CN105920919A - 一种用于净化pm2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法 - Google Patents

一种用于净化pm2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法 Download PDF

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CN105920919A
CN105920919A CN201610329607.3A CN201610329607A CN105920919A CN 105920919 A CN105920919 A CN 105920919A CN 201610329607 A CN201610329607 A CN 201610329607A CN 105920919 A CN105920919 A CN 105920919A
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super
purifying
filter material
electret
hydrophobic
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CN105920919B (zh
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张立志
鲍爱兵
蔡容容
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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Priority to US16/300,168 priority patent/US11014028B2/en
Priority to PCT/CN2016/098632 priority patent/WO2017197812A1/en
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
    • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
    • B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
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    • B01D46/71—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter with pressurised gas, e.g. pulsed air
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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明属于空气净化材料技术领域，公开了一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法。所述方法为：将无机驻极体纳米粒子加入到溶剂当中分散均匀，再向其中加入聚合物，搅拌溶解均匀得到含无机驻极体纳米粒子的聚合物溶液；将上述溶液通过静电纺丝制备于无纺布上，得到驻极体纳米纤维层；再用低表面能溶液对纤维层表面进行表面修饰，得到产物。本发明所得滤材具有超疏水效果，表面电势大，即使在潮湿的空气中也会长久持有表面电势，而且还具有抑制微生物细菌等在滤材表面的生长。使用后的滤材经过高压电场清洁与活化，可反复使用，大大节约了生产成本，可广泛应用于空气净化等领域。

Description

一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法
技术领域
本发明属于空气净化材料技术领域，具体涉及一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法。
背景技术
高性能净化PM2.5的驻极体过滤材料不仅需要具有效率高、阻力低的特点，还需要在潮湿的空气中长久的持有表面电荷。传统的净化PM2.5的驻极体过滤材料都是亲水材料，并没有对材料进行表面处理，这样在使用一段时间之后表面电势就会衰减最终消失。另外，常规净化PM2.5的驻极体过滤材料在表面电势衰减之后过滤性能会大幅度下降，重新制作滤材直接导致了生产成本的提高。
目前，驻极体空气过滤材料的研究主要在于滤材的驻极方法上，驻极方法主要采用电晕放电和热极化的方式，这两种方式虽然可以制成效果比较理想的驻极体纤维滤材，但是缺点也是有目共睹的：驻极性能不够稳定，电荷容易衰减，装置比较复杂，成本偏高。国内2010年12月8日公开的CN101905101A发明型专利介绍了一种熔喷聚丙烯驻极体过滤材料的制备方法，它通过高速热空气挤出超细纤维然后电晕放电使其驻极制成驻极体材料，虽然制成的驻极体效率高，但是阻力大并且电势衰减快。美国2015年4月23日公开的US2015/0107457A1发明型专利介绍了一种用离心装置制造纤维材料并用电晕放电使其驻极，制成的纤维驻极体具有高效低阻的特点，但是装置过于复杂，成本过高。驻极体纤维滤材的电势受环境影响比较大，在中国南方如广东地区的潮湿空气中电势会很快衰减并消失，这大大降低了滤材的效率以及使用期限。2015年1月21日公开的CN104289042A的发明型专利介绍了一种利用静电纺丝制造驻极体纳米纤维的方法，利用这种方法制造的纤维具有较高的过滤效果，但是并未提及滤材的清洁与再生，滤材不能长时间工作。
发明内容
为了克服以上现有技术的缺点和不足之处，本发明的首要目的在于提供一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种通过上述方法制备得到的用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。
本发明的再一目的在于提供上述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的活化方法。
本发明目的通过以下技术方案实现：
一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，包括如下制备步骤：
(1)将含量为0.5-5wt.％的一种或几种无机驻极体纳米粒子加入到溶剂当中，超声震荡分散均匀，再向其中加入质量分数为5-25wt.％的聚合物，搅拌溶解均匀，得到含无机驻极体纳米粒子的聚合物溶液；
(2)将步骤(1)所得聚合物溶液通过静电纺丝技术制备于无纺布上，得到驻极体纳米纤维层；
(3)将低表面能物质溶于溶剂中，得到低表面能溶液，然后将其喷涂到步骤(2)所得驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行表面修饰，得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。
优选地，所述无机驻极体纳米粒子为二氧化硅、二氧化钛、钛酸钡或氮化硅。
优选地，步骤(1)中所述的聚合物是指聚偏氟乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚碳酸酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚苯乙烯或聚氨酯；所述溶剂的作用是溶解相应的聚合物，溶剂可选自N-N二甲基甲酰胺、丁酮、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷和甲基吡咯烷酮中的一种或两种以上的混合；作为更进一步的优选，所述聚合物和溶剂分别对应如下：
聚偏氟乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和丁酮质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚氯乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚丙烯腈：N-N二甲基甲酰胺；
聚碳酸酯：二氯甲烷；
聚醚酰亚胺：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和甲基吡咯烷酮质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚苯乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃质量比为3:1的混合溶剂；
聚氨酯:丁酮。
优选地，步骤(2)中所述静电纺丝的工艺条件为：电压10-30KV，接收距离5-25cm，注射速度1-5mL/h，温度0-35℃，相对湿度0-70％。
优选地，步骤(3)中所述低表面能物质选自硬脂酸、十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷、1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三乙氧基硅烷、1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷；所述溶剂是指甲醇或乙醇；作为更进一步的优选，所述低表面能物质和溶剂分别对应如下：
硬脂酸：乙醇；
十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷：甲醇；
1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三乙氧基硅烷：乙醇；
1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷：乙醇。
优选地，所述低表面能物质溶于溶剂中的体积比为1:1000。
一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材，通过上述方法制备得到，所述滤材为无纺布和超疏水驻极体纳米纤维的两层结构。
优选地，所述无纺布的克重为100-350g/m2，厚度为1-10mm；纳米纤维层的纳米纤维直径在100-900nm之间，纳米纤维层的克重为0.01-5g/m2，孔隙率≥85％，表面电势为1000V-4000V，疏水角大于150°。
上述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的活化方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)清洁：当滤材净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下滤材，把滤材作为阻挡介质放入高压电场中，通入与粒子电荷相同的高压，通过与粒子电荷相互排斥达到清洁的效果；
(2)喷涂和再生：重新将低表面能溶液喷涂到滤材纤维表面进行表面修饰，将喷涂过后的滤材再次作为阻挡介质放入高压电场中，对调高压电场的正负极进行高压带电处理，使滤材重新带上电荷进行净化工作。
优选地，步骤(1)在清洁的过程中同时进行吹扫，颗粒物随着吹扫风带走。
优选地，所述清洁过程中高压为5-15KV，电极类型为板状，面积与滤材的面积相当，正负电极之间的间距为10-50mm，处理时间不低于5S。
优选地，所述再生过程高压为5-15KV，处理时间不低于5S。
本发明具有如下优点及有益效果：
(1)本发明滤材的超疏水驻极体纳米纤维的制作分两部分，静电纺丝和低表面能液体喷涂改性；该制作方法简单，制成的驻极体纤维在净化PM2.5粒子时不仅具有高效低阻的特点，还具有超疏水的效果，在潮湿空气中能长久持有表面电势；而且由于超疏水驻极体纳米纤维由于具有超疏水的效果，可以有效地抑制细菌微生物在滤材表面的生长，从而保护滤材；
(2)本发明还涉及了驻极体纤维的清洁与再生，提高驻极体滤材的耐久性，从而实现滤材对PM2.5的长久高效净化。
附图说明
图1是本发明所使用的静电纺丝设备结构示意图；图中编号说明如下：1-转筒接收器的电机，2-转筒接收器，3-静电纺丝装置的推注系统，4-静电高压提供系统。
图2是本发明的低表面能溶液喷涂过程中所使用的喷涂装置的结构示意图；图中编号说明如下：5-进样桶，6-液体调节旋钮，7-喷嘴，8-气体调节旋钮，9-调节阀，10-高压氮气瓶。
图3是本发明的滤材再生装置结构示意图；图中编号说明如下：11-负电极板，12-正电极板，13-滤材。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
本实施例的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法，具体步骤为：
(1)将聚氯乙烯粉末置于60℃的真空烘箱中干燥2h。
(2)用电子天平准确称取10.875g N-N二甲基甲酰胺和10.875g四氢呋喃置于50mL烧杯当中，然后称取0.25g二氧化硅(纯度99.5％，平均粒径15nm)置于上述混合溶剂中，用超声震荡仪震荡1h，取出烧杯，用电子天平准确称取3g干燥好的聚氯乙烯粉末置于烧杯中，烧杯放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌6h，配制成均匀并且稳定的含二氧化硅纳米粒子的聚氯乙烯溶液；
(3)使用图1所示的静电纺丝设备进行电纺，将剪裁好的无纺布，克重为150g/m2，厚度为3mm，黏在转筒接收器上，调节静电纺丝参数，转筒接收速度25r/min，推注系统的平移速度为60mm/min，接收距离为15cm，静电高压为15KV，推注速度为1mL/h。得到驻极体纳米纤维层。
(4)配制低表面能溶液，准确量取100mL无水乙醇，向其中滴加6滴1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三乙氧基硅烷，静置2h。把配制好的溶液倾倒入图2所示的喷涂装置中，对驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行低表面能溶液修饰，喷射时间为3S。得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。所得滤材中纳米纤维层中的纤维直径为200-600nm，纤维层克重为2g/m2，表面静电势为3500V，对0.3μm粒子的过滤效率为99.01％，压力降18Pa，疏水角152°。
(5)超疏水驻极体滤材在净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下驻极体滤材，在如图3所示的高压电场中清洁再生。首先通入与粒子电荷相同的高压电势10KV，正负电极间距20mm，处理时间10S，由于排斥作用粒子会从滤材上脱落，实现对滤材的清洁。为提高净化效果，同时通风进行吹扫。清洁好的滤材再利用图2的装置喷射，喷射时间3S。喷完后再次放入高压电场中，调换高压电场的正负极，同样的，高压电势10KV，正负电极间距20mm，处理时间10S，再生完成，再次进行净化工作。
实施例2
本实施例的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法，具体步骤为：
(1)将聚偏氟乙烯粉末置于60℃的真空烘箱中干燥2h。
(2)用电子天平准确称取9g N-N二甲基甲酰胺和9g丁酮置于50mL烧杯当中，然后称取0.2g钛酸钡(纯度99.9％，平均粒径<100nm)置于上述混合溶剂中，用超声震荡仪震荡2h，取出烧杯，用电子天平准确称取2g干燥好的聚偏氟乙烯粉末置于烧杯中，烧杯放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌6h，配制成均匀并且稳定的含钛酸钡纳米粒子的聚偏氟乙烯溶液；
(3)使用图1所示的静电纺丝设备进行电纺，将剪裁好的无纺布，克重为180g/m2，厚度为3.5mm，黏在转筒接收器上，调节静电纺丝参数，转筒接收速度25r/min，推注系统的平移速度为60mm/min，接收距离为12cm，静电高压为15KV，推注速度为1mL/h。得到驻极体纳米纤维层。
(4)配制低表面能溶液，准确量取100mL甲醇，向其中滴加6滴十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷，静置2h。把配制好的溶液倾倒入图2所示的喷涂装置中，对驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行低表面能溶液修饰，喷射时间为3S。得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。所得滤材中纳米纤维层中的纤维直径为100-500nm，纤维层克重为2.75g/m2，表面静电势为2900V，对0.3μm粒子的过滤效率为99.56％，压力降16Pa，疏水角154°。
(5)超疏水驻极体滤材在净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下驻极体滤材，在如图3所示的高压电场中清洁再生。首先通入与粒子电荷相同的高压电势12KV，正负电极间距30mm，处理时间8S，由于排斥作用粒子会从滤材上脱落，实现对滤材的清洁。为提高净化效果，同时通风进行吹扫。清洁好的滤材再利用图2的装置喷射，喷射时间3S。喷完后再次放入高压电场中，调换高压电场的正负极，同样的，高压电势12KV，正负电极间距30mm，处理时间8S，再生完成，再次进行净化工作。
实施例3
本实施例的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法，具体步骤为：
(1)将聚丙烯腈树脂粉末置于60℃的真空烘箱中干燥2h。
(2)用电子天平准确称取26.7g N-N二甲基甲酰胺置于50mL烧杯当中，然后称取0.3g氮化硅(纯度95％，平均粒径85nm)置于上述溶剂中，用超声震荡仪震荡2h，取出烧杯，用电子天平准确称取3.3g干燥好的聚丙烯腈粉末置于烧杯中，烧杯放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌8h，配制成均匀并且稳定的含氮化硅纳米粒子的聚丙烯腈溶液；
(3)使用图1所示的静电纺丝设备进行电纺，将剪裁好的无纺布克重为200g/m2，厚度为4mm，黏在转筒接收器上，调节静电纺丝参数，转筒接收速度25r/min，推注系统的平移速度为60mm/min，接收距离为20cm，静电高压为20KV，推注速度为1mL/h。得到驻极体纳米纤维层。
(4)配制低表面能溶液，准确量取100mL甲醇，向其中滴加6滴硬脂酸，静置2h。把配制好的溶液倾倒入图2所示的喷涂装置中，对驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行低表面能溶液修饰，喷射时间为3S。得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。所得滤材中纳米纤维层中的纤维直径为200-600nm，纤维层克重为3.25g/m2，表面静电势为3100V，对0.3μm粒子的过滤效率为99.67％，压力降18Pa，疏水角151°。
(5)超疏水驻极体滤材在净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下驻极体滤材，在如图3所示的高压电场中清洁再生。首先通入与粒子电荷相同的高压电势18KV，正负电极间距25mm，处理时间8S，由于排斥作用粒子会从滤材上脱落，实现对滤材的清洁。为提高净化效果，同时通风进行吹扫。清洁好的滤材再利用图2的装置喷射，喷射时间3S。喷完后再次放入高压电场中，调换高压电场的正负极，同样的，高压电势18KV，正负电极间距25mm，处理时间8S，再生完成，再次进行净化工作。
实施例4
本实施例的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法，具体步骤为：
(1)将聚碳酸酯粉末置于60℃的真空烘箱中干燥2h。
(2)用电子天平准确称取27g二氯甲烷置于50mL烧杯当中，然后称取0.3g二氧化钛(纯度99.8％，平均粒径40nm)置于上述溶剂中，用超声震荡仪震荡3h，取出烧杯，用电子天平准确称取3g干燥好的聚碳酸酯粉末置于烧杯中，烧杯放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌6h，配制成均匀并且稳定的含二氧化钛纳米粒子的聚碳酸酯溶液；
(3)使用图1所示的静电纺丝设备进行电纺，将剪裁好的无纺布，克重为300g/m2，厚度为4.5mm，黏在转筒接收器上，调节静电纺丝参数，转筒接收速度25r/min，推注系统的平移速度为60mm/min，接收距离为18cm，静电高压为18KV，推注速度为1mL/h。得到驻极体纳米纤维层。
(4)配制低表面能溶液，准确量取100mL无水乙醇，向其中滴加6滴1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷，静置2h。把配制好的溶液倾倒入图2所示的喷涂装置中，对驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行低表面能溶液修饰，喷射时间为3S。得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。所得滤材中纳米纤维层中的纤维直径为100-400nm，纤维层克重为1.8g/m2，表面静电势为2500V，对0.3μm粒子的过滤效率为99.46％，压力降14Pa，疏水角156°。
(5)超疏水驻极体滤材在净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下驻极体滤材，在如图3所示的高压电场中清洁再生。首先通入与粒子电荷相同的高压电势15KV，正负电极间距40mm，处理时间10S，由于排斥作用粒子会从滤材上脱落，实现对滤材的清洁。为提高净化效果，同时通风进行吹扫。清洁好的滤材再利用图2的装置喷射，喷射时间3S。喷完后再次放入高压电场中，调换高压电场的正负极，同样的，高压电势15KV，正负电极间距40mm，处理时间8S，再生完成，再次进行净化工作。
实施例5
本实施例的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备及活化方法，具体步骤为：
(1)将聚醚酰亚胺粉末置于60℃的真空烘箱中干燥2h。
(2)用电子天平准确称取10g N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和10g甲基吡咯烷酮置于50mL烧杯当中，然后称取0.25g二氧化硅(纯度99.5％，平均粒径15nm)置于上述混合溶剂中，用超声震荡仪震荡3h，取出烧杯，用电子天平准确称取5g干燥好的聚醚酰亚胺粉末置于烧杯中，烧杯放在磁力搅拌器上搅拌6h，配制成均匀并且稳定的含二氧化硅纳米粒子的聚醚酰亚胺溶液；
(3)使用图1所示的静电纺丝设备进行电纺，将剪裁好的无纺布，克重为325g/m2，厚度为4.7mm，黏在转筒接收器上，调节静电纺丝参数，转筒接收速度25r/min，推注系统的平移速度为60mm/min，接收距离为15cm，静电高压为20KV，推注速度为1mL/h。得到驻极体纳米纤维层。
(4)配制低表面能溶液，准确量取100mL无水乙醇，向其中滴加6滴1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷，静置2h。把配制好的溶液倾倒入图2所示的喷涂装置中，对驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行低表面能溶液修饰，喷射时间为3S。得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。所得滤材中纳米纤维层中的纤维直径为300-800nm，纤维层克重为3.65g/m2，表面静电势为3000V，对0.3μm粒子的过滤效率为99.23％，压力降16Pa，疏水角153°。
(5)超疏水驻极体滤材在净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下驻极体滤材，在如图3所示的高压电场中清洁再生。首先通入与粒子电荷相同的高压电势15KV，正负电极间距15mm，处理时间20S，由于排斥作用粒子会从滤材上脱落，实现对滤材的清洁。为提高净化效果，同时通风进行吹扫。清洁好的滤材再利用图2的装置喷射，喷射时间3S。喷完后再次放入高压电场中，调换高压电场的正负极，同样的，高压电势15KV，正负电极间距15mm，处理时间20S，再生完成，再次进行净化工作。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其它的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化，均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于包括如下制备步骤：
(1)将含量为0.5-5wt.％的一种或几种无机驻极体纳米粒子加入到溶剂当中，超声震荡分散均匀，再向其中加入质量分数为5-25wt.％的聚合物，搅拌溶解均匀，得到含无机驻极体纳米粒子的聚合物溶液；
(2)将步骤(1)所得聚合物溶液通过静电纺丝技术制备于无纺布上，得到驻极体纳米纤维层；
(3)将低表面能物质溶于溶剂中，得到低表面能溶液，然后将其喷涂到步骤(2)所得驻极体纳米纤维层表面进行表面修饰，得到所述用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于：所述无机驻极体纳米粒子为二氧化硅、二氧化钛、钛酸钡或氮化硅；所述的聚合物是指聚偏氟乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚碳酸酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚苯乙烯或聚氨酯；所述的溶剂是指N-N二甲基甲酰胺、丁酮、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷和甲基吡咯烷酮中的一种或两种以上的混合。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于所述聚合物和溶剂分别对应如下：
聚偏氟乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和丁酮质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚氯乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚丙烯腈：N-N二甲基甲酰胺；
聚碳酸酯：二氯甲烷；
聚醚酰亚胺：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和甲基吡咯烷酮质量比为1:1的混合溶剂；
聚苯乙烯：N-N二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃质量比为3:1的混合溶剂；
聚氨酯:丁酮。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(2)中所述静电纺丝的工艺条件为：电压10-30KV，接收距离5-25cm，注射速度1-5mL/h，温度0-35℃，相对湿度0-70％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于：步骤(3)中所述低表面能物质为硬脂酸、十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷、1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三乙氧基硅烷或1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷；所述溶剂是指甲醇或乙醇。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的制备方法，其特征在于所述低表面能物质和溶剂分别对应如下：
硬脂酸：乙醇；
十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷：甲醇；
1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三乙氧基硅烷：乙醇；
1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟烃基三氯硅烷：乙醇。
7.一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材，其特征在于：通过权利要求1～6任一项所述的方法制备得到，所述滤材为无纺布和超疏水驻极体纳米纤维的两层结构。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材，其特征在于：所述无纺布的克重为100-350g/m2，厚度为1-10mm；纳米纤维层的纳米纤维直径在100-900nm之间，纳米纤维层的克重为0.01-5g/m2，孔隙率≥85％，表面电势为1000V-4000V，疏水角大于150°。
9.权利要求7或8所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的活化方法，其特征在于包括如下步骤：
(1)清洁：当滤材净化PM2.5粒子达到饱和时，取下滤材，把滤材作为阻挡介质放入高压电场中，通入与粒子电荷相同的高压，通过与粒子电荷相互排斥达到清洁的效果；
(2)喷涂和再生：重新将低表面能溶液喷涂到滤材纤维表面进行表面修饰，将喷涂过后的滤材再次作为阻挡介质放入高压电场中，对调高压电场的正负极进行高压带电处理，使滤材重新带上电荷进行净化工作。
10.根据权利要求9所述的一种用于净化PM2.5的超疏水驻极体滤材的活化方法，其特征在于：所述清洁的过程中同时进行吹扫，颗粒物随着吹扫风带走；所述清洁过程和再生过程中高压为5-15KV，电极类型为板状，面积与滤材的面积相当，正负电极之间的间距为10-50mm，处理时间不低于5S。
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