡的目的；但是如下所释，该实施方式还有其它优势。
保持架5的快速旋转产生离心力，通过保持架孔将空气/油泵入保持架引导区。这由F指示的箭头(流动方向)示出。
通过保持架5泵送的流体将由保持架剪切和保持架滑动摩擦所产生的热从引导区带走。
为了促进这一效果，钻孔6a终止于凹槽9中，该凹槽是围绕保持架5的整个圆周延伸的环形凹槽。这里，润滑剂可被收集并且在两个滑动表面10和11之间形成润滑剂衬垫(cushion)。钻孔6b也可以终止于环形凹槽中。
以下解释给出本发明构思的效果：
油脂润滑轴承的速度受到轴承温度升高(通常由于润滑情况不佳)的限制。在高速运转时，例如对于乘积(n x dm)(n轴承旋转速度，单位为rpm，dm是轴承节径，单位为mm)速度高于10E6，轴承速度很高使得内滚道和保持架5上的油脂被离心力快速甩出。即使在有一些油脂可以用一段时间的外滚道上，在高速运转时用于接触点补给的时间间隔也太短。为了改善高速轴承的油脂润滑，需要增强滚道上的润滑剂补给。
在保持架5上的开口6b改进在高速状态的轴承润滑。在被离心力初始搅动和甩出以后，一些油脂位于外环肩部上，形成油脂储藏(grease reservoir)12。
以角度α构建的保持架5的开口6b在保持架5高速旋转时通过离心力产生流动。所产生的流动推动油脂储藏12的一部分靠近滚动元件和滚道。这样，从油脂储藏12流出的油用更短的时间流回到接触点。
另外，当流动经过油脂储藏12的表面时，从储藏流出的油以及甚至在储藏表面上的油脂层将会被切断并且被流动带回到滚动元件以及外滚道。
因此，润滑得到显著改善。

Claims (13)

1.一种滚动元件轴承(1)，包括至少一个轴承内环(2)和至少一个轴承外环(3)，其中，滚动元件(4)布置在所述轴承内环(2)和所述轴承外环(3)之间，其中，所述滚动元件由保持架(5)引导，其中所述保持架(5)包括至少一个开口(6a，6b)，其中，所述开口(6a，6b)从径向内表面(7)穿过所述保持架(5)至径向外表面(8)，
其特征在于
所述至少一个开口(6a，6b)的径向外端部终止于所述保持架(5)的径向外表面(8)中的凹槽(9)中,
所述保持架(5)的径向内表面(7)不与所述滚动元件轴承(1)的轴承内环(2)的径向外表面接触；
所述凹槽在所述保持架的径向横截面上具有弧形形状；
所述至少一个开口(6a，6b)是钻孔并且具有通过所述保持架(5)的与径向方向(r)成一角度(α)延伸的轴线，其中，所述角度(α)在5°和30°之间；
作为引导区的所述保持架的一个轴向端部区域由所述轴承外环引导；
所述保持架的另一个轴向端部区域是非引导区；
所述开口布置在所述保持架的引导区和非引导区上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，多个开口(6a，6b)被布置在所述保持架(5)中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述开口(6a，6b)沿着所述保持架(5)的圆周被等距离地布置。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述至少一个开口被布置在所述保持架(5)的至少一个轴向端部区域中。
5.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述开口(6a，6b)被布置在所述保持架(5)的两个轴向端部区域中。
6.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述至少一个开口(6a，6b)是钻孔并且具有通过所述保持架(5)的在径向方向(r)上延伸的轴线。
7.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特张在于，所述至少一个开口(6a，6b)通过钻孔工艺制造。
8.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述凹槽(9)是在所述保持架(5)的径向外表面(8)中的环形凹槽。
9.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述弧形形状是圆形弧或椭圆形弧。
10.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述保持架(5)在所述径向外表面(8)处具有滑动表面(10)，其设计用于与所述滚动元件轴承(1)的轴承外环(3)的径向内滑动表面(11)滑动接触。
11.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述滚动元件轴承是球轴承。
12.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述保持架(5)由塑料材料制成。
13.根据权利要求1至3中的其中一项所述的滚动元件轴承，其特征在于，所述滚动元件轴承至少部分地填充有润滑剂。
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