CN105661539A - 一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方及其制法 - Google Patents
一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方及其制法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方及其制法,其各原料的重量份配比如下:近野生鲜铁皮石斛45~55份,黄精10~18份,枸杞子8~15份,西柚粉3~5份,低聚果糖5-10份,甜菊糖苷0.1~0.3份,柠檬酸0.3~0.5份,纯化水30~45。配方的制法包括,鲜萃:将近野生铁皮石斛经蒸青灭菌后,用研磨机进行超微研磨,再进行200目抽滤,滤液备用;提取浓缩:铁皮石斛滤渣与配方量的黄精、枸杞子混合进行提取,提取液过滤浓缩备用;将铁皮石斛鲜萃滤液与黄精、枸杞子浓缩液投入配制罐中,再将西柚粉、低聚果糖、甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸加入配制罐,搅拌使溶解,静置24小时,过滤,灌装,贴标,包装,即得。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药用植物加工领域,具体涉及一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方及其制法。
背景技术
1.1铁皮石斛综述
石斛,多年生兰科草本植物,按品种珍贵程度分为铁皮石斛、金钗石斛、环草石斛、黄草石斛、马鞭石斛等70余种,其中铁皮石斛独占鳌头。铁皮石斛(DendrobiumofficinaleKimuraetMigo)为国家二级保护植物,具有非常好的养生与药用价值。在中国悠久的养生文化中,铁皮石斛因其非凡的功效,成为历代医家和王公贵族推崇的养生极品。
早在东汉末年的《神农本草经》中,就有关于铁皮石斛的记载。汉《名医别录》、明《本草纲目》及清《本草备要》等历代著名医典,均将其以上品收录其中,称其“补五脏虚劳,理胃气,治虚损劳弱,久服轻身,延年,定志除惊”。
唐代开元年间的道家医典《道藏》,将铁皮石推至“九大仙草”的首位,列于天山雪莲、三两重的人参、百二十年的首乌、花甲之茯苓、苁蓉、深山灵芝、海底珍珠、冬虫夏草之前,可见药用效果非同一般。历代名医如华佗、张仲景、孙思邈、李时珍等更是把它视为“药中仙品”,用于医治危重病人。
自唐宋以来,铁皮石斛便被列为贡品,供皇室人员延年益寿,成为最为尊贵的养生极品。据史料记载,武则天服用该方达50年之久,岁至晚年仍葆容颜不老;乾隆帝每宴群臣必饮石斛汤,在位60年,成为中国历史上执政时间最长、年寿最高的皇帝,铁皮石斛益寿延年的功效由此可见。
铁皮石斛性味:甘,微寒,入胃、肾经。性属清润,清中有补,补中有清。
铁皮石斛的功效作用,历代名医各有论述:
《本草通玄》云:“石斛,甘能悦脾,咸能益肾,故多功于水土二脏:但气性宽缓,无捷奏之功,古人以此代茶,甚清膈上。”
《本草纲目拾遗》云:“石斛清胃除虚热、生津已劳损,以之代茶,功同参芪。”
《药性》中载石斛“夏日代茶,生津润喉,强阴健足力。”可见,石斛作为祛病健身的高级滋补品由来已久。中医认为,石斛在萎缩性胃炎、肿瘤、糖尿病、咽喉炎以及白内障等疾病治疗中都可以广泛应用。铁皮石斛有多种药理作用,如增强机体的免疫能力,抗氧化、抗衰老,降低血糖,养阴生津等等。中医认为,“阴平阳秘,精神乃治。”如阴津亏虚,不能涵阳,阳浮无制,阴阳平衡遭到破坏,则诸病丛生。”
《灵枢·本神篇》曰:“五脏主藏精者也,不可伤,伤则失守而阴虚,阴虚则无气,无气则死矣。”铁皮石斛正是滋阴生津要药,人间故称之“救命仙草”。
《神农本草经》:主伤中、除痹、下气、补五脏虚劳羸瘦、强阴、久服厚肠胃。
《本草纲目》:强阴益精。久服,厚肠胃,补内绝不足,平胃气,长肌肉,逐皮肤邪热痱气,脚膝疼冷痹弱,定智除惊,轻身延年。
《纲目拾遗》:清胃除虚热,生津巳劳损,以之代茶,开胃健脾。定惊疗风,能镇涎痰,甘芳降气。
《药品化义》:治肺气久虚,咳嗽不止。
《别录》:益精补内绝不足,平胃气,长肌肉,逐皮肤邪热气,脚膝疼软弱,健阳,补肾积精。
《日华子本草》:治虚损劣弱壮筋骨,暖水脏,益智,平胃气,逐虚邪。
《本草再新》:理胃气,清胃火。除心中烦渴,疗肾经虚热,安神定惊,解盗汗,能散暑。
1.2铁皮石斛功效研究
现代医学研究表明,铁皮枫斗有滋阴生津、增强体质、补益脾胃、护肝利胆、强筋壮骨、降低血糖、抑制肿瘤、促进循环、明亮眼睛、滋养肌肤等功效。适用于日常保健、久病初愈、熬夜伤阴、应酬饮酒、开车疲劳。
1.2.1补肾益气
清代《药性论》说铁皮石斛能补肾积精、养胃阴、益气力。现代医学表明,铁皮石斛补养肾脏系统,为全身循环输送营养,使气血、精神充足,不易疲劳。
1.2.2清肺排毒
清代名医赵学敏在《本草纲目拾遗》中记载铁皮石斛“生津巳劳损”。意思是铁皮石斛能促进体内水液的产生,调理五脏劳累所致的虚弱,有生津、润肺、排毒之功效。
1.2.3护肝利胆
历代医家都认为“铁皮石斛”具有滋养肝阴的作用,是治疗各种肝胆病的名贵药材,利于肝炎、胆囊炎、胆结石等肝胆疾病的治疗恢复。铁皮石斛的抗氧化作用能减少体内肝脏功能的损伤,同时通过保肝护肝、清热利胆的功能,对肝胆病的防治有独特的辅助疗效。
1.2.4抑制肿瘤
铁皮石斛对肺癌、卵巢癌和早幼粒细胞性白血病等恶性肿瘤的某些细胞有杀灭作用,具有较强的抗肿瘤活性。临床实验表明,铁皮石斛用于恶性肿瘤的辅助治疗,能改善肿瘤患者的症状,减轻放、化疗的副作用,增强免疫力,提高生存质量,延长生存时间。
1.2.5明亮眼目
中医认为,五脏六腑的精气都通过脉上,注于眼睛,而肝“开窍于目”眼睛的生理病理于肝的阴精旺盛与否关系密切,铁皮石斛有滋阴养目的功能,被历代医家作为养护眼睛的佳品。现代药理学研究证实:铁皮石斛对防治老年白内障不仅有延缓作用,可以保持晶状体的透明度36.8%,而且半乳糖所致的酶活性异常变化有抑制或纠正作用。
1.2.6降低血糖
中医认为,消渴病(糖尿病)的发生,主要以肾阴虚,肺胃早热为基本病机,以气阴两虚为其病理特点,铁皮石斛养阴清热润燥,自古以来就是治疗糖尿病的专用药。临床研究表明,铁皮石斛不仅可以增强胰岛素活性,同时能显著降低血糖水平,使血糖恢复正常。
1.2.7强筋降脂
人进入中年以后,“人阴气自半”人体的阴津开始衰弱,筋骨功能逐渐减退,铁皮石斛能滋养阴液,润滑关节,从而达到强筋健骨、流利关节、增强抗风湿的效果。现代药理研究表明,铁皮石斛能提高应激能力,具有良好的抗疲劳,耐缺氧作用;能濡润脉道,扩张血管,从而促进血液循环,显著改善血瘀症状,降低血胆固醇和甘油三脂,提供高密度脂蛋白固醇水平,可以治疗血脑血管疾病。
1.2.8益胃生津
铁皮石斛益胃生津,《神农本草经》、《本草再新》中均有记载,称为“肠胃药”。现代医学证实,铁皮石斛对脾胃病中常见的致病菌幽门螺杆菌有较好的抑制作用,有助于治疗萎缩性胃炎、浅表性胃炎、十二指肠溃疡等幽门螺杆菌阳性的病症;同时口服铁皮石斛煎液能促进胃液的分泌,增强胃的排空能力,帮助消化。
1.2.9延缓衰老
《神农本草经》将铁皮石斛列为具有“轻身延年”作用的圣药。人体进入中年后,体内阴液日益减少,皮肤迅速老化。铁皮石斛可促进人体血液、津液、体液的产生,滋养皮肤。现代药理学研究证实:铁皮石斛含有多种微量元素,对于人体的健康长寿有着密切的关系,对人体的抗衰老作用比一般的药物更广泛、更全面。
1.2.10改善睡眠
中医认为长期失眠的病因是阴阳失衡、阴虚不能抑制阳亢火动导致的。铁皮石斛正具有“补五脏虚劳”的神奇功效,通过滋阴补虚,从根本上解决固性失眠问题。
1.3近野生铁皮石斛
铁皮石斛的种植方式多种多样,有盆栽种植、大棚苗床种植、椴木种植、附树种植等等。乐清市铁皮石斛协会为规范铁皮石斛种植方式的宣称,把模仿野生铁皮石斛生长环境的种植方式称之为“近野生种植”,利用这种种植方式所种植的铁皮石斛成为近野生铁皮石斛。野生铁皮石斛往往生长在远离人烟的悬崖峭壁或参天古树之上,在自然状态下生长。本项专利所称的近野生铁皮石斛就是模拟野生铁皮石斛的环境和生长方式,种植基地选择在远离工业区和集中居民区(确保水质、空气、土壤不受污染)、植被茂盛的山地或林地,把铁皮石斛直接种植在野外的活体树上,并通过了GAP(良好农业规范)和有机产品认证。本发明中的铁皮石斛种植过程中不使用化肥和农药,铁皮石斛多糖含量可达39.6%(药典规定铁皮石斛多糖含量标准为25%),还能检测到罕见且被称为“抗癌因子”的毛兰素,是铁皮石斛中的上上之品。
1.4黄精功效综述
黄精为百合科植物黄精及其同属植物囊丝黄精、热河黄精、滇南黄精和卷叶黄精的根茎。作为一种常用中药,它功能宽中益气,益肾填精,滋阴润肺,在临床上有十分广泛的用途。据古籍《名医别录》记载,黄精药用能“除风湿、安五脏、久服轻身、延年不饥”,最早指出了中药黄精的功能和效用。现代药理学研究证明,黄精具有增强免疫、降低血脂、血糖、延缓衰老等多种药理作用。
1.4.1抗衰老作用
研究表明,黄精提取液能增加谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力以及血SOD活力,而且呈剂量依赖性;与阳性对照组相比,黄精提取液抑制心、肝LPO生成能力明显增加,也呈剂量依赖性,显示黄精具有抗衰防老作用。
1.4.2调节免疫功能
黄精可提高受环磷酰胺处理小鼠的骨髓造血机能,使其白细胞和红细胞数上升,骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率下降,提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。黄精粗多糖能明显促进正常小鼠胸腺和脾脏重量的增加,可明显增强小鼠静脉注射胶体碳粒的廓清速率,对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,有明显的激活和增强作用。黄精多糖还对辐射损伤小鼠的造血功能具有明显的保护作用。
1.4.3改善学习和记忆能力
黄精多糖能显著改善老龄大鼠学习记忆及记忆再现能力,降低错误次数,还可明显缩短迷宫测试中大鼠的潜伏时间。
1.4.4抗炎、抗病毒作用
以家兔眼结膜、角膜炎症模型,用黄精多糖眼药水,考察黄精多糖的抗炎作用,结果黄精多糖眼药水能消除兔模型结膜充血、水肿、分泌物增加、角膜混浊、睫状充血等局部症状;黄精多糖还能明显抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀、大鼠足趾肿胀;降低大鼠肉芽肿的重量,减少肉芽肿内渗出;对治疗大鼠免疫性关节炎的原发病灶和继发病变有显著疗效,提示黄精多糖具有良好的抗炎作用。黄精多糖制剂治疗家兔实验性单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎,与无环鸟苷治疗组及氯霉素组进行对照,结果黄精多糖制剂组与氯霉素组比较,疗效均有统计学意义;黄精多糖滴眼液配合黄精多糖注射液结膜下注射和黄精多糖滴眼液配合黄精多糖口服液两组疗效优于无环鸟苷组。
1.4.5调节血糖和血脂
黄精多糖明显降低Ad模型小鼠肝脏内cAMP的含量,因而推测其降血糖作用机理是降低了肝细胞内cAMP的含量,从而阻碍了磷酸化酶激活及糖原合成酶失活,导致糖原合成加速、糖原分解减慢。一定剂量的黄精多糖具有降低高脂血症实验动物的血脂作用和抑制动脉内膜泡沫细胞形成的药效。
1.4.6抗疲劳作用
小鼠腹腔注射黄精溶液,能明显提高小鼠耐缺氧能力。用黄精水煎剂灌胃小鼠,能显著延长小鼠游泳时间。
1.4.7抗肿瘤作用
一定剂量的黄精多糖可增强荷瘤小鼠的自然杀伤细胞活性,对肿瘤的生长有明显的抑制作用。
1.5枸杞子功效综述
枸杞子为茄科植物宁夏枸杞的干燥成熟果实,具有滋补肝肾、益精明目、润肺的功效,用于虚劳精亏,腰膝酸痛,眩晕耳鸣,内热消渴,血虚萎黄,目昏不明等症。是民间运用非常广泛的药食两用中药材。
1.5.1调节免疫功能
枸杞子中含有的枸杞多糖(LBP)是促进免疫功能的有效成分。枸杞多糖可以激活T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞,以增强细胞免疫为主,同时也能增强体液免疫功能。枸杞多糖对T淋巴细胞具有选择性免疫效应,低剂量可促进T淋巴细胞的转化,高剂量则抑制T淋巴细胞的转化,枸杞多糖具有免疫及生物双向调节作用。枸杞子润肺的作用机制与它能提高呼吸系统的免疫功能有关,从而能增强机体防御呼吸道疾病的能力。
1.5.2调节神经系统功能
枸杞子对实验性动物学习记忆具有保护作用,并能对抗理化因素所致的记忆损害。研究表明,具有促智作用的中药多为补肾填精药。含有枸杞子原料的补肾名方,如左归丸、右归丸等是脑萎缩伴有智力障碍患者的主方。
1.5.3提高视力
根据测定,每100g宁夏枸杞子鲜果中胡萝卜素的含量为19.61mg,胡萝卜素可在人体内转变为维生素A。维生素A能促进视网膜内视紫质的合成或再生,维持正常视力。
1.5.4提高造血功能
枸杞煎剂对正常小鼠和环磷酰胺引起的白细胞受抑小鼠的造血功能都有促进作用。可增加小鼠外周血粒细胞数目,促进股骨骨髓细胞增殖、分化。
1.5.5提高生殖功能
现代研究证实,每日服用枸杞子50g,连续10日,可使男性血中睾酮含量显著升高。同时它能增加垂体和卵巢的重量,改善神经内分泌的调节,具有诱发排卵作用,对女性不孕症有良好的治疗功能。
1.5.6保护肝脏的作用
枸杞子能抑制四氯化碳引起的血清和肝脏脂质过氧化,降低ALT水平,抑制脂肪在肝细胞内沉积和促进肝细胞新生的作用。现认为甜菜碱是保肝的有效成分。
1.5.7降低血糖作用
动物实验发现,宁夏枸杞子提取物可使大鼠的血糖持续降低,糖耐量显著增高,这与枸杞子中含有胍的衍生物有关。
1.5.8抗肿瘤作用
枸杞子抗肿瘤作用主要是抗基因突变功能。研究发现,用枸杞子提取液对致癌剂诱导的突变株的抑制率分别为91.18%和82.16%,说明枸杞子含有抗突变物质和阻断致突变作用。
1.5.9延缓衰老
老年人服用枸杞子后,血液中某些反映机体功能状态的客观指标改善。如升高CAMP,提高血浆睾酮水平,脑力、体力均明显增强。枸杞子提取液可显著提高小鼠皮肤中SOD的活性,增加皮肤中胶原蛋白含量,减少脂质过氧化产物丙二醛的含量,说明枸杞子提取物具有延缓皮肤衰老的作用。
发明内容
本发明的目的正是为了克服上述技术的不足,而提供一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方及其制法,应用近野生铁皮石斛配伍黄精、枸杞子,使其功效协同互补,强化了产品功效。
本发明的目的是通过如下技术方案来完成的。这种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方,其各原料的重量份配比如下:近野生鲜铁皮石斛45~55份,黄精10~18份,枸杞子8~15份,西柚粉3~5份,低聚果糖5-10份,甜菊糖苷0.1~0.3份,柠檬酸0.3~0.5份,纯化水30~45。
这种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方的制法,鲜萃:将近野生铁皮石斛经蒸青灭菌后,用研磨机进行超微研磨,再进行200目抽滤,滤液备用;提取浓缩:铁皮石斛滤渣与配方量的黄精、枸杞子混合进行提取,提取液过滤浓缩备用;将铁皮石斛鲜萃滤液与黄精、枸杞子浓缩液投入配制罐中,再将西柚粉、低聚果糖、甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸加入配制罐,搅拌使溶解,静置24小时,过滤,灌装,贴标,包装,即得。
近野生铁皮石斛培育过程如下:
(1)、种源筛选:筛选雁荡山野生铁皮石斛作为一代种源;
(2)、组培:培养基:1/2~1MS、15~25%马铃薯水提液、6~10%香蕉泥;培养基灭菌条件:121℃、1.1Mpa;种子无菌萌发条件:温度25±1℃,500~1000Lux光照12小时/日;
(3)、分化、壮苗:培养40天后:添加1.0~3.0mg/LBA、0.1~0.3mg/LNAA;培养60天后:添加0.1~0.3mg/LBA、1.0~3.0mg/LNAA;
(4)、驯化处理:有机肥:蚕沙55%~65%、杉树皮45%~55%起堆,覆盖薄膜,自然发酵90天;大棚:温度25±3℃、湿度40%~75%、光照时间8~12小时;苗床:铺设有机肥,厚度10~20cm;将瓶苗移栽至驯化苗床,设定5~10min/h自动浇水;
(5)、活树选择:直径20~40cm的枣树或梨树100~150棵/亩;
(6)、采摘:选择生长3年以上的植株。
鲜萃具体步骤如下:
(1)、洗净:近野生铁皮石斛采摘后,去叶,纯化水1:20~30漂洗30~60min,再用纯化水冲洗3遍;
(2)、灭菌:将洗净铁皮石斛置蒸青机内,用95~105℃的蒸汽灭菌5~10min,冷却;
(3)、切段:将灭菌好的铁皮石斛切成0.5~1.5cm的小段;
(4)、研磨:将铁皮石斛段置研磨机内,按1:8~12加入纯化水,研磨成细度为250~300μm的鲜汁液;
(5)、过滤:研磨后的铁皮石斛鲜汁液进行真空抽滤,分别为粗滤和精滤,粗滤介质为80~100的尼龙纱布,精滤介质为200目尼龙纱布,滤液备用,滤渣转到提取工序。
提取浓缩具体步骤如下:黄精、枸杞子与铁皮石斛滤渣合并提取:10~12倍水,以黄精与枸杞子的总重量计,煮沸提取3次,每次2h,提取液过200目筛网,合并滤液减压浓缩至相对密度为1.1~1.2。
本发明的有益效果为:本发明以近野生铁皮石斛、黄精、枸杞子为主要原料,铁皮石斛滋阴生津、补五脏虚劳,为君;黄精宽中益气,益肾填精,滋阴润肺,为臣;辅以枸杞子滋补肝肾、益精明目、润肺。本发明利用各个组分的功效特点,达到增强免疫、缓解疲劳、清肝明目、延缓衰老以及滋阴润肺等多重功效,非常适合运动休闲及亚健康人群的养生与保健。
在工艺方面,本发明应用“鲜萃”技术将近野生铁皮石斛中的多糖、甘露糖、维生素、毛兰素、氨基酸及叶绿素等成分充分提取,大大提升了名贵药材铁皮石斛的利用价值;其次,由于直接用鲜铁皮石斛加工,省区了铁皮石斛干燥过程的成本,也避免了铁皮石斛因干燥温度过高而导致营养成分流失的风险;再次,应用“鲜萃”工艺可使产品保留新鲜铁皮石斛的色泽、气味和口感,更能体现出产品的天然价值。再结合提取、配制、灌装等工艺,制成便于服用的原液饮品,且吸收较其他剂型更为快速,非常适合上班、旅行等快节奏的工作和生活。本发明从原料的选择、组方配伍、加工工艺、产品剂型等方面较之市场同类产品均有明显优势,有着良好的市场前景。
附图说明
图1是近野生铁皮石斛培育工艺流程图;
图2是近野生铁皮石斛鲜萃工艺流程图;
图3是提取浓缩工艺流程图;
图4是近野生鲜铁皮石斛口服液制备工艺流程图。
其中,图1中:1*灭菌条件、灭菌效果控制;2*培养基及组培条件控制;3*分化条件控制;4*壮苗条件控制;5*有机肥基质、大棚环境控制;6*树种选择、栽种方式、病虫防护控制;7*采摘年限、采摘季节控制。
图2中:1*灭菌温度、时间控制;2*研磨加水量、细度控制;3*过滤精度控制。
图3中:1*加水量、提取时间、提取次数控制;2*浓缩温度、料液相对密度控制。
图4中:1*配方组分投料量控制;2*灭菌温度、时间控制;3*过滤转速控制;4*装量、密封性控制;5*灭菌温度、时间控制,不合格品剔除;6*灭菌温度、时间控制。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明作进一步阐述,实施例将帮助更好地理解本发明,但本发明并不仅仅局限于下述实施例。
本发明涉及的内容包括铁皮石斛原料的培育、产品配方及制备工艺,各项优势如下:
1近野生铁皮石斛来源优势
市场多数铁皮石斛均来源于大棚种植,且在种植过程中使用化肥和农药,甚至生长素,使铁皮石斛的安全性得不到保障。本发明使用的近野生铁皮石斛通过GAP和有机产品认证,铁皮石斛多糖含量高达39.6%,高出药典标准58.4%,还检测出了毛兰素(含量为14.2mg/100g),且通过有机产品认证;因此本发明所应用的近野生铁皮石斛无论是质量还是安全性,均高于同类产品。
近野生铁皮石斛培育环节是本发明的基础,其过程包括种质筛选、组培、分化、壮苗、活树栽培、采摘等,具体见表一。
表一近野生铁皮石斛培育过程及其关键参数
2配方优势
本发明配方为铁皮石斛、黄精、枸杞子、牛磺酸、木糖醇、柠檬酸,市场同类产品多为铁皮石斛、黄精、葡萄糖或白砂糖等组合,且剂型多为冲剂或胶囊,本发明有明显的差异化,同时还适合糖尿病人服用,有更好的市场前景。
各组分比例详见表二。
表二近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液配方及其配比
3工艺优势
本发明应用的“鲜萃”工艺是将近野生铁皮石斛经蒸青灭菌(利用蒸青机进行5~10min蒸汽灭菌)后,用研磨机进行超微研磨,再进行200目抽滤,滤液备用。铁皮石斛滤渣与配方量的黄精、枸杞子混合进行提取,提取液过滤浓缩备用。将铁皮石斛鲜萃滤液与黄精、枸杞子浓缩液投入配制罐中,再将西柚粉、低聚果糖、甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸加入配制罐,搅拌使溶解,静置24小时,过滤,灌装,贴标,包装,即得。该工艺的优势为:①铁皮石斛多糖提取转化率(实际提取量与理论含量比)可达90%以上,而传统的直接水煎煮提取转化率仅为60%~70%;②铁皮石斛的营养成分最大程度保留,维生素C含量为85mg/100g(是传统煎煮提取工艺的28倍)、叶绿素含量65mg/100g(传统煎煮工艺的叶绿素几乎全部被破坏)、蛋白质含量也可达到9.3%(约为传统煎煮提取工艺的1.5~1.8倍);③本工艺制出的产品有铁皮石斛独特的清香味,更能体现铁皮石斛自身特点,且溶液剂型市场同类产品较为少见,服用方便,吸收快速,有明显的优势。
本发明工艺过程包括近野生铁皮石斛的培育、鲜萃、黄精与枸杞子的提取浓缩,再与其他辅料进行配制、灌装、灭菌、贴标、包装等工序,具体工艺及参数如表三。
表三近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液制备工艺及其参数
(一)近野生铁皮石斛培育
1种源筛选
雁荡山是铁皮石斛的发源地,《本草从新》对铁皮石斛的产地也有明确的记载“温州最上,广西次之,广东最下”,雁荡山坐落在温州境内,是铁皮石斛的主产区,其品质受到了历代医家的推崇。乐清地处雁荡山麓,当地村民采挖铁皮石斛有数百年历史,为利于铁皮石斛的保存,他们还将其烘干,卷曲成弹簧状,经代代相传并改进,也就形成了现代的——铁皮枫斗!出产于这里的铁皮石斛或铁皮枫斗被行业内称为“道地药材”。本发明遵循中药材道地产区的特点,铁皮石斛的种源选择雁荡山的野生品种。
2组培
铁皮石斛的生长主要受光照和温度等因素的影响,在12h/d为光照周期下,此时植物的叶绿素含量和净光合速率较高,生长与繁殖能力较强。选择1/2~1MS、15~25%马铃薯水提液、6~10%香蕉泥作为培养基,并在121℃、1.1Mpa的灭菌条件下对培养基进行灭菌。
选择种源铁皮石斛的茎,去叶,在无菌操作台上用75%的乙醇对铁皮石斛茎进行表面消毒,去掉灰尘,再用1%的HgCl2灭菌5~10min,用无菌水冲洗三次,如此重复进行3次灭菌,在灭菌过程中要不断摇晃,使其充分灭菌。
将已经灭菌的石解茎,在无菌条件下切成带有一个茎节的茎段,接种于诱导培养基中,温度25±1℃,500~2000Lux光照12h/日,诱导出芽,将芽再诱导出原球茎。
3分化、壮苗
培养40~43天后,添加1.0~3.0mg/LBA、0.1~0.3mg/LNAA,培养58~62天后,添加0.1~0.3mg/LBA、1.0~3.0mg/LNAA,使原球茎分化、壮苗,经过约一年半时间便可培养出高5~9cm,叶片7~9片,根长3~6cm的健壮植株。
4驯化
由于温度和光照等主要生长条件发生变化,移栽之前需要经过1周炼苗。移栽时避免伤及幼嫩组织,洗净附着在根部的培养基,载种在苗床上,苗床铺设有机肥(蚕沙55%~65%、杉树皮45%~55%起堆,覆盖薄膜,自然发酵90天,灭菌),有机肥要疏松透气,铺设厚度10~20cm。移栽时最适温度是15~30℃,气温过低或过高均不适宜出瓶移栽。大棚温度25±3℃、湿度40%~75%、光照时间8~12小时移栽成功的铁皮石斛,1周后适量浇水,设定5~10min/h自动喷雾。
5活树栽培
如前所述,铁皮石斛的道地产区位于雁荡山,为此本发明中铁皮石斛的种植基地也兴建于雁荡山麓。大棚苗床生长50~70天后,铁皮石斛长度约10~15cm,此时可移栽至活树上。铁皮石斛与树的共生有一定的选择性,其根属气生根,易附着于树的表面,因此树皮的水分及其纹理对铁皮石斛的生长有重要的影响,根据实验研究,本发明选择枣树和梨树作为栽培树种,树干直径20~40cm枣树100~150棵/亩,栽种区域光照充分(光照时间8~12h/天)。
栽培过程:移栽时最适宜的月份是2~5月份,温度在15~30℃内。将铁皮石斛从苗床拔出,筛选健壮的铁皮石斛苗,清理根部基质,用苔藓包裹根部,再用稻草绳将铁皮石斛的根部位置绑于树干或粗大树枝(直径≥5cm)上,最低高度50cm,每30~40cm栽种一圈。将自动灌溉水管按苗的位置安置喷头,并在活树种植区悬挂黏贴纸和生物捕虫设备,黏贴纸3~5张/平方,生物捕虫设备2~3个/10米。自动喷淋灌溉系统在非雨天开启自动喷雾功能,夏令10~20min/h、冬令温度15℃以上5~10min/h。
6采摘
铁皮石斛多糖为铁皮石斛的标志性成分,经研究表明,铁皮石斛多糖的含量受生长年限及季节影响比较大,具体见表四。
表四铁皮石斛多糖生长年限及季节变化(%)
由上表可知,铁皮石斛的最佳采收期为生长三年后的3~5月,铁皮石斛的花期一般为5~6月,根据生物遗传的特征,铁皮石斛多糖含量的变化主要受开花的影响,故一般认为铁皮石斛合理的采收期三年后的1月、2月、3月、4月、5月及12月份。
(二)鲜萃工艺及参数
近野生铁皮石斛采摘后,去叶,纯化水1:20~30漂洗30~60min,再用纯化水冲洗3遍,置蒸青机内,用95~105℃的蒸汽灭菌5~10min,冷却,切成0.5~1.5cm的小段,再放入研磨机内,调节研磨细度为250~350μm,按1:10~20加入低温纯化水(2~8℃),开启研磨机,将铁皮石斛研磨成鲜汁液。
研磨后的铁皮石斛鲜汁液进行真空抽滤,首先进行粗滤,粗滤介质为80~100的尼龙纱布;粗滤液再进行精滤,精滤介质为200目尼龙纱布。滤液备用,粗滤渣与精滤渣合并转到提取工序。
(三)提取浓缩工艺及参数
称取配方量的黄精(切片)与枸杞子(切片),置入中药煎煮锅内,再将铁皮石斛渣一块投入煎煮锅中,按黄精与枸杞子的总重量计算,加入10~12倍纯化水(以黄精与枸杞子的重量计),加热煮沸提取3次,每次2h,每次提取液用200目筛网过滤,合并滤液减压浓缩至相对密度为1.1~1.2,备用。
(四)配制
将近野生铁皮石斛鲜萃液、黄精与枸杞子浓缩液用真空泵打入配制罐,准确称取配方量的牛磺酸、木糖醇、柠檬酸,置入配料罐内,开启搅拌机,并开启蒸汽加热至60~65℃,保持30min,使溶液溶解均匀。
(五)杀菌过滤
将配制完成的原液溶液升温至90~100℃,用UHT杀菌机进行杀菌,杀菌温度135~138℃,保持3~5秒,再冷却至25℃,并用200目筛网将溶液过滤至储罐,静置12~18h,用高速离心机过滤至储罐,离心转速为10000r/min。
(六)无菌灌装
选瓶:工作前检查清场情况、设备、环境的清洁状况是否合格。到存放间领取当日生产所需的瓶和瓶盖,逐支将瓶摆放在周转盘内,摆放整齐,拣出破碎、裂口、缺口、歪瓶不合格品、记录下不合格品数。合格瓶送洗瓶处。
超声波洗瓶机:接通洗瓶机电源,瓶经两遍循环水喷淋(压力为0.2MPa),压缩空气吹干(压力为0.3MPa),再用一遍新鲜纯化水冲洗(压力为0.2MPa),最后经压缩空气冲干后,传入远红外线杀菌干燥箱。
灭菌干燥:打开远红外线杀菌干燥箱电源开关,灭菌温度260℃,出口风压保持10Pa,入口风压保持8Pa,打开输送带开关,开始输瓶,传入灌轧工序。
灌装扎盖:工作前检查有清场合格证,设备、环境清洁状况,合格后生产。原液温度保持在95℃,调节计量泵装量。灌装开始后,抽查装量每次按顺序抽取8瓶,装量在应符合要求,检查密封性,依次取8支,有无破损、压制不严密,操作过程中和结束时,检查一下装量和轧盖情况。
(七)包装
根据设定的包装规格进行包装。
最后,应当指出,以上实例仅是本发明较有代表性的例子。显然,本发明的技术方案并不限于上述实例,还可以有许多变形,本领域的普通技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接导出或联想到的所有变形,均应认为是本发明的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方,其特征在于:其各原料的重量份配比如下:近野生鲜铁皮石斛45~55份,黄精10~18份,枸杞子8~15份,西柚粉3~5份,低聚果糖5-10份,甜菊糖苷0.1~0.3份,柠檬酸0.3~0.5份,纯化水30~45。
2.一种近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方的制法,其特征在于:鲜萃:将近野生铁皮石斛经蒸青灭菌后,用研磨机进行超微研磨,再进行200目抽滤,滤液备用;提取浓缩:铁皮石斛滤渣与配方量的黄精、枸杞子混合进行提取,提取液过滤浓缩备用;将铁皮石斛鲜萃滤液与黄精、枸杞子浓缩液投入配制罐中,再将西柚粉、低聚果糖、甜菊糖苷、柠檬酸加入配制罐,搅拌使溶解,静置24小时,过滤,灌装,贴标,包装,即得。
3.根据权利要求2所述的近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方的制法,其特征在于:近野生铁皮石斛培育过程如下:
(1)、种源筛选:筛选雁荡山野生铁皮石斛作为一代种源;
(2)、组培:培养基:1/2~1MS、15~25%马铃薯水提液、6~10%香蕉泥;培养基灭菌条件:121℃、1.1Mpa;种子无菌萌发条件:温度25±1℃,500~1000Lux光照12小时/日;
(3)、分化、壮苗:培养40天后:添加1.0~3.0mg/LBA、0.1~0.3mg/LNAA;培养60天后:添加0.1~0.3mg/LBA、1.0~3.0mg/LNAA;
(4)、驯化处理:有机肥:蚕沙55%~65%、杉树皮45%~55%起堆,覆盖薄膜,自然发酵90天;大棚:温度25±3℃、湿度40%~75%、光照时间8~12小时;苗床:铺设有机肥,厚度10~20cm;将瓶苗移栽至驯化苗床,设定5~10min/h自动浇水;
(5)、活树选择:直径20~40cm的枣树或梨树100~150棵/亩;
(6)、采摘:选择生长3年以上的植株。
4.根据权利要求2所述的近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方的制法,其特征在于:鲜萃具体步骤如下:
(1)、洗净:近野生铁皮石斛采摘后,去叶,纯化水1:20~30漂洗30~60min,再用纯化水冲洗3遍;
(2)、灭菌:将洗净铁皮石斛置蒸青机内,用95~105℃的蒸汽灭菌5~10min,冷却;
(3)、切段:将灭菌好的铁皮石斛切成0.5~1.5cm的小段;
(4)、研磨:将铁皮石斛段置研磨机内,按1:8~12加入纯化水,研磨成细度为250~300μm的鲜汁液;
(5)、过滤:研磨后的铁皮石斛鲜汁液进行真空抽滤,分别为粗滤和精滤,粗滤介质为80~100的尼龙纱布,精滤介质为200目尼龙纱布,滤液备用,滤渣转到提取工序。
5.根据权利要求2所述的近野生鲜铁皮石斛黄精枸杞子原液的配方的制法,其特征在于:提取浓缩具体步骤如下:黄精、枸杞子与铁皮石斛滤渣合并提取:10~12倍水,以黄精与枸杞子的总重量计,煮沸提取3次,每次2h,提取液过200目筛网,合并滤液减压浓缩至相对密度为1.1~1.2。
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