CN105342994B - 输液制剂 - Google Patents
输液制剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN105342994B CN105342994B CN201510815549.0A CN201510815549A CN105342994B CN 105342994 B CN105342994 B CN 105342994B CN 201510815549 A CN201510815549 A CN 201510815549A CN 105342994 B CN105342994 B CN 105342994B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- infusion
- room
- vitamin
- preparation
- infused
- Prior art date
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- OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N folic acid Chemical compound C=1N=C2NC(N)=NC(=O)C2=NC=1CNC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
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Abstract
本发明解决提供输液制剂的问题,其中:在储存过程中不发生因氨基酸与还原糖引起的美拉德反应;脂肪乳剂中的脂肪滴的大小在储存过程中不增加;即使在仅施用一种输液时,也几乎没有患者患上高钾血症或经历血管疼痛或静脉炎的危险;并且尽管是两室容器制剂,也可以稳定地混合多种维生素。本发明提供一种输液制剂,其具有由能够打开的分隔物隔开的两个室,其中:第一室中容纳有含有糖和脂肪乳剂的第一室输液;第二室中容纳有含有氨基酸和电解质的第二室输液;第一室输液基本上不含钾,且具有2.0~3.0的渗透压比率;对于第二室输液,钾浓度为40mEq/L或更低且渗透压比率为2.5~3.5;且在打开分隔物时,第一室输液和第二室输液的混合物的钾浓度为16mEq/L或更大。
Description
本申请是申请日为2011年11月28日、申请号为201180056952.X、发明名称为“输液制剂”的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及含有糖、脂肪、氨基酸和电解质的输液制剂。更具体地,本发明提供包含在两室容器中的输液制剂(高卡路里输液制剂),其中第一室含有糖和脂肪乳剂,第二室含有氨基酸和电解质。
背景技术
具有两个室的输液袋中包含的含有糖、氨基酸和电解质的输液制剂是已知的,且广泛用于患者的营养管理(参见非专利文献1)。
向同一溶液添加还原糖和氨基酸不利地引起美拉德反应并使溶液改性。因此,在输液制剂中,为防止由还原糖和氨基酸引起的美拉德反应,将含有还原糖的输液放置在输液袋的一个室中,并将含有氨基酸的输液分开放置在另一室中。在使用的时候,通过将两个室相互连通而将输液混合且随后施用给患者。为促进混合过程,通常通过在使用时能够连通地打开的隔壁(例如,容易剥离的封口)来分隔两个室。然而,存在如下情况,即由于遗漏连通过程,仅向患者施用一种输液。这样的错误经常发生。因此,当使用这样的两室容器中的输液制剂时,即使在使用前由于遗漏连通过程而仅施用放置在一个室中的一种输液的情况下,保证患者不被不利地影响也是非常重要的。
例如,当一种输液中的钾浓度相对较高时,如果向患者单独施用该输液,患者可能患上高钾血症。为消除这样的问题,已经检测了钾分开放置在两个室中且各个输液中的钾浓度调整为40mEq/L或更低的输液制剂(专利文献1)。
此外,特别当输液施用到外周静脉时,如果渗透压太高,可能造成血管疼痛或静脉炎。因此,认为需要输液即使在混合之前也具有合适的渗透压(专利文献2)。
此外,当单独长时间施用含有糖、氨基酸和电解质的输液制剂(高卡路里输液制剂)时,可能引发必需脂肪酸的缺乏。可以通过组合施用脂肪乳剂和高卡路里输液制剂来防止必需脂肪酸缺乏的发生。此外,脂肪具有高单位重量卡路里值,且还具有的优势是,例如不像糖,其不造成渗透性利尿。然而,当电解质输液与脂肪乳剂混合在一起之后经过较长时间时,脂肪滴的尺寸变得较大,从而在施用该混合物时造成脂肪栓塞的风险。因此,已经开发出两室容器中的输液制剂,其中脂肪乳剂和电解质放置在不同室中并在施用时混合。
而且,已知当在施用高卡路里输液过程中出现维生素B1缺乏时,可能发生酸中毒,并且需要补充维生素以在施用高卡路里输液时防止这样的风险。为避免这样的问题,已经开发出包括三种液体的高卡路里输液制剂(在大、中和小室中的液体)(例如Fulcaliq输液制剂),其中除糖、氨基酸和电解质外,还预先添加维生素。从维生素(特别是脂溶性维生素)的稳定性问题出发,以含有在大、中和小室中具有不同组成的输液的形式制备高卡路里输液制剂。然而,具有三个室的输液制剂在制备和使用的过程中需要额外的工作,由此造成与制造成本以及使用相关的问题。此外,例如,用于Fulcaliq输液制剂的包装说明书指导使用者不要混合脂肪乳剂,作为制备过程中的预防措施。
如上所述,针对多种问题而被检查的技术可用于解决各自的问题;然而,还没有开发出解决所有问题的输液制剂。
引用列表
专利文献
专利文献1:日本未审查专利公开第2004-189677号
专利文献2:日本未审查专利公开第2003-95937号
非专利文献
非专利文献1:Japanese Pharmacology&Therapeutics,24(10),2151(1996)
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是开发一种能够解决所有上述问题的输液制剂。
问题的解决方案
本发明的发明者惊讶地发现,通过使用包括由能够连通地打开的分隔物隔开的两个室的输液制剂可以实现以下优点,其中第一室含有包括糖和脂肪乳剂的第一室输液,第二室含有包括氨基酸和电解质的第二室输液,第一室输液基本上无钾且具有2.0~3.0的相对渗透压,第二室输液具有40mEq/L或更低的钾浓度以及2.5~3.5的相对渗透压,并且第一和第二室输液的混合物具有16mEq/L或更多的钾浓度(在连通地打开分隔物时测量)。在该输液制剂中,氨基酸与还原糖之间的美拉德反应在储存过程中不发生,且脂肪乳剂中脂肪颗粒的大小在储存过程中不增加。即使仅施用一种输液,患者也不太可能患上高钾血症、血管疼痛或静脉炎。尽管这是两室输液制剂,可以以稳定形式引入多种类型的维生素。本发明作出进一步的改进,并最终完成本发明。
更具体地,本发明包括以下列出的输液制剂。
项1.一种输液制剂,包括由能够连通地打开的分隔物隔开的两个室,其中
第一室含有包括糖和脂肪乳剂的第一室输液;
第二室含有包括氨基酸和电解质的第二室输液;
第一室输液基本上无钾,且具有2.0~3.0的相对渗透压;
第二室输液具有40mEq/L或更低的钾浓度以及2.5~3.5的相对渗透压;
并且在连通地打开分隔物时测量到,第一和第二室输液的混合物具有16mEq/L或更大的钾浓度。
项2.根据项1的输液制剂,其中第一室输液具有4.5~6.5的pH,且第二室输液具有6.0~7.4的pH。
项3.根据项1或2的输液制剂,其中第一室输液与第二室输液的体积比是3:2~3:5。
项4.根据项1~3中任一项的输液制剂,其中第一室还含有维生素B1。
项5.根据项4的输液制剂,其中第一室输液还含有维生素A、维生素B6、维生素B12、维生素D、维生素E和维生素K,且第二室输液还含有维生素C和维生素B2。
本发明的有利效果
本发明的输液制剂解决所有上述问题。在该输液制剂中,氨基酸与还原糖之间的美拉德反应在储存过程中不发生,且脂肪乳剂中脂肪颗粒的大小在储存过程中不增加。此外,即使只施用一种输液,患者也不太可能发生高钾血症、血管疼痛或静脉炎。而且,预期引入维生素B1可抑制酸中毒的发生。而且,因为输液制剂包含在可引入其它维生素例如脂溶性维生素的两室容器中,因此可以减少制备过程和使用中需要的时间和劳动。
具体实施方式
以下将更详细地描述本发明。
本发明提供输液制剂,包括由能够连通地打开的分隔物隔开的两个室,其中第一室含有包括糖和脂肪乳剂的第一室输液,且第二室含有包括氨基酸和电解质的第二室输液。
第一室输液
用于本发明中的第一室输液包括糖和脂肪乳剂。
能够引入第一室输液中的糖的实例包括:还原糖例如葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖;非还原糖,例如木糖醇、山梨醇和甘油;等。在这些糖中,从血糖水平管理等的角度出发,优选还原糖,且特别优选葡萄糖。这样的糖可以单独使用或两种或更多种组合使用。
糖在第一室输液中的量优选在70~150g/L的范围内。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物可以优选具有50~100g/L的糖浓度,且更优选50~75g/L。
为防止输注疗法过程中酸中毒的发生,优选在第一室输液中引入维生素B1。能够引入第一室输液中的维生素B1的实例包括氯化硫胺盐酸盐、硝酸硫胺、丙硫硫胺、辛硫胺等。
基于硫胺,维生素B1在第一室输液中的量,例如在1.5~10mg/L的范围内,且优选2~8mg/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有1~6mg/L浓度的维生素B1,且更优选1.5~4mg/L。
第一室输液中引入的脂肪乳剂是通过使用乳化剂将油和/或脂分散在水中而制备的水包油乳剂。可以根据常用方法制备脂肪乳剂。例如,在油和/或脂、以及乳化剂加入水中之后,搅拌混合物以制备粗乳剂。接下来,通过常规方法例如高压乳化法使粗乳剂乳化。
可以优选使用的油脂的实例包括食用油。其具体实例包括蔬菜油(例如,大豆油、橄榄油、棉籽油、红花油、谷物油、椰油和紫苏油);鱼油(例如,鱼肝油);中链脂肪酸三甘油酯(C8~10脂肪酸三甘油酯)(例如,产品名:PANACET(由NOF Corporation制造)、ODO(由Nisshin Oil Mills,Ltd.制造)、COCONARD(Kao Corporation制造)、Miglyol(由MitsubaTrading Co.,Ltd.制造));合成的三甘油酯(例如,2-亚麻酰-1,3-二辛酰基甘油(8L8)、和2-亚麻酰-1,3-二癸酰基甘油(10L10));等等。这样的油脂可以单独施用或两种或更多种组合使用。
乳化剂可以选自,例如多种药学上可接受的乳化剂。其具体实例包括蛋黄磷脂(蛋黄卵磷脂)、氢化蛋黄磷脂、大豆磷脂(大豆卵磷脂)、氢化大豆磷脂;非离子表面活性剂;等等。这样的乳化剂可以单独使用或两种或更多种组合使用。
特别优选大豆油作为油和/或脂。特别优选蛋黄磷脂(蛋黄卵磷脂)作为乳化剂。特别优选卵磷脂,例如蛋黄卵磷脂,因为其也可以起到磷源的作用,如下所述。
只要可以制备水包油脂肪乳剂,用于制备脂肪乳剂的油和/或脂以及乳化剂的量没有特别限制。通常以在所得脂肪乳剂中达到约0.5~6w/v%且优选约1~5w/v%的浓度的量使用油和/或脂。此外,通常以在所得脂肪乳剂中达到约0.01~2w/v%且优选约0.05~1w/v%的浓度的量使用乳化剂。
下面描述特别优选的制备本发明脂肪乳剂的方法的一个实施例。更具体地,将油和/或脂以及乳化剂添加到水中,且还将选自甘油和葡萄糖的至少一种物质加入其中。之后搅拌混合物以制备粗乳剂。接下来,通过常规方法例如高压乳化法使粗乳剂乳化。可以通过例如使乳剂以20~700kg/cm2的速率通过例如Manton Gaulin的乳化器约2~50次(优选3~20次)来执行高压乳化法。在该方法中,只要在乳化过程中存在甘油和/或葡萄糖,其添加的方式和时间没有限制。例如,可以将甘油和/或葡萄糖添加到通过使用油和/或脂以及乳化剂制备的粗乳剂中,且可以使所得的粗乳剂乳化。通常以在所得脂肪乳剂中达到约30~70w/v%且优选约40~60w/v%的浓度的量使用甘油和/或葡萄糖。
如果需要,还可以引入已知要添加到脂肪乳剂中的多种添加剂。这样的添加剂的实例包括pH调节剂。pH调节剂的具体实例包括:酸,例如氢氯酸;碱,例如氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾;以及有机酸和氨基酸。有机酸的实例包括醋酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸等。氨基酸的实例包括L-组氨酸、L-赖氨酸等。在这些中,可以将油溶性材料预混合到乳剂的油性组分中。可以将水溶性材料混合到注射用水中,或添加到所得脂肪乳剂的水相中。将要使用的添加剂的量可以适当确定,且可以与常规已知量相同。
基于油脂,将脂肪乳剂以0.5~6w/v%的量引入第一室输液中,优选1~5w/v%,且更优选2~5w/v%。在本发明的输液制剂中,基于油脂,第一和第二室输液的混合物含有浓度为0.25~6w/v%的脂肪乳剂,优选0.5~3w/v%,且更优选1~2.5w/v%。
第一室输液具有4.5~6.5范围内的pH,且优选5.0~6.5。当pH在上述范围内时,第一室输液中的脂肪乳剂和维生素B能够被稳定。可以通过使用pH调节剂,例如氢氯酸、醋酸、冰醋酸、乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾来调节第一室输液的pH。L-组氨酸也可以用作pH调节剂。
从增强维生素B1的稳定性的角度出发,第一室输液优选具有1或更低的滴定酸度。滴定酸度是指使100mL溶液中和到pH 7.4所需的0.1mol/L氢氧化钠水溶液的量(mL)。
通常可以使用注射用蒸馏水作为第一室输液的溶剂。
在本发明的输液制剂中,根据输液制剂的总流体体积以及第二室输液的流体体积而适当确定第一室输液的流体体积。
第一室输液基本上无钾。术语“基本上无钾”是指不添加含钾化合物。
第一室输液具有约2.0~3.0的相对渗透压。本文中使用的相对渗透压是指相对于生理盐水渗透压的比率(即,相对比率,其中生理盐水的渗透压限定为1)。输液的相对渗透压是指相对于生理盐水渗透压的比率,除非另外指明。
第二室输液
用于本发明中的第二室输液含有氨基酸和电解质。
能够引入氨基酸输液中以补充身体营养的任何氨基酸可以用作将要包含在第二室输液中的氨基酸。在本发明中,通常以游离氨基酸的形式使用氨基酸。然而,也可以以药学上可接受盐、酯、N-酰基衍生物或二肽的形式使用氨基酸。能够引入第二室输液中的游离氨基酸的实例包括L-亮氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-苏氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-半胱氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-精氨酸、L-组氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸、L-丝氨酸、甘氨酸、L-天冬氨酸、L-谷氨酸等。氨基酸盐的实例包括无机酸盐,例如L-精氨酸盐酸盐、L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐、L-谷氨酸盐酸盐、L-组氨酸盐酸盐、和L-赖氨酸盐酸盐;有机酸盐,例如L-赖氨酸醋酸盐和L-赖氨酸苹果酸盐;等等。氨基酸酯的实例包括L-酪氨酸甲酯、L-甲硫氨酸甲酯、L-甲硫氨酸乙酯等。N-酰基氨基酸的实例包括N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸、N-乙酰基-L-色氨酸、N-乙酰基-L-脯氨酸等。氨基酸二肽的实例包括L-酪氨酰-L-酪氨酸、L-丙氨酰-L-酪氨酸、L-精氨酰-L-酪氨酸、L-酪氨酰-L-精氨酸等。具体而言,从稳定性的角度出发,优选以乙酰半胱氨酸的形式引入L-半胱氨酸。从营养补充的角度出发,这样的氨基酸可以单独使用,但是优选两种或更多种组合使用。例如,优选引入至少所有必需氨基酸(即,9类氨基酸:L-亮氨酸、L-异亮氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-苏氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、和L-组氨酸)。
基于游离氨基酸的总量,氨基酸在第二室输液中的量可以是,例如,优选40~120g/L,且更优选50~100g/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,基于游离氨基酸的总量,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有10~50g/L的氨基酸浓度,且更优选20~30g/L。
就游离氨基酸而言,将要引入第二室输液的氨基酸的优选组合及其比例为例如如下所示:L-亮氨酸:5~15g/L;L-异亮氨酸:3~9g/L;L-缬氨酸:3~9g/L;L-赖氨酸:3~12g/L;L-苏氨酸:1.2~6g/L;L-色氨酸:0.3~3g/L;L-甲硫氨酸:0.6~4.8g/L;L-苯丙氨酸:1.8~9g/L;L-半胱氨酸:0.1~1.8g/L;L-酪氨酸:0.06~1.2g/L;L-精氨酸:3~12g/L;L-组氨酸:1.2~6g/L;L-丙氨酸:3~9g/L;L-脯氨酸:1.2~6g/L;L-丝氨酸:0.6~4.2g/L;甘氨酸:1.2~6g/L;L-天冬氨酸:0.12~1.8g/L;以及L-谷氨酸:0.12~1.8g/L。
在本发明的输液制剂中,就游离氨基酸而言,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选含有以下浓度的氨基酸:L-亮氨酸:3~9g/L;L-异亮氨酸:1.5~4.5g/L;L-缬氨酸:1.5~4.5g/L;L-赖氨酸:1.5~5g/L;L-苏氨酸:0.6~3g/L;L-色氨酸:0.15~1.5g/L;L-甲硫氨酸:0.3~2.4g/L;L-苯丙氨酸:0.85~4.5g/L;L-半胱氨酸:0.03~0.9g/L;L-酪氨酸:0.03~0.6g/L;L-精氨酸:1.5~5g/L;L-组氨酸:0.6~3g/L;L-丙氨酸:1.5~4.5g/L;L-脯氨酸:0.6~3g/L;L-丝氨酸:0.3~2.1g/L;甘氨酸:0.6~3g/L;L-天冬氨酸:0.06~0.9g/L;以及L-谷氨酸:0.06~0.9g/L。
将要引入第二室输液的电解质是用于输液领域的电解质。更具体地,其是包含在体液中的电解质(体液电解质)(例如,血液和胞内液),其可谓是生理上重要的电解质。这些电解质的具体实例包括钾、钙、钠、镁、磷、锌、氯等。在本发明的输液制剂中,优选这样的电解质不引入第一室输液中。具体地,尽管通常将钾引入两室输液制剂的两个输液中以避免施用高浓度钾的风险,但根据本发明的输液制剂,钾仅引入第二室输液中。
钾源的实例包括氯化镁、醋酸钾、柠檬酸钾、甘油磷酸钾、硫酸钾、乳酸钾等。在这些中,优选甘油磷酸钾,因为其也起到磷源的作用。这样的磷源可以是水合物的形式。以在第二室输液中达到40mEq/L或更低的浓度(优选25~40mEq/L)的量引入钾。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物具有16mEq/L或更大的钾浓度(优选16~25mEq/L),且更优选16~20mEq/L。
钙源的实例包括钙盐例如葡糖酸钙、氯化钙、甘油磷酸钙、乳酸钙、泛酸钙和醋酸钙。钙盐可以是水合物的形式(例如,葡糖酸钙水合物)。以在第二室输液中达到15mEq/L或更低的浓度(优选6~12mEq/L)的量引入钙。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物具有9mEq/L或更低的钙浓度(优选3~6mEq/L)。
钠源的实例包括钠盐例如氯化钠、乳酸钠、醋酸钠、硫酸钠、甘油磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠和乳酸钠。当磷和钙和/或镁引入本发明的输液制剂中时,优选使用柠檬酸钠作为钠源以防止这些元素的沉淀。钠源可以是水合物的形式。将钠以50~100mEq/L的浓度引入第二室输液中,且优选在第二室输液中为40~80mEq/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有25~50mEq/L的钠浓度,且优选30~40mEq/L。
镁源的实例包括硫酸镁、氯化镁、醋酸镁等。镁源可以是水合物的形式。镁在第二室输液中的量可以是,例如,1~20mEq/L,且优选在第二室输液中为5~15mEq/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有0.5~10mEq/L的镁浓度,且优选2~6mEq/L。
当使用无机盐作为磷源时,磷酸钙和磷酸镁可能沉淀。因此,优选使用有机盐,例如甘油磷酸钠或甘油磷酸钾。当使用卵磷脂作为第一室中的乳化剂时,卵磷脂还起到磷源的作用。当得自卵磷脂的磷可以提供充分量的磷时,不需要在第二室中引入磷,且不发生磷酸钙等的沉淀,这是优选的。磷在第二室输液中的量可以是,例如0~20mmol/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有1~20mmol的磷浓度,且更优选5~10mmol/L。
锌源的实例包括硫酸锌、氯化锌等。锌源可以是水合物的形式。锌在第二室输液中的量是2.5~15μmol/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有1.5~9μmol/L的锌浓度。
氯源的实例包括氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化镁、氯化钙等。氯在第二室输液中的量可以是,例如50~100mEq/L,且优选40~80mEq/L。在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物优选具有25~60mEq/L的氯浓度,且更优选30~40mEq/L。
如果需要,通过使用pH调节剂,优选将第二室输液的pH调节到6.0~7.4,且优选6.5~7.2。能够使用的pH调节剂的实例可以与上述用于第一室输液的相同。具体而言,优选使用柠檬酸,因为其能够抑制磷酸钙的沉淀。当第二室输液具有上述范围内的pH时,易于经历化学变化的氨基酸例如L-半胱氨酸和L-谷氨酸能够被稳定。此外,第二室输液与第一室输液的混合物的pH可以保持在如下所述的最佳范围内。
作为第二室输液的溶剂,通常可以使用注射用蒸馏水。
在本发明的输液制剂中,第二室输液具有约2.5~3.5的相对渗透压。
如果需要,本发明的输液制剂可以含有稳定剂。能够引入本发明的输液制剂中的稳定剂的实例包括亚硫酸盐例如亚硫酸氢钠。为避免包含在第一室输液中的维生素B1的分解,在第二室输液中引入亚硫酸盐。亚硫酸盐在第二室输液中的量可以是例如20~50mg/L。
除维生素B1外,还可以将多种其它类型的维生素添加到本发明的输液制剂中。可以将多种类型的维生素稳定地添加到两室容器中的输液制剂中,而无需将输液制剂放置在三或四室容器中。这是本发明输液制剂的一个特征。维生素分类成水溶性维生素和脂溶性维生素。在本发明的输液维生素中,将脂溶性维生素添加到第一室输液中。此外,可以将水溶性维生素添加到第一或第二室输液中。然而,如上所述,将维生素B1添加到第一室输液中。
添加到本发明输液制剂中的水溶性维生素的实例包括B复合维生素和维生素C。除维生素B1(硫胺)外,B复合维生素的实例包括维生素B2(核黄素)、维生素B3(烟酸)、维生素B5(泛酸)、维生素B6、维生素B7(生物素)、维生素B9(叶酸)和维生素B12(氰钴胺)。此外,脂溶性维生素的实例包括维生素A、维生素D(具体是胆钙化醇)、维生素E、和维生素K。
当添加维生素C(抗坏血酸)时,可以将其添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中。然而,优选将其添加到第二室输液中。当将维生素C添加到第二室输液中时,维生素C在第二室输液中的量是,例如50~500mg/L,且优选100~400mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物的维生素C的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常25~250mg/L,优选50~200mg/L,且更优选40~100mg/L。
作为维生素B2,可以使用核黄素、核黄素磷酸钠、黄素单核苷酸等。当添加维生素B2时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中。然而,维生素B2和叶酸优选放置在不同室中,以防止由维生素B2与叶酸之间的反应引起的叶酸的不稳定。例如,当将叶酸添加到第一室输液中时,优选将维生素B2添加到第二室输液中。当维生素B2添加到第二室输液中时,就核黄素而言,维生素B2在第二室输液中的量,例如,通常为2.5~15mg/L,且优选为4~8mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,就核黄素而言,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素B2的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常0.5~10mg/L,且优选0.5~3mg/L。
作为维生素B6,可以使用吡哆醇、吡哆醇的盐例如吡哆醇盐酸盐等。当添加维生素B6时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中。然而,当与维生素B2共存时,维生素B6变得对光很不稳定。因此,优选将维生素B6添加到未添加维生素B2的输液中。当维生素B6添加到第一室输液中时,就吡哆醇而言,维生素B6在第一室输液中的量是,例如,通常2~10mg/L,且优选2.5~5mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,就吡哆醇而言,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素B6的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常1~10mg/L,且优选1.5~3.5mg/L。
当添加叶酸时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中;然而,优选将其添加到第一室输液中。当将叶酸添加到第一室输液中时,叶酸在第一室输液中的量,例如,通常为0.1~0.8mg/L,且优选0.2~0.5mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中叶酸的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常0.1~0.7mg/L,且优选0.2~0.4mg/L。
作为维生素B12,可以使用氰钴胺、醋酸羟钴胺、甲钴胺等。当添加维生素B12时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中;然而,优选将其添加到第一室输液中。当维生素B12添加到第一室输液中时,维生素B12在第一室输液中的量是,例如,2~10μg/L,且优选2.5~5μg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素B12的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常0.5~10mg/L,且优选0.5~3mg/L。
作为烟酸,可优选使用烟酰胺。当添加烟酸时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中;然而,优选将其添加到第二室输液中。当烟酸添加到第二室输液中时,烟酸在第二室输液中的量是,例如,10~100mg/L,且优选20~50mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中烟酸的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常5~50mg/L,且优选5~20mg/L。
作为泛酸,可优选使用泛醇。当添加泛酸时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中;然而,优选将其添加到第二室输液中。当泛酸添加到第二室输液中时,在泛醇的情况下,泛酸在第二室输液中的量是,例如,5~30mg/L,且优选10~20mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中泛醇的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常2.5~15mg/L,且优选5~10mg/L。
当添加生物素时,其可以添加到第一或第二室输液中或同时添加到第一和第二室输液中;然而,优选将其添加到第二室输液中。当生物素添加到第二室输液中时,生物素在第二室输液中的量是,例如,10~100μg/L,且优选20~80μg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中生物素的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常1~50μg/L,且优选10~40μg/L。
作为维生素A,可优选使用视黄醇棕榈酸酯。此外,还可以使用通过将视黄醇棕榈酸酯溶于油而形成的维生素A油。维生素A是脂溶性的,并添加到第一室输液中。维生素A在第一室输液中的量是,例如,1,000~5,000IU/L,且优选2,000~4,000IU/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素A的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常500~2,500IU/L,且优选1,000~2,000IU/L。IU表示国际单位。其也称为维生素A单位。
作为维生素D,可优选使用胆钙化醇(维生素D3)。维生素D是脂溶性的,并添加到第一室输液中。维生素D在第一室输液中的量是,例如,2~10μg/L,且优选2.5~5μg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素D的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常0.5~10μg/L,且优选0.5~3μg/L。
作为维生素E,优选使用生育酚醋酸盐。维生素E是脂溶性的,并添加到第一室输液中。维生素E在第一室输液中的量是,例如,2~50mg/L,且优选5~20mg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素E的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常1~25mg/L,且优选2.5~10mg/L。
作为维生素K,可优选使用植物甲萘醌(维生素K1)。维生素K是脂溶性的,并添加到第一室输液中。维生素K在第一室输液中的量是,例如,50~2,500μg/L,且优选80~2,000μg/L。此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,第一和第二室输液的混合物中维生素K的浓度优选设定为满足以下范围:通常20~1,200μg/L,且优选30~1,000μg/L。
第一和第二室输液组成的优选实例显示如下。
第一室输液
纯化的大豆油:10~50g/L
葡萄糖:70~150g/L
氯化硫胺盐酸盐:3~10mg/L
吡哆醇盐酸盐:3~7mg/L
氰钴胺:2.5~5μg/L
叶酸:0.2~0.5mg/L
维生素A油:2,000~4,000IU/L
胆钙化醇:2.5~5μg/L
生育酚醋酸盐:5~20mg/L
植物甲萘醌:80~2,000μg/L
第二室输液
L-亮氨酸:5~15g/L
L-异亮氨酸:3~9g/L
L-缬氨酸:3~9g/L
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐:3.5~15g/L
L-苏氨酸:1.2~6g/L
L-色氨酸:0.3~3g/L
L-甲硫氨酸:0.6~4.8g/L
乙酰半胱氨酸:0.13~2.4g/L
L-苯丙氨酸:1.8~9g/L
L-酪氨酸:0.06~1.2g/L
L-精氨酸:3~12g/L
L-组氨酸:1.2~6g/L
L-丙氨酸:3~9g/L
L-脯氨酸:1.2~6g/L
L-丝氨酸:0.6~4.2g/L
甘氨酸:1.2~6g/L
L-天冬氨酸:0.12~1.8g/L
L-谷氨酸:0.12~1.8g/L
钠:40~80mEq/L
钾:25~40mEq/L
钙:6~12mEq/L
镁:5~15mEq/L
氯:40~80mEq/L
磷:0~20mmoL/L
锌:2.5~15μmol/L
核黄素磷酸钠:5~10mg/L
抗坏血酸:0.1~0.4g/L
生物素:20~80μg/L
烟酰胺:20~50mg/L
泛醇:9~19mg/L
第一和第二室输液均可以通过已知的制备输液的方法来制备。例如,可以通过将上述各个输液组分溶解在注射用蒸馏水中来制备第一和第二室输液。脂溶性组分优选例如在如上所述乳化之后使用。
第一和第二室输液的混合物
通过在使用时混合第一室输液和第二室输液,使用本发明的输液制剂。为通过抑制血管疼痛和静脉炎的发生来改善安全性,需要第一和第二室输液的混合物具有6~7.4且优选6.5~7.0的pH、1~10的滴定酸度、以及2~3的相对渗透压。
此外,在本发明的输液制剂中,根据第一和第二室输液的上述量等适当确定第一室输液与第二室输液之间的体积比。从所包含的各组分的稳定性和各个室中的渗透压设定的角度出发,体积比(第一室输液:第二室输液)是,例如,3:2~3:5。
此外,混合物的热值优选为450~750kcal/L,更优选500~650kcal/L。在该热值中,脂肪的百分比优选为40%或更低,且更优选为20~40%。此外,在该热值中,糖、脂肪、和氨基酸的百分比优选如下:40~60%的糖、20~40%的脂肪、以及10~30%的氨基酸;且更优选地,45~55%的糖、25~35%的脂肪、以及15~25%的氨基酸。
可以通过使含量(g)乘以4(对于糖)、乘以9(对于脂肪)、和乘以4(对于氨基酸)来确定各个组分的近似热值。具体而言,糖的热值是约4kcal/g,脂肪的热值是约9kcal/g,且氨基酸的热值是约4kcal/g。可以基于该信息确定近似热值。上述混合物的热值基于由上式计算的值。
混合物中各个组分的组成的优选实例显示如下。
表1
输液制剂的使用形式
使用本发明的输液制剂,以在患者具有因口服摄入不足引起的轻度血液蛋白不足或轻度营养不良或者在患者处于侵袭(invasive)期时管理围手术期患者的营养。具体而言,输液制剂适用于对在手术后期或因消化障碍等引起的难以接收口服营养支持的患者(优选地,经受过胃切除手术的患者)进行营养管理。本发明的输液制剂在手术后对患者施用1~14天,优选在手术后施用1~3天。从而,患者的营养状况可以保持在健康状态。鉴于各个患者的症状、年纪等,可以适当确定剂量和给药速率。具体而言,当使用本发明的输液制剂时,输液制剂可以通过其自身在施用期间使患者的营养状况保持在健康状态。
优选将本发明的输液制剂施用到外周静脉中。换言之,本发明的输液制剂优选为用于外周静脉内给药的输液制剂。通常而言,当将输液施用到外周静脉时,如果输液的渗透压太高,其可能造成血管疼痛或静脉炎。然而,当使用本发明的输液制剂时,没有这样的风险。因此,优选在将输液制剂施用到外周静脉时表现本发明的输液制剂的效果。
输液容器
放置第一室输液和第二室输液的容器没有特别限制,只要容器具有可连通的两个室即可。实例包括,通过能够连通地打开的隔壁来隔开室的两室容器(输液袋),例如一种两室容器,其中通过容易剥离的封口来形成隔壁(日本未审查专利公开第H2-4671号、日本未审查实用新型公开第H5-5138号等);一种两室容器,其中通过夹持室之间的空间来形成隔壁(日本未审查专利公开第S63-309263等);以及一种两室容器,其中向隔壁提供能够打开隔壁的多种连通方式(日本已审查专利公开第S63-20550号等)。其中,优选通过容易剥离的封口来形成隔壁的输液袋,因为其适用于大量生产,且能够容易地使室连通。此外,使用通常用于医疗容器的多种气体可渗透塑料作为上述容器的材料。实例包括柔性塑料,例如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、交联的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-α-石蜡共聚物、这些聚合物的混合物、以及包括这些聚合物的层压物。
可以通过常规方法来将第一和第二室输液放置并包含在容器中。例如,室在惰性气氛下被各输液填充、密封并通过热灭菌。可以通过已知方法进行热灭菌,例如高压蒸汽灭菌或热水喷淋灭菌。如果需要,可以在惰性气氛例如二氧化碳或氮中执行热灭菌。
此外,包含在容器中的第一和第二室输液优选与隔氧外袋中的氧吸收剂一起包装,以可靠地防止变性和氧化。特别是当通过容易剥离的封口来形成隔壁的输液袋被用作容器时,优选以如下方式包装输液袋,即输液袋在容易剥离的封口部例如对折,以使隔壁不会通过外压而可连通地打开。此外,例如,如果需要,包装可以填充有惰性气体。
通常广泛使用的由多种材料形成的膜、片材等,可以用作隔氧外袋的材料,其适用于包装。具体实例包括乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯醇、聚酰胺、和聚酯。实例还包括由包含至少一种上述材料的材料形成的膜和片材。
此外,作为氧吸收剂,可以使用多种已知的类型。例如,可以使用包括铁化合物例如氢氧化铁、氧化铁、或碳化铁作为活性成分的类型,以及包括低分子量苯酚和活性碳的类型。典型商品的商品名包括“Ageless”(由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical制造)、“Moduran”(由Nippon Kayaku制造)、“Secur”(由Nippon Soda制造)、“Tamotsu”(由Oji Kako制造)以及“Keepit”(由Drency制造)。
实施例
下面参考实施例进一步详细地描述本发明,但是本发明并不限制于此。
实施例1输液制剂的配制
1.第一室输液的配制
将纯化的大豆油、纯化的蛋黄卵磷脂和葡萄糖以表2所示的量添加到水中。使用均匀混合器使混合物进行粗乳化。使用高压乳化器(Manton-Gaulin)将所得物进行细乳化,并进一步向其中加入水,以使得总量为250mL。使用pH调节剂(L-组氨酸和盐酸)将pH调节到约6.0。由此得到的第一室输液具有3.0的相对渗透压以及0.5的滴定酸度。
表2
第一室输液的组分
纯化的大豆油 | 10g |
葡萄糖 | 37.5g |
纯化的蛋黄卵磷脂 | 1.2g |
L-组氨酸 | 0.04g |
2.第二室输液的配制
将氨基酸、电解质和稳定剂(亚硫酸氢钠)以表3所示的量溶解在注射用蒸馏水中,以制备氨基酸电解质溶液。用冰醋酸将溶液的pH调节至6.7,且总量调节至250mL,得到第二室输液。由此制备的第二室输液具有3.0的相对渗透压以及40mEq/L的钾浓度。
表3
第二室输液的组分
3.填充和包装
将以上所得的250mL的第一室输液和250mL的第二室输液各自放置在两室聚乙烯容器的各个室中,其中通过容易剥离的封口来分隔室。用氮气替换各个室的空余空间中的大气。在密封之后,根据常规方法使容器进行高压蒸汽灭菌。之后,在容易剥离的封口部折叠容器,并将容器与除氧剂(产品名:Ageless,由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,Inc.制造)一起封装在由多层隔膜(产品名:Bovlon,由NSR(Nippon Synthetic ChemicalIndustry Co.,Ltd)制造)形成的外袋中(隔氧外袋),得到输液制剂。注意,输液制剂的第一室输液和第二室输液的混合物(组分示于表4中)具有6.7的pH、7的滴定酸度、以及20mEq/L的钾浓度。在从混合时间起始的3天储存中,混合输液显示出0.05%或更低的粗颗粒(具有0.5μm或更大的粒径)体积比,其低于美国药典(USP)的要求,表明其脂肪颗粒是稳定的。使用AccuSizer 780(由Particle Sizing System制造)测量粒径。
表4
混合输液的组分
实施例2输液制剂的配制
1.第一室输液的配制
以与实施例1相同的方式制备250mL除表2中所示的组分之外还包括0.96mg氯化硫胺盐酸盐的流体,以得到第一室输液。将第一室输液的pH调整为约6.0。第一室输液具有3的相对渗透压和0.5的滴定酸度。
2.第二室输液的配制
以与实施例1相同的方式制备第二室输液。
3.填充和包装
将以上所得的250mL的第一室输液和250mL的第二室输液各自放置在两室聚乙烯容器的各个室中,其中通过容易剥离的封口来分隔室。用氮气替换各个室的空余空间中的大气。在密封之后,根据常规方法使容器进行高压蒸汽灭菌。之后,在容易剥离的封口部折叠容器,并将容器与除氧剂(产品名:Ageless,由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,Inc.制造)一起封装在由多层隔膜(产品名:Bovlon,由NSR制造)形成的外袋中(隔氧外袋),得到输液制剂。注意,输液制剂的第一室输液和第二室输液的混合物(组分示于表5中)具有6.7的pH、7的滴定酸度、以及20mEq/L的钾浓度。在从混合时间起始的3天储存中,混合输液显示出0.05%或更低的粗颗粒(具有0.5μm或更大的粒径)体积比,表明其脂肪颗粒是稳定的。
表5
混合输液的组分
实施例3输液制剂的配制
1.第一室输液的配制
以与实施例1相同的方式制备250mL除表2中所示的组分之外还包括2.75mg维生素A油(825IU)、1.25μg胆钙化醇、2.5mg生育酚醋酸盐、1mg植物甲萘醌、0.96mg氯化硫胺盐酸盐、1.23mg吡哆醇盐酸盐、1.25μg氰钴胺和0.1mg叶酸的流体,以得到第一室输液。预先将维生素A油、胆钙化醇、生育酚醋酸盐和植物甲萘醌溶解在纯化的大豆油中。将第一室输液的pH调整到约6.0。第一室输液具有3.0的相对渗透压和0.5的滴定酸度。
2.第二室输液的配制
以与实施例1相同的方式制备250mL除表3中所示的组分之外还包括25mg抗坏血酸、15μg生物素、10mg烟酰胺、3.5mg泛醇、和1.15mg核黄素磷酸钠的流体,以得到第二室输液。第二室输液具有3的相对渗透压和40mEq/L的钾浓度。将第二室输液的pH调整到6.7。
3.填充和包装
将以上所得的250mL的第一室输液和250mL的第二室输液各自放置在两室聚乙烯容器的各个室中,其中通过容易剥离的封口来分隔室。用氮气替换各个室的空余空间中的大气。在密封之后,根据常规方法使容器进行高压蒸汽灭菌。之后,在容易剥离的封口部折叠容器,并将容器与除氧剂(产品名:Ageless,由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,Inc.制造)一起封装在由多层隔膜(产品名:Bovlon,由NSR制造)形成的外袋中(隔氧外袋),得到输液制剂。注意,输液制剂的第一室输液和第二室输液的混合物(组分示于表6中)具有6.7的pH、7的滴定酸度、以及20mEq/L的钾浓度。在从混合时间起始的3天储存中,混合输液显示出0.05%或更低的粗颗粒(具有0.5μm或更大的粒径)体积比,表明其脂肪颗粒是稳定的。
表6
混合输液的组分
输液制剂(在混合第一室输液和第二室输液之前)储存在室温6个月。之后,使用HPLC来测量包含在第一室输液或第二室输液中的各个维生素组分的量。表7示出结果。从结果可以清楚看出,各个维生素组分即使在6个月的储存之后也可以稳定存在于输液制剂中。
表7
实施例4输液制剂的配制
1.第一室输液的配制
以与实施例3相同的方式制备300mL除表2中所示的组分之外还包括2.75mg维生素A油(825IU)、1.25μg胆钙化醇、2.5mg生育酚醋酸盐、37.55μg植物甲萘醌、1.92mg氯化硫胺盐酸盐、1.82mg吡哆醇盐酸盐、1.25μg氰钴胺和0.15mg叶酸,以得到第一室输液。将第一室输液的pH调整到约6.0。第一室输液具有2.5的相对渗透压和0.5的滴定酸度。
2.第二室输液的配制
以与实施例3相同的方式制备250mL包括50mg维生素C(抗坏血酸)、15μg生物素、10mg烟酰胺、3.5mg泛醇、和1.15mg维生素B2(核黄素磷酸钠)的流体,以得到第二室输液。将第二室输液的pH调整到6.7。第二室输液具有3.0的相对渗透压和40mEq/L的钾浓度。
3.填充和包装
将以上所得的300mL的第一室输液和250mL的第二室输液各自放置在两室聚乙烯容器的各个室中,其中通过容易剥离的封口来分隔室。用氮气替换各个室的空余空间中的大气。在密封之后,根据常规方法使容器进行高压蒸汽灭菌。之后,在容易剥离的封口部折叠容器,并将容器与除氧剂(产品名:Ageless,由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,Inc.制造)一起封装在由多层隔膜(产品名:Bovlon,由NSR制造)形成的外袋中(隔氧外袋),得到输液制剂。注意,输液制剂的第一室输液和第二室输液的混合物(组分示于表8中)具有6.7的pH、6的滴定酸度、以及18.2mEq/L的钾浓度。在从混合时间起始的3天储存中,混合输液显示出0.05%或更低的粗颗粒(具有0.5μm或更大的粒径)体积比,表明其脂肪颗粒是稳定的。
表8
混合输液的组分
比较例1输液制剂的配制
1.第一室输液的配制
将纯化的大豆油、纯化的蛋黄卵磷脂和葡萄糖以表2所示的量添加到水中。使用均匀混合器使混合物进行粗乳化。使用高压乳化器(Manton-Gaulin)使所得物进行细乳化,并向其中添加水,以使得总量为350mL。使用pH调节剂(L-组氨酸和盐酸)将pH调整到约6.0。由此得到的第一室输液具有2.1的相对渗透压以及0.5的滴定酸度。
2.第二室输液的配制
以与实施例1相同的方式制备150mL包括表3中所示组分的流体,以得到第二室输液。将第二室输液的pH调整到6.7。第二室输液具有5的相对渗透压和67mEq/L的钾浓度。
3.填充和包装
将以上所得的350mL的第一室输液和150mL的第二室输液各自放置在两室聚乙烯容器的各个室中,其中通过容易剥离的封口来分隔室。用氮气替换各个室的空余空间中的大气。在密封之后,根据常规方法使容器进行高压蒸汽灭菌。之后,在容易剥离的封口部折叠容器,并将容器与除氧剂(产品名:Ageless,由Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,Inc.制造)一起封装在由多层隔膜(产品名:Bovlon,由NSR制造)形成的外袋中(隔氧外袋),得到输液制剂。输液制剂的第一室输液和第二室输液的混合输液,包括与实施例1相同比例的相同组分。然而,在比较例1的配制中,第二室输液具有67mEq/L的高钾浓度;因此,如果输液制剂在打开分隔物之前使用,高浓度的钾会不期望地施用到体内,由此使得极其危险。此外,第二室中的相对渗透压非常高,为5,由此造成的不利影响例如静脉炎不能被忽视。
Claims (4)
1.一种输液制剂,包括由能够连通的分隔物隔开的两个室,其中
第一室装有包括糖、脂肪乳剂、维生素B6和叶酸的第一室输液;
第二室装有包括氨基酸、电解质和维生素B2的第二室输液;
维生素B2和叶酸放置在不同室中;
维生素B6添加到未添加维生素B2的输液中;
所述第一室输液实质上不含有钾,渗透压比为2.0~3.0;
所述第二室输液的钾浓度为40mEq/L以下,渗透压比为2.5~3.5;
在连通分隔物时,所述第一室输液和第二室输液的混合液的钾浓度为16mEq/L以上;并且
第一室输液与第二室输液的体积比为3:2~3:3。
2.根据权利要求1所述的输液制剂,其中第一室输液的pH为4.5~6.5,第二室输液的pH为6.0~7.4。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的输液制剂,其中第一室还含有维生素B1。
4.根据权利要求3所述的输液制剂,其中第一室输液还含有维生素A、维生素B12、维生素D、维生素E和维生素K,第二室输液还含有维生素C。
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CN107802596A (zh) * | 2017-11-30 | 2018-03-16 | 哈尔滨珍宝制药有限公司 | 一种羟乙基淀粉注射液组合物及其制备方法与应用 |
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