CN105817256B - 一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000006303 photolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 230000015843 photosynthesis, light reaction Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- -1 hydrogen titanium oxide Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical group O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- CMPGARWFYBADJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L tungstic acid Chemical compound O[W](O)(=O)=O CMPGARWFYBADJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XMVONEAAOPAGAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium tungstate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O XMVONEAAOPAGAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-ol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XAYGUHUYDMLJJV-UHFFFAOYSA-Z decaazanium;dioxido(dioxo)tungsten;hydron;trioxotungsten Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O.[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O XAYGUHUYDMLJJV-UHFFFAOYSA-Z 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical group Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003074 TiCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 241001481828 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000165940 Houjia Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910003088 Ti−O−Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,所述氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛98.00~99.88wt%、三氧化钨0.1~1wt%、碳0.01~1wt%、氮0.01~1wt%。此外,还公开了上述太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法。本发明光催化剂为W‑N‑C三元共掺杂TiO2光催化剂材料,不但可以减小TiO2禁带宽度,而且可有效促进光生电子的迁移,提高TiO2量子效率,具有可见光响应、高效稳定的优异性能,能够有效提高并保证光解水制氢活性和制氢效率。本发明工艺简单,便于操作,有利于推广和应用,从而有助于促进光解水制氢技术的发展。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光催化材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
二氧化钛(TiO2)作为重要的新能源和环境保护材料,可应用于光催化、太阳能发电、太阳能集热等领域。然而,TiO2在太阳能利用方面面临巨大的挑战,主要原因在于其光吸收范围窄(~5%的紫外光)、电子-空穴对的分离效率低等。为提高对可见光的利用率,研制新型高效可见光响应的光解水制氢用TiO2催化剂材料具有重要意义。
目前,现有技术采用了多种方法发展TiO2光解水制氢技术,如半导体复合、有机染料敏化和离子掺杂等。尽管前两种方法均可提高TiO2可见光响应范围及其光解水制氢活性,但是其采用的窄带隙半导体和有机染料等存在着易氧化、使用寿命短、不稳定等缺陷。通过离子掺杂在TiO2禁带中产生杂质能级,使得宽禁带TiO2半导体具有可见光活性,但是过渡金属离子或非金属离子单掺杂,分别在TiO2导带下方或价带上方形成不连续的杂质能级,由于较高的电子空穴复合率,其光化学活性依然很低。为此,寻找高效稳定、环境友好的可见光响应的光解水制氢TiO2催化剂已成为当前研究的重要前沿方向。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足,提供一种高效稳定的太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,以有效提高并保证光解水制氢活性和制氢效率,从而促进光解水制氢技术的发展。本发明的另一目的在于提供上述氧化钛催化剂的制备方法。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案予以实现:
本发明提供的一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,所述氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛98.00~99.88wt%、三氧化钨0.1~1wt%、碳0.01~1wt%、氮0.01~1wt%。本发明为W-N-C三元共掺杂TiO2光催化剂粉体材料,具有可见光响应、高效稳定的优异性能。
上述方案中,本发明所述掺杂的三氧化钨、碳、氮均位于氧化钛粉体颗粒表面;所述碳、氮均以间隙形式掺入氧化钛晶格中,所述三氧化钨以置换形式掺入氧化钛中。本发明所述氧化钛为锐钛矿相,其粉体颗粒呈球形,粒度为10~20nm。
本发明的另一目的通过以下技术方案予以实现:
本发明提供的上述太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将0.05mol钛源加入10ml冰水溶液中,搅拌下加入12~15ml浓氨水溶液,形成沉淀,真空过滤、洗涤后,得到富含氨的钛酸Ti(OH)4;
(2)向所述钛酸Ti(OH)4中加入三氧化钨掺杂源、碳掺杂源,所述三氧化钨掺杂源、碳掺杂源的用量分别为钛酸Ti(OH)4的0.1~1wt%、0.01~1wt%,然后加入纯水,经超声分散而形成悬浊液;
(3)将所述悬浊液移入马弗炉内焙烧至400~450℃,保温1~2h,即得到W-N-C共掺氧化钛催化剂粉体材料。
进一步地,本发明制备方法所述钛源为四氯化钛、钛酸丁酯或异丙醇钛。所述三氧化钨掺杂源为钨酸钠、钨酸铵或仲钨酸铵。所述碳掺杂源为二氰二胺或葡萄糖。
本发明具有以下有益效果:
本发明光催化剂为W-N-C三元共掺杂TiO2光催化剂材料。当N-C二元共掺杂TiO2时,C掺杂能有效促进N杂质能级与TiO2价带本征能级的交叠(价带上移),同时N-C共掺可在TiO2导带下方形成连续的杂质态,能有效促进电子的迁移;由于WO3与TiO2能级结构相似,且钨杂质能级位于TiO2导带下方,通过W-N-C三元共掺杂,不但可以减小TiO2禁带宽度(2.4eV),而且可有效促进光生电子的迁移,提高TiO2量子效率,具有可见光响应、高效稳定的优异性能,在400mW/cm2可见光照射下其光解水产氢速率达到10~12mmolg-1h-1。此外,本发明工艺简单,便于操作,有利于推广和应用。
附图说明
下面将结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步的详细描述:
图1是本发明实施例所制得氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的X-射线晶体衍射图;
图2是本发明实施例所制得氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的扫描电镜图;
图3是图2相应的微区能谱图;
图4是本发明实施例所制得氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的透射电镜图;
图5是图4相应的微区能谱图;
图6是本发明实施例所制得氧化钛催化剂粉体材料和现有技术商用P25粉紫外可见吸收光谱对照图(W-N-C codoped TiO2:本发明实施例氧化钛催化剂粉体;undoped TiO2:现有技术商用P25粉);
图7是本发明实施例所制得氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的X射线光电子能谱图。
具体实施方式
实施例一:
本实施例一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,其步骤如下:
(1)将9.5克(0.05mol)TiCl4滴入10ml冰水溶液中,搅拌下加入15ml浓氨水溶液(含氨25~28%),形成沉淀,真空过滤、反复洗涤后,得到富含氨的钛酸Ti(OH)4;
(2)向上述钛酸Ti(OH)4沉淀中加入0.0165克钨酸钠、0.05克二氰二胺,然后加100ml纯水,经超声分散10min而形成悬浊液;
(3)将上述悬浊液移入马弗炉内焙烧至400℃,保温1h,即得到氧化钛催化剂粉体材料。
本实施例制得的氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛99.53wt%、三氧化钨0.4wt%、碳0.03wt%、氮0.04wt%。
实施例二:
本实施例一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,其步骤如下:
(1)将9.5克(0.05mol)TiCl4滴入10ml冰水溶液中,搅拌下加入12ml浓氨水溶液(含氨25~28%),形成沉淀,真空过滤、反复洗涤后,得到富含氨的钛酸Ti(OH)4;
(2)向上述钛酸Ti(OH)4沉淀中加入0.016克钨酸铵及0.04克二氰二胺,然后加入100ml纯水,经超声分散10min而形成悬浊液;
(3)将上述悬浊液移入马弗炉内焙烧至400℃,保温1h,即得到氧化钛催化剂粉体材料。
本实施例制得的氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛99.55wt%、三氧化钨0.4wt%、碳0.02wt%、氮0.03wt%。
实施例三:
本实施例一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,其步骤如下:
(1)将9.5克(0.05mol)TiCl4滴入10ml冰水溶液中,搅拌下加入15ml浓氨水溶液(含氨25~28%),形成沉淀,真空过滤、反复洗涤后,得到富含氨的钛酸Ti(OH)4;
(2)向上述钛酸Ti(OH)4沉淀中加入0.02克钨酸铵及0.04克葡萄糖,然后加入100ml纯水,经超声分散10min而形成悬浊液;
(3)将上述悬浊液移入马弗炉内焙烧至450℃,保温1h,即得到氧化钛催化剂粉体材料。
本实施例制得的氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛99.45wt%、三氧化钨0.5wt%、碳0.02wt%、氮0.03wt%。
本发明实施例制备得到的氧化钛催化剂粉体材料,如图1所示,其晶相为锐钛矿相,不含有其它杂相;由10~20nm左右近球形颗粒组成(见图2、图4),由其相应的微区能谱图(图3、图5)可见,所掺杂元素均位于TiO2颗粒表面。
本发明实施例氧化钛催化剂粉体材料,如图6所示,在TiO2粉体表面掺入少量W-N-C后对400~600nm可见光均产生较为强烈的吸收现象。如图7所示,TiO2粉体表面含有少量W6 +、N3-、C4+,W4f5/2峰位于37.4eV,但其W4f7/2峰消失(位于35.4eV,见图7c),说明W6+置换了Ti4 +;N1s峰位于400eV,对应于间隙N掺杂(见图7a);C1s峰位于286.3eV、288.9eV(见图7b),分别对应于C-O和O-C=O键,说明碳以碳酸盐的形式对TiO2进行改性,属于间隙碳;位于529.193eV、531.9eV的O1s峰,分别对应于Ti-O-Ti和O-C=O键,进一步说明碳与氧原子间形成了化学键(见图7d)。
本发明实施例氧化钛催化剂光解水产氢速率的测定:
将0.1g催化剂(负载0.5%重量比纳米铂)加入100ml 20vol%甲醇水溶液中超声分散15min,通氩气10~30min后,在搅拌状态下使用250W氙灯照射(光密度约为400mW/cm2,照射截面积为28cm2),每照射1h后取样,以色谱分析并计算光解水产氢速率。测定结果如表1所示。
表1本发明实施例氧化钛催化剂光解水产氢速率
实施例 | 光解水产氢速率(mmolg-1h-1) |
实施例一 | 10 |
实施例二 | 11 |
实施例三 | 12 |
Claims (6)
1.一种太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,其特征在于所述氧化钛催化剂粉体材料的组成为:二氧化钛98.00~99.88wt%、三氧化钨0.1~1wt%、碳0.01~1wt%、氮0.01~1wt%;所述掺杂的三氧化钨、碳、氮均位于氧化钛粉体颗粒表面;所述碳、氮均以间隙形式掺入氧化钛晶格中,所述三氧化钨以置换形式掺入氧化钛中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂,其特征在于:所述氧化钛为锐钛矿相,其粉体颗粒呈球形,粒度为10~20nm。
3.权利要求1或2所述太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)将0.05mol钛源加入10ml冰水溶液中,搅拌下加入12~15ml浓氨水溶液,形成沉淀,真空过滤、洗涤后,得到富含氨的钛酸Ti(OH)4;
(2)向所述钛酸Ti(OH)4中加入三氧化钨掺杂源、碳掺杂源,所述三氧化钨掺杂源、碳掺杂源的用量分别为钛酸Ti(OH)4的0.1~1wt%、0.01~1wt%,然后加入纯水,经超声分散而形成悬浊液;
(3)将所述悬浊液移入马弗炉内焙烧至400~450℃,保温1~2h,即得到W-N-C共掺氧化钛催化剂粉体材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述钛源为四氯化钛、钛酸丁酯或异丙醇钛。
5.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述三氧化钨掺杂源为钨酸钠、钨酸铵或仲钨酸铵。
6.根据权利要求3所述的太阳能光解水制氢用氧化钛催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述碳掺杂源为二氰二胺或葡萄糖。
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