CN105995184A - 一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料 - Google Patents
一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105995184A CN105995184A CN201610314915.9A CN201610314915A CN105995184A CN 105995184 A CN105995184 A CN 105995184A CN 201610314915 A CN201610314915 A CN 201610314915A CN 105995184 A CN105995184 A CN 105995184A
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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Abstract
本发明属于水产饲料技术领域，具体公开了一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料。所述饲料包含如下重量百分数的各营养组分：粗蛋白38～45%，粗脂肪6～10%，总糖15～30%，灰分7～15%，盐分1～4%，总磷1～3%，水分7～10%，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。本发明中海洋红酵母提取物采用酶解及超声破碎两者相结合，中间反应条件经过优化，破壁效果较好，操作简便易行，且对环境污染较少；采用本发明配方生产的饲料适口性好，饲养的南美白对虾取得较好的生长效果，同时肝脏抗氧化酶及免疫酶活较高，与无添加组饲料相比较，本发明饲料可取得较好的生长效果和提高南美白对虾的免疫和抗氧化能力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产饲料技术领域，具体地，涉及一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料。
背景技术
虾是深受人们喜爱的海鲜产品之一，南美白对虾是现在养殖最广的对虾品种，具有对水环境抗逆能力强，营养要求低、生长速度快、虾体含肉量大等诸多优点。但随着南美白对虾养殖规模的扩大，养殖环境恶化，细菌等病害的发展以及南美白对虾本身免疫力低下、成活率低的原因，严重影响南美白对虾产业的健康发展。因此，增强虾的自身免疫，提高机体防御能力而达到防治疾病。
海洋红酵母（Rhodotorula paludigenum）是从海洋泥土中分离出来的单细胞真核生物，菌体富含β-葡聚糖、甘露寡糖、活性多肽以及虾青素等生物活性物质。虾青素，是自然界广泛存在的类胡萝卜素的一种，有较好的耐盐性，是天然色素源、极具潜力的饲料蛋白和食品添加剂，具有很高的应用价值。海洋红酵母富含的活性物质有促进水生动物生长和提高抗氧化能力的作用，能显著增强动物免疫和抗应激能力，提高水生动物存活率，减少抗生素用量，是生态养殖的优良添加剂。应用于对虾产业具有广泛的应用前景。
目前对于海洋红酵母的提取工艺虽然屡有报道，但或多或少有所缺陷。因此，针对对虾产业及红酵母提取工艺所面临的问题，研究开发具有促进生长及增强免疫的南美白对虾配合饲料及较优的红酵母提取工艺已成当务之急。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的上述不足，提供一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料。所述饲料具有科学配伍、消化利用率高、适口性好、水中稳定性好、饵料系数低、成活率高、养殖效益显著等优点。
为实现上述目的，本发明是通过以下方案给予实现的：
一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料，包含如下重量百分数的各营养组分：粗蛋白38～45%，粗脂肪6～10%，总糖15～30%，灰分7～15%，盐分1～4%，总磷1～3%，水分7～10%，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
优选地，所述的南美白对虾饲料包含以下重量百分数的各原料组分：蛋白源原料40～70％，脂肪源原料3～11％，糖源原料20～35％，复合维生素0.4～1.5％，复合矿物盐1～1.5％，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
更优选地，如上所述海洋红酵母提取物的制备方法如下：取海洋红酵母干粉，加入2～5倍质量的蒸馏水制成悬浮液；超声破壁（超声功率500 V，超声时间10～40min，破碎2～8s，间歇1～6 s；调节pH至5.0～6.5，温度45～65℃，加入0.1～1%的木瓜蛋白酶，酶解6～24h；4℃，8000rpm，离心15min，取沉淀，冷冻干燥离心，所得即为酵母提取物。
优选地，所述蛋白源原料为磷虾粉或鱼粉或去皮豆粕或花生麸或其混合物。
优选地，所述脂肪源原料为进口鱼油或豆油或大豆磷脂或其混合物。
优选地，所述糖源原料为面粉。
优选的，所述饲料还含有磷酸二氢钙，其用量为0.5～2%。
优选地，所述复合维生素为维生素A，维生素D3，维生素E，维生素B1，维生素B2，维生素B6，维生素B12，叶酸，泛酸钙，维生素K，维生素C，肌醇，生物素，尼克酸，氯化胆碱；所述复合矿物盐为ZnSO4·7H2O，CaCO3，KCL，KI，NaCl，CuSO4·5H2O，CoSO4·7H2O，FeSO4·7H2O，MnSO4·H2O，MgSO4·7H2O。
优选地，所述饲料由以下重量百分数的各组分组成：磷虾粉3～5%，鱼粉15～25%，去皮豆粕15～25%，花生麸10～15，面粉20～30%，鱼油1～4%，豆油1～3%，大豆磷脂油1～4%，复合维生素0.4～1.5%，复合矿物盐1～1.5%，磷酸二氢钙0.5～2%，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
优选地，所述饲料由以下重量百分数的各原料组成：磷虾粉4%，鱼粉25%，去皮豆粕25%，花生麸12%，面粉26.61～26.88%，鱼油1%，豆油1%，大豆磷脂油1%，复合维生素1 .3%，复合矿物盐1%，磷酸二氢钙1%，海洋红酵母提取物0.81～1.08%。
本发明的南美白对虾饲料及酵母提取工艺的优点在于：
1）酵母提取物的提取工艺，不同于常见的酸碱法提取工艺，对环境影响污染小，且操作简便安全；
2）由于本饲料中加入海洋红酵母提取物，所采用的酵母提取物经过了酶解、超声破碎等工艺处理，提取物对对虾具有强烈的诱食作用,适口性好。经实验表明，喂食本饲料的南美白对虾，适口性好，摄食速度快，减少了饲料在水中的溶失，生长速度快；
3）由于本饲料中加入的海洋红酵母提取物，其中的酵母多糖（β-葡聚糖及甘露寡糖）具有改善肠道和提高动物免疫力的作用。喂食本饲料的南美白对虾，抗氧化能力强，机体免疫抗病力提高；
4）由于本饲料中除了多种蛋白原料，克服了单一蛋白源氨基酸不平衡的问题，同时加入了氨基酸混合物，使得饲料中的氨基酸更加平衡，更加符合南美白对虾的氨基酸营养需求，有效促进了对虾合成自身的体蛋白质，减少了氮的排放；
5）由于本发明饲料中磷酸二氢钙作为钙和磷的补充来源，提高了吸收利用率，同时注意比例平衡，有效地减少了磷的排放，减少了水体的污染；
6）由于所使用的原料均为饲料原料，不含人工色素和化学添加剂，不会对南美白对虾的营养价值产生不良影响，而且本饲料制作及酵母提取工艺操作简便易行，便于大规模推广。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作出进一步地详细阐述，所述实施例只用于解释本发明，并非用于限定本发明的范围。下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明，均为常规方法；所使用的材料、试剂等，如无特殊说明，为可从商业途径得到的试剂和材料。
实施例
1
分别以表1所示配方1、2、3、4、5配制饲料饲养初重为1.0g凡纳滨对虾8周，再分别比较配方2与配方1，配方3与配方1、配方4与配方1、配方5与配方1饲养下的凡纳滨对虾的各项生理指标。其中，配方1为未添加酵母提取物基础饲料，配方2添加0.81%酵母提取物，配方3添加1.08%酵母提取物，配方4添加0.27%酵母提取物，配方5添加1.36%酵母提取物。
表1 各实施例营养组成重量百分比（%）
| 原料 | 配方1 | 配方2 | 配方3 | 配方4 | 配方5 |
| 鱼粉 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 去皮豆粕 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| 花生麸 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| 面粉 | 27.7 | 26.89 | 26.62 | 27.42 | 26.33 |
| 磷虾粉 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 鱼油 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 大豆磷脂 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 豆油 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 复合维生素 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| 复合矿物盐 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 磷酸二氢钙 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 酵母提取物 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 1.08 | 0.27 | 1.36 |
复合维生素：维生素A 25万IU，维生素D3 4.5万IU，维生素E 2.5 g，维生素B1 250 mg，维生素B2 750mg，维生素B6 400 mg，维生素B12 1 mg，叶酸125mg，泛酸钙1250 mg，维生素K 250 mg，维生素C 7000 mg，肌醇8000 mg，生物素 10 mg、尼克酸2000 mg、氯化胆碱2000 mg。
复合矿物盐：ZnSO4·7H2O
0.04 g，CaCO3 37.9 g，KCL 5.3 g，KI 0.04 g，NaCl 2.6 g、CuSO4·5H2O
0.02 g、，CoSO4·7H2O 0.02 g，FeSO4·7H2O 0.9 g，MnSO4·H2O 0.03 g，MgSO4·7H2O 3.5 g。
海洋红酵母提取工艺为： 海洋红酵母干粉加4倍质量的蒸馏水制成悬浮液，然后进行超声破壁（500 V，30
min，破碎4 s，间歇2 s），调节pH至5.5，温度55 ℃，加入0.6%的木瓜蛋白酶（w/v），酶解18 h。离心（8000 rpm，4 ℃，15 min），取沉淀，冷冻干燥离心。即为所得酵母提取物。
试验指标包括：增重率WG(%)，特定生长率SGR（% d-1），饲料系数（FCR），成活率SR(%)，蛋白质效率（PER）。指标计算公式如下：
特定生长率SGR（% d-1）=100×(ln终末均重-ln初始均重)/实验天数
增重率WG(%)=(终末均重-初始均重)×100/初均重
成活率SR(%)=实验结束时剩虾尾数×100/实验开始时放虾尾数
饲料系数（FCR）= 饲料投喂量/（终末体重-初始体重）
表2 试验结果
| 统计指标 | 配方1 | 配方2 | 配方3 | 配方4 | 配方5 |
| 饲料系数 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 1.33 | 1.26 | 1.33 |
| 特定生长率（SGR，%d-1） | 4.90 | 4.97 | 4.99 | 4.95 | 4.99 |
| 增重率 | 1455.4% | 1517.9% | 1537.3% | 1495.00% | 1530.72% |
| 成活率 | 93.3% | 93.3% | 92.78% | 92.78% | 89.33% |
| 肝脏多酚（PPO）酶活（U/g） | 45.39 | 54.52 | 56.57 | 54.97 | 59.53 |
| 肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）酶活(gprot/L) | 59.59 | 65.20 | 64.17 | 60.92 | 63.64 |
| 碱性磷酸酶（AKP）酶活(gprot/L) | 7.68 | 8.31 | 8.30 | 7.92 | 8.41 |
| 酸性磷酸酶（ACP）酶活(gprot/L) | 9.87 | 10.64 | 11.14 | 10.60 | 11.34 |
对比配方1组与配方2组，可见添加0.81%的酵母提取物组较无添加组，它们的饲料系数成活率差异很小甚至无差异，但增重率和特定生长率，0.81%添加组却分别高于无添加组4.29%、1.43%，肝脏酶活，无添加组都小于0.81%添加组，显示了添加酵母提取物能改善生长和提高免疫能力与抗氧化能力。
对比配方1组与配方3组，可见添加1.08%的酵母提取物组较无添加组，饲料系数较高，成活率差异很小，但增重率和特定生长率，1.08%添加组却分别高于无添加组5.63%、1.84%，几种肝脏酶活，无添加组都小于1.08%添加组，显示了添加酵母提取物能改善生长和提高免疫能力与抗氧化能力。
对比配方1组与配方4组，可见添加0.27%的酵母提取物组较无添加组，它们的饲料系数成活率差异很小甚至无差异，但增重率和特定生长率，0.27%添加组却分别稍高于无添加组，肝脏酶活，无添加组都小于0.27%添加组，显示了添加酵母提取物能改善生长和提高免疫能力与抗氧化能力。但与高添加组比，生长指标及免疫、抗氧化酶方面稍差。
对比配方1组与配方5组，可见添加1.36%的酵母提取物组较无添加组，饲料系数较高，成活率差异很小，但增重率和特定生长率，1.36%添加组却分别高于无添加组，几种肝脏酶活，无添加组都小于1.36%添加组，显示了添加酵母提取物能改善生长和提高免疫能力与抗氧化能力。
实施例
2
本实施的饲料配方同实施例1中的配方3，唯一不同的是酵母提取物的制备方法不同于实施例1，本实施例酵母提取物的制备方法为：海洋红酵母干粉加2倍质量的蒸馏水制成悬浮液，然后进行超声破壁（500 v，20
min，破碎8 s，间歇4 s），调节pH至6.0，温度45 ℃，加入0.2%的木瓜蛋白酶（w/v），酶解24h。离心（8000 rpm，4 ℃，15 min），取沉淀，冷冻干燥离心。即为所得酵母提取物。
Claims (10)
1.一种添加海洋红酵母提取物的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，包含如下重量百分数的各营养组分：粗蛋白38～45%，粗脂肪6～10%，总糖15～30%，灰分7～15%，盐分1～4%，总磷1～3%，水分7～10%，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料包含以下重量百分数的各原料组分：蛋白源原料40～70％，脂肪源原料3～11％，糖源原料20～35％，复合维生素0.4～1.5％，复合矿物盐1～1.5％，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述海洋红酵母提取物的制备方法如下：取海洋红酵母干粉，加入2～5倍质量的蒸馏水制成悬浮液；500 V，10～40min超声破壁，破碎2～8s，间歇1～6 s；调节pH至5.0～6.5，温度45～65℃，加入0.1～1%的木瓜蛋白酶，酶解6～24h；4℃，8000rpm，离心15min，取沉淀，冷冻干燥离心，所得即为酵母提取物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述蛋白源原料为磷虾粉或鱼粉或去皮豆粕或花生麸或其混合物。
5.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述脂肪源原料为鱼油或豆油或大豆磷脂或其混合物。
6.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述糖源原料为面粉。
7.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料还含有磷酸二氢钙，其用量为0.5～2%。
8.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述复合维生素为维生素A，维生素D3，维生素E，维生素B1，维生素B2，维生素B6，维生素B12，叶酸，泛酸钙，维生素K，维生素C，肌醇，生物素，尼克酸，氯化胆碱；所述复合矿物盐为ZnSO4·7H2O，CaCO3，KCL，KI，NaCl，CuSO4·5H2O，CoSO4·7H2O，FeSO4·7H2O，MnSO4·H2O，MgSO4·7H2O。
9.根据权利要求2所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料由以下重量百分数的各原料组成：磷虾粉3～5%，鱼粉15～25%，去皮豆粕15～25%，花生麸10～15%，面粉20～30%，鱼油1～4%，豆油1～3%，大豆磷脂油1～4%，复合维生素0.5～1.5%，复合矿物盐1～1.5%，磷酸二氢钙0.5～2%，海洋红酵母提取物0.1～2%。
10.根据权利要求9所述的南美白对虾饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料由以下重量百分数的各原料组成：磷虾粉4%，鱼粉25%，去皮豆粕25%，花生麸12%，面粉26.61～26.88%，鱼油1%，豆油1%，大豆磷脂油1%，复合维生素1.3%，复合矿物盐1%，磷酸二氢钙1%，海洋红酵母提取物0.81～1.08%。
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Cited By (4)
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| CN107624999A (zh) * | 2017-09-15 | 2018-01-26 | 中山大学 | 一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 |
| CN107821766A (zh) * | 2017-11-06 | 2018-03-23 | 中山大学 | 一种可以提高抵抗盐度应激能力的南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 |
| CN109182132A (zh) * | 2018-08-16 | 2019-01-11 | 浙江海洋大学 | 产膝沟藻毒素的微小亚历山大藻的培养方法 |
| CN113712136A (zh) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-30 | 华南农业大学 | 一种提高南美白对虾抗应激能力的添加剂、饲料及其应用 |
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| CN105231023A (zh) * | 2015-09-17 | 2016-01-13 | 邵素英 | 一种热稳定性好的复合饲料添加剂 |
| CN105285526A (zh) * | 2015-12-02 | 2016-02-03 | 劳加舒 | 一种对虾饲料 |
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| CN105231023A (zh) * | 2015-09-17 | 2016-01-13 | 邵素英 | 一种热稳定性好的复合饲料添加剂 |
| CN105285526A (zh) * | 2015-12-02 | 2016-02-03 | 劳加舒 | 一种对虾饲料 |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107624999A (zh) * | 2017-09-15 | 2018-01-26 | 中山大学 | 一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 |
| CN107821766A (zh) * | 2017-11-06 | 2018-03-23 | 中山大学 | 一种可以提高抵抗盐度应激能力的南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 |
| CN109182132A (zh) * | 2018-08-16 | 2019-01-11 | 浙江海洋大学 | 产膝沟藻毒素的微小亚历山大藻的培养方法 |
| CN109182132B (zh) * | 2018-08-16 | 2021-09-14 | 浙江海洋大学 | 产膝沟藻毒素的微小亚历山大藻的培养方法 |
| CN113712136A (zh) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-30 | 华南农业大学 | 一种提高南美白对虾抗应激能力的添加剂、饲料及其应用 |
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