CN105870241A - 用于感应红外辐射的方法和设备 - Google Patents
用于感应红外辐射的方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105870241A CN105870241A CN201610141166.4A CN201610141166A CN105870241A CN 105870241 A CN105870241 A CN 105870241A CN 201610141166 A CN201610141166 A CN 201610141166A CN 105870241 A CN105870241 A CN 105870241A
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Abstract
本发明的实施例是关于一种用于感应红外(IR)辐射的方法和设备。在具体实施例中,可通过沉积少许有机薄膜层来制造夜视装置。本发明装置的实施例可在10伏特至15伏特范围中的电压下操作,且本发明装置的实施例具有比传统夜视装置更低的制造成本。装置的实施例可包含与有机发光装置串联的有机光电晶体管。在具体实施例中,红外光可透过所有电极。IR感应层可与有机发光二极管(OLED)合并以提供IR到可见色彩上转换。可通过合并不良空穴传输层材料作为IR感应层的一部分来实现改良的暗电流特性。
Description
本申请是中国专利申请201080057963.5的分案申请。
背景技术
现有的夜视护目镜要求极高的工作电压且花费数千美元。典型的夜视护目镜是复杂的电光装置,所述电光装置增强现有的光而不是依赖于所述电光装置自有的光源。夜视护目镜对宽频谱的光敏感,所述宽频谱的光是从可见光到红外光。在典型的配置中,传统的透镜(被称作物镜)捕捉环境光和一些近红外光。然后将聚集的光经发送到图像增强管。所述管输出高电压(通常为约5,000伏特)到管组件。图像增强管可使用光电阴极以将光能的光子转换成电子。当电子穿过所述管时,更多的电子可从管中的原子释放出来,使原始数目的电子增加数千倍。实现此增加的一个方法是通过使用微通道板(MCP)。MCP位于管中以便当来自光电阴极的电子碰撞MCP的第一电极时,所述电子可通过高压(约5,000伏特)脉冲串加速进入玻璃微通道中,所述高压脉冲串在电极对的电极之间发送。当电子穿过微通道时,所述电子使用被称作级联二次发射的方法使其他电子在每一通道中释放。所述新的电子也可与其他原子碰撞,产生链式反应,所述链式反应可导致数千电子离开仅少许电子进入的通道。
可定位图像增强管以便级联电子在管的末端处碰撞涂有磷光体的屏幕。所述电子保持与所述电子穿过的通道有关的位置。电子的能量使磷光体达到受激状态且使磷光体释放光子。所述磷光体在屏幕上产生绿色图像,所述屏幕已变得具有夜视的特性。由于电子与原始光子成同一直线,因此可产生可靠图像。可通过另一透镜观看绿色磷光体图像,所述另一透镜被称作目镜,所述目镜允许放大和聚焦图像。夜视装置可连接至电子显示器(诸如监视器),或者可直接通过目镜观看图像。
最近,由于光上转换装置在夜视、测距和保安,以及半导体晶片检验中的潜在应用,所述光上转换装置已引起大量的研究兴趣。早期近红外(NIR)上转换装置大部分基于无机半导体的异质结结构。所述装置由串联的两个部分组 成:一个部分用于光电检测且另一个部分用于发光。上转换装置主要由光电检测的方法区分。然而,最近装置的上转换效率持续为极低的。举例来说,一个NIR到可见光上转换装置仅表现出0.048(4.8%)W/W的最大外部转换效率,所述NIR到可见光上转换装置集成发光二极管(LED)与基于半导体的光电检测器。甚至混合有机/无机上转换装置仅展示0.7%W/W的外部转换效率,所述混合有机/无机上转换装置集成无机InGaAs/InP光电检测器与有机发光二极管(OLED)。此外,目前无机和混合上转换装置制造昂贵且用于制造所述装置的方法与大面积应用不相容。
发明内容
本发明的实施例是关于用于感应红外(IR)辐射的方法和设备。用于感应IR辐射的具体实施例提供改良的暗电流特性。实施例可包含全有机装置。在一个实施例中,提供全有机上转换装置,可通过将有机发光装置(OLED)和有机光电检测器集成在一个装置中来制造所述全有机上转换装置。根据本发明实施例的OLED的IR感应层可由不良空穴传输层形成。在某些实施例中,IR感应层可与OLED合并以提供IR到可见色彩上转换。
在具体实施例中,可通过沉积少许有机薄膜层来制造夜视装置。本发明装置的实施例可在10伏特至15伏特范围中的电压下操作,且本发明装置的实施例具有比传统夜视装置更低的制造成本。装置的实施例可包含与有机发光装置串联的有机光电晶体管。在具体实施例中,红外光可透过所有电极。
在一方面,本发明提供一种用于感应红外(IR)辐射的装置,包括:红外感应层,其中所述红外感应层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度;以及在所述红外感应层上的有机发光二极管(OLED),其中所述有机发光二极管设置成接收在所述红外感应层中产生的电子。
在又一方面,本发明提供一种用于感应红外辐射的装置,包括:红外感应层,其中所述红外感应层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度;以及在所述红外感应层上的有机发光二极管,其中所述有机发光二极管设置成接收在所述红外感应层中产生的空穴。
其中,所述红外感应层与所述有机发光二极管接触,其中所述装置进一步包含第一电极以及不良空穴传输层,所述不良空穴传输层位于所述红外感应层 与所述第一电极之间,并且其中所述不良空穴传输层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度。
其中,所述红外感应层包含SnPc:C60。
其中,所述有机发光二极管包含磷光发射器。
其中,所述红外感应层包含:有机红外吸收材料,以及受主材料,其中所述有机红外吸收材料和所述受主材料在所述红外感应层中是混合的。
其中,所述红外感应层包含富勒烯。
其中,所述红外感应层包含量子点。
附图说明
图1图示根据本发明实施例的红外感应上转换装置的能带图。
图2图示根据本发明实施例的装置结构,所述装置结构允许电子产生多个光子。
图3图示根据本发明实施例的上转换装置的操作。
图4图示根据本发明实施例的另一红外感应上转换装置的能带图。
图5图示图4的装置的结构图。
图6A和图6B图示图4的装置的光-电流-电压特性,其中图6A图示当装置为暗时的特性,且图6B图示当装置暴露于红外辐射时的特性。
图7A和图7B图示对照有机发光装置的电流效率(图7A)和图4的装置的电流效率(图7B)。
图8A图示根据本发明实施例的100nm厚的净SnPc膜和100nm厚的SnPc:C60混合膜的吸光度范围。
图8B图示根据本发明实施例的对照OLED(图7A的插图中所示)和两个上转换装置的暗I-V特性,其中一个装置具有100nm厚的净SnPc膜且另一个装置具有100nm厚的SnPc:C60混合膜。
图9A图示根据本发明实施例的红外到绿光上转换装置在暗辐射和光电(红外)辐射下的光-电流-电压特性。
图9B图示作为用于根据本发明实施例的红外到绿光上转换装置的电流密度的函数的开/关比率的曲线。
图10A和图10B图示图5的装置的光子到光子转换效率(图10A)和本 发明另一实施例的量子效率(图10B)。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例是关于用于感应红外(IR)辐射的方法和设备。本发明的实施例提供全有机上转换装置,可通过将OLED和有机光电检测器集成在一个装置中来制造所述全有机上转换装置。由于根据本发明实施例的全有机上转换装置与轻型、坚固的或柔性塑料衬底兼容,所以所述全有机上转换装置可用于众多应用,所述应用包括(但不限于)夜视、测距、保安和半导体晶片检验。
在具体实施例中,可通过沉积少许有机薄膜层来制造夜视装置。本发明装置的实施例可在10伏特至15伏特范围中的电压下操作,且本发明装置的实施例具有比传统夜视装置更低的制造成本。在具体实施例中,红外光可透过所有电极。
可通过材料选择来调整用于热成像的成像装置的波长。在特定实施例中,成像装置包括具有3层的红外吸收层,所述3层是IR敏感的。实施例可包含串联发光装置(LED),所述串联发光装置包括成堆的多个LED。在特定实施例中,一个光子进入成像装置且穿过成堆的五个LED,产生五个作为输出的光子。堆叠在一起的五个LED使用比单个的LED更高的电压,但仍然可允许装置在低电压下操作。五个堆叠的LED也可使成像装置比具有单个LED的装置更厚,且因此使成像装置对噪声的敏感度更低。
图1图示可包含于本发明实施例中的IR感应上转换装置的能带图。
根据本发明的IR感应装置(诸如图1所示的装置)的实施例可具有两个部分:IR感光剂,或IR感应层;以及发光装置。在实施例中,图1中所示的装置的最大量子效率为100%。在本发明的实施例中,为了提高性能,以串联结构来制造装置。
图2图示根据本发明实施例的具有此串联结构的装置,所述装置包含IR感应层和LED。由于此结构,一个电子可产生多个光子。合并此装置架构,装置的输出可经提高以实现增益。由于装置的厚度增大,因此暗电流可经减弱且装置性能实质上得以改良。
图3图示根据本发明的实施例的上转换装置的操作。如同所图示,具有IR波长的光可通过透明或半透明衬底(诸如玻璃或其他合适的透明或半透明材 料)进入装置。然后光子可穿过第一透明(或半透明)电极且撞击IR感应层。在具体实施例中,IR感应层对0.8μm至2μm的范围中的波长敏感。在进一步具体实施例中,IR感应层对700nm至14μm、1μm至4μm和1μm至3μm范围中的波长敏感。然后IR感应层可产生载体(诸如电子和空穴)以便电子或空穴经传送至一堆LED。在图3中,图示有机发光装置(OLEDs)但其他发光装置可用于本发明。在特定实施例中,LED为透明或半透明的。当载体(诸如电子)从IR感应层进入第一LED(图3中的OLED)且与对应载体(诸如空穴)结合时,可产生光子且光子穿过装置。在第一LED与第二LED(图3中的OLED 1和OLED 2)之间的电荷分离层中,产生电子和空穴以便空穴可进入第一LED且与从IR感应层进入第一LED的电子结合以产生光子。此处,五个LED以串联图示,因此可对进入装置的每一个光子产生五个光子。LED可为相同的或可为不同的。如下文所论述,LED可制造成薄膜。因此,可堆叠多个LED而不产生笨重的装置。在特定实施例中,可串联堆叠三个至八个LED。在进一步实施例中,可堆叠更多的LED。因为堆叠了额外的LED,所以即使增益没那么高,仍可降低噪声。
参看图3,在具体实施例中,可在IR辐射进入的透明电极与IR感应层之间增加空穴阻挡层(图3中未图示)。此层可阻挡空穴从透明电极传送到IR感应层和/或阻挡空穴从IR感应层传送到透明电极。包含此空穴阻挡层的具体实施例可利用ZnO纳米颗粒、TiO2纳米颗粒,或所属领域已知的其他合适的材料。ZnO纳米颗粒或TiO2颗粒,和/或ZnO层或TiO2层可在增加IR感应层之前沉积于透明电极上。
如图3中所示,在具体实施例中,第二透明(或半透明)电极或阴极可安置于LED堆的另一面上。在此实施例中,电极对之间的电势可驱动载体(诸如空穴)从IR感应层进入第一LED且驱动空穴从产生电子和空穴的每一电荷分离层进入朝向阴极电极的LED。同样,由阴极注入的电子经驱动进入第五LED且在电荷分离(产生)层上产生的电子经驱动进入朝向阳极的LED。
可通过以透明材料(诸如氧化铟锡)替换反射电极材料(诸如铝)来制造透明电极。在本发明的一个实施例中,分层CsCO3(1nm)/Ag(10nm)/ITO(100nm)电极用作上电极。CsCO3夹层降低阴极的功函数以匹配苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)的传导(LUMO)能量,所述苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯为可用作OLED的 部分的材料。薄Ag层提供传导性且ITO层提供封装性。此薄膜堆叠的实施例具有90%的光透射和小于5ohm/sq的薄层电阻,所述薄层电阻比典型ITO电极的薄层电阻低70%。在具体实施例中,MgAg薄膜或ITO薄膜可用作透明电极,例如,与最后一个发光装置接触的透明电极。在具体实施例中,薄膜可为20nm厚或更薄。
可制造产生任何波长的可见光的OLED。在一个实施例中,有机发射层包括分别发射蓝光、绿光和红光的三个不同的染料分子。通过控制装置中的三个染料分子的相对含量,可实现具有>90的高显色指数的白光。在另一实施例中,可通过改变三个染料分子的相对含量或通过改变传输至不同分子的功率来实现不同的颜色。
对于透明OLED来说,透明材料(诸如氧化铟锡)可再次用作阴极。如此一来,光子可穿过堆叠的OLED。用于所述装置中的有机材料在可见光谱中大部分是透明的,是因为所述材料的高带隙(通常>3eV)。例外情况可包括产生所要发光的染料分子;然而,染料分子可经合并成发射层中的掺杂剂(通常掺杂浓度为1wt%至10wt%),所述发射层的厚度通常为10nm至30nm。因此,整个OLED装置可实现90%或更高的极高透明度。
在制造具有三重掺杂有机发射层的透明OLED中,可在氧化铟锡透明阴极的溅射沉积期间使对基础有机层的损害最小化。此外,可为透明电极获得低薄层电阻和高透明度,且可在电极/有机界面处实现有效率电荷注入。如上文所论述,CsCO3/Ag/ITO复合电极也可用作OLED的透明电极。而且,也可在衬底表面上制造微透镜阵列以提高在所述方向的光的萃取。另外,可制造提供高质量照明的OLED,所述高质量照明具有大于90的显色指数。
在进一步实施例中,所用电极和LED可透射一些波长的光的且吸收其他的波长的光。
根据某些实施例,光感应层可包含量子点,诸如PbSe量子点和PbS量子点。
在特定实施例中,本发明上转换装置可并入夜视护目镜或其他光放大装置中。在进一步实施例中,可使用绿色OLED以便产生如同传统夜视护目镜产生的绿色放大图像。
图4图示根据本发明实施例的另一IR感应上转换装置的能带图。根据实 施例,不良空穴注入层和不良空穴传输层可并入IR感应上转换装置以改良暗电流特性。在具体实施例中,为了减弱暗电流且因此改良SNR,可为空穴注入层和空穴传输层选择具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度的材料。在次优选实施例中,具有大于或等于1mA/cm2的电流密度的材料可用于空穴注入层和空穴传输层,当施加电压时所述材料会增加空穴从电极的注入以便增加暗电流且降低SNR。在一个实施例中,图示不良空穴注入和不良空穴传输的SnPc:C60混合层允许装置在无IR辐射的情况下具有低暗电流。在此实施例中,当OLED未暴露于IR辐射时,所述OLED本质上可以是关闭的。
图5图示图4的装置的结构图。
参看图5,可通过使用锡酞菁(SnPc):C60本体异质结构层作为NIR感光剂且使用参(2苯基吡啶)合铱(III)(Irppy3)层作为磷光发射器提供有机近红外(NIR)到可见上转换装置。通过使用磷光发射器,可使用低能量实现光产生,从而提供节能OLED。与传统OLED结构的一个不同之处在于,根据本发明实施例的上转换装置包含不良空穴传输NIR感光层以使装置在无IR辐射时保持关闭状态。在光致激发下,光生空穴注入OLED中且与从阴极注入的电子再结合以发出可见光。
图6A和图6B图示图5的装置的光-电流-电压(L-I-V)特性。CuPc:μh=7×10-4cm2/Vs。SnPc:μh=2×10-10cm2/Vs。图6A图示当装置未暴露于任何红外光时的特性。开口圆为电流密度且闭合圆为发光。如图所示,在此实施例中,在无红外光辐射时,直至13V才观测到发光。如上文所论述,在此实施例中的高开启电压是归因于来自SnPc:C60层的不良空穴注入。
图6B图示当装置暴露于IR辐射时的特性。14mW/cm2的830nm激光用于辐射所述装置。如图所示,在此实施例中,在2.7V下以来自激光的红外照射开启OLED。在12.7V下最大开/关比率超过1,400。
图7A和图7B图示对照有机发光装置的电流效率(图7A)和图4的装置的电流效率(图7B)。如图所示,在此实施例中,在IR照射下的电流效率大于100cd/A。更高的电流效率表明对照OLED仍然为电荷不平衡的且略微以电子为主。
根据本发明的某些实施例,由于SnPc:C60本体异质结构层的强IR吸收(如图8A所示)和不良空穴传输性质(如图8B所示),因此所述SnPc:C60本体异 质结构层用于不良空穴传输IR感光层。图8B图示根据本发明实施例的对照OLED(参见图7A的插图)和具有NIR感光层的上转换装置的暗电流-电压(I-V)特性。净SnPc层的添加使开启电压从3V提高到约5V且整个测量范围内的操作电压也提高了约2V,表明SnPc的不良空穴传输性质。SnPc:C60混合膜的添加进一步使操作电压又提高了2V。相比经对照的OLED装置来说,具有SnPc:C60混合层的上转换装置展示空穴电流的显著下降。
图9A图示根据本发明的实施例的NIR-绿光上转换装置的发光-电流-电压(L-I-V)特性,所述NIR-绿光上转换装置具有作为不良空穴传输NIR感光层的SnPc:C60混合膜。在无红外光辐射的情况下,直至电压达到13V才检测到发光,展示在15V下的最大亮度(1cd/m2)。高开启电压表明来自SnPc:C60混合层的不良空穴传输。电流可能由从阴极接点注入的电子支配。在NIR光辐射下,装置在2.7V下开启,同时绿光发射开始,展示在15V下亮度为853cd/m2。因此,如图9B所示,IR光的开关效应是显著的,所述图9B提供在不同电压下的开/关比率。如图所示,发光强度的最大开/关比率在12.7V下是约1,400。
图10A和图10B图示图4的装置的光子到光子转换效率(图10A)和本发明另一实施例的量子效率(QE)(图10B)。
从入射IR光光子到射出绿光光子的光子到光子转换效率(ηcon)可通过以下方程式来计算:
其中h为普朗克常数(Planks constant),c为光速,λ为光子波长,Iphoto为光电流,f为到达感光层的光子的分数,R(λ)为光电检测器的响应率,λIR为入射红外波长,且PIR为入射红外功率。
再次,14mW/cm2的830nm激光用于辐射装置。如图所示,对于图4的装置来说,光子到光子转换效率随着所施加电压增加而增加,且光子到光子转换效率在15V下为2.7%。此上转换效率显著高于先前展示的使用荧光OLED 的全有机上转换装置的效率。
在用于测量的上转换装置结构(如图10B的插图中所示)中,整个光电检测器未被使用。相反,IR吸收层用作空穴注入层。因此,从注入IR光到提取电荷载体未测量精确的外部量子效率。然而,通过制造此光电检测器结构来间接测量外部量子效率。在图10B的插图中所示的上转换装置中,单独使用20nm厚的SnPc:C60混合层,且14mW/cm2的830nm IR激光用于IR光源。在同一IR辐射下且在同一IR吸收层厚度下,获得5%至20%的外部量子效率(EQE)。
在文献中基于Irppy3的OLED的EQE大约为20%。因此,经计算的转换效率约为1%至4%且所述经计算的转换效率与实验性转换效率一致。此转换效率比红光到绿光上转换装置的转换效率高大约10倍。
此说明书中对“一个实施例”、“实施例”、“实例性实施例”等等的任何提及意谓:结合实施例所描述的特定特征、结构或特性包括于本发明的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中多处出现此类短语不一定全部指的是同一实施例。此外,当结合任何实施例来描述特定特征、结构或特性时,主张结合所述实施例中的其他实施例来利用或组合此特定特征、结构或特性在所属领域的技术人员的范围内。
应理解,为了清晰理解本发明,已简化本发明实施例的图式和描述以说明相关的元件,同时为清晰起见而省略为人所熟知的其他元件。所属领域的一般技术人员将认识到其他元件可能是为了实施本发明而所需的和/或所要求的。然而,因为此类元件在所属领域中为人所熟知,且因为此类元件并不利于对本发明更好的理解,所以本文中不提供对此类元件的论述。
从以说明方式给出的前述实例中可获得对本发明和本发明的许多优点的更好的理解。前述实例说明了本发明的方法、应用、实施例和变体中的一些。当然,无论如何不应认为所述实例是限制本发明的。可关于本发明进行众多变更和修改。
在不与本说明书的明确教示冲突的程度下,本文中所提及或引用的所有专利、专利申请案、临时申请案和公开案(包括所有图式和表格)的全部内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
应理解本文中所描述的实例和实施例仅出于说明的目的,且应理解将建议 所属领域的技术人员根据所述实例和实施例进行各种修改和变更,所述修改和变更将包括于此申请案的精神和范围中。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于感应红外(IR)辐射的装置,包括:
红外感应层,其中所述红外感应层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度;以及
在所述红外感应层上的有机发光二极管(OLED),其中所述有机发光二极管设置成接收在所述红外感应层中产生的电子。
2.一种用于感应红外(IR)辐射的装置,包括:
红外感应层,其中所述红外感应层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度;以及
在所述红外感应层上的有机发光二极管(OLED),其中所述有机发光二极管设置成接收在所述红外感应层中产生的空穴。
3.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述红外感应层与所述有机发光二极管接触,其中所述装置进一步包含第一电极以及不良空穴传输层,所述不良空穴传输层位于所述红外感应层与所述第一电极之间,并且其中所述不良空穴传输层具有小于1mA/cm2的电流密度。
4.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述红外感应层包含SnPc:C60。
5.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述有机发光二极管包含磷光发射器。
6.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述红外感应层包含:
有机红外吸收材料,以及
受主材料,其中所述有机红外吸收材料和所述受主材料在所述红外感应层中是混合的。
7.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述红外感应层包含富勒烯。
8.如权利要求2所述的装置,其中所述红外感应层包含量子点。
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- 2010-11-24 CN CN201080057963.5A patent/CN102725616B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-11-24 RU RU2012126145/28A patent/RU2012126145A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-11-24 JP JP2012541194A patent/JP5769724B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-11-24 AU AU2010324764A patent/AU2010324764A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2010-11-24 EP EP10833930.0A patent/EP2504675A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 2010-11-24 KR KR1020127016506A patent/KR101815072B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-11-24 CN CN201610141166.4A patent/CN105870241A/zh active Pending
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CN102725616A (zh) | 2012-10-10 |
US20150001395A1 (en) | 2015-01-01 |
RU2012126145A (ru) | 2013-12-27 |
JP5769724B2 (ja) | 2015-08-26 |
EP2504675A4 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
US9006752B2 (en) | 2015-04-14 |
US20120286296A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
AU2010324764A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
WO2011066396A3 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
CN102725616B (zh) | 2016-04-06 |
US8796699B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 |
EP2504675A2 (en) | 2012-10-03 |
JP2013512439A (ja) | 2013-04-11 |
BR112012012249A2 (pt) | 2016-04-19 |
KR101815072B1 (ko) | 2018-01-30 |
CA2781432A1 (en) | 2011-06-03 |
KR20120089348A (ko) | 2012-08-09 |
WO2011066396A2 (en) | 2011-06-03 |
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