CN105144459A - 用于原电池的添加剂 - Google Patents
用于原电池的添加剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105144459A CN105144459A CN201380053324.5A CN201380053324A CN105144459A CN 105144459 A CN105144459 A CN 105144459A CN 201380053324 A CN201380053324 A CN 201380053324A CN 105144459 A CN105144459 A CN 105144459A
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- lithium
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- alkyl
- fluorine
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 159000000005 rubidium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001490 caesium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013833 LiOSO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229910001489 rubidium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003297 rubidium Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- -1 perchlorate anion Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 abstract description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 6
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FNKOPHKKXCVIGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylsulfonyl-2-methoxyethane Chemical compound CCS(=O)(=O)CCOC FNKOPHKKXCVIGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(=O)(=O)CC MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFZLSTDPRQSZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-pyrrolidin-3-ylpyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCCN1C1CNCC1 HFZLSTDPRQSZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SFPQDYSOPQHZAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxypropanenitrile Chemical compound COC(C)C#N SFPQDYSOPQHZAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013458 LiC6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013880 LiPF4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016079 MPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019253 POF3+2HF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCC#N RFFFKMOABOFIDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019563 RbPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RDVQTQJAUFDLFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium Chemical compound [Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd][Cd] RDVQTQJAUFDLFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium carbonate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000024 caesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WKDKOOITVYKILI-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium perchlorate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O WKDKOOITVYKILI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000652 nickel hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003901 oxalic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.OC(=O)C(O)=O GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/002—Inorganic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0022—Room temperature molten salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及用于原电池的添加剂。使用溶解在极性有机溶剂中的不含氟的钠盐、钾盐、铯盐和/或铷盐作为电解质成分(添加剂)。具体的,这些添加剂为Na-、K-、Cs-和Rb-盐,具有通用结构<u>1</u>的有机硼酸根阴离子,具有通用结构<u>2</u>的有机磷酸根阴离子和/或具有高氯酸根阴离子[ClO4]<u>3</u>(M=Na、K、Rb、Cs)(式<u>1</u>,<u>2</u>,<u>3</u>),式<u>1</u>、<u>2</u>中的X、Y和Z表示与硼原子或磷原子键接的两个氧原子键接的桥,其选自式(A)或式(B),n=0、1,或式(C)、式(D),其中Z=N,N=C;S,S=C;O,O=C;C=C,Y1和Y2一起表示=O,m=1,n=0并且Y3和Y4彼此独立地为H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基,或Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4彼此独立地各为OR(其中R=具有1至5个C原子的烷基)、H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基R1、R2,其中m,n=0或1。
Description
本发明的主题是用于原电池的添加剂。
移动电子设备需要越来越有效的可充电电池用于独立的电力供应。除了镍/镉-和镍/金属氢化物-蓄电池而外,尤其是锂电池适于此目的,其相对于前述体系具有明显更高的能量密度。将来,大尺寸锂电池也将例如用于固定应用(备用电源)以及用在汽车领域中用于牵引目的(混合动力驱动或纯电动驱动)。锂离子电池目前被开发并用于这些目的,其中使用含石墨的物质作为阳极。石墨阳极在充电状态相应于根据化学计量限LiC6通常每6个碳原子不会插入超过1个锂。由此产生最大8.8重量-%的锂密度。因此,该阳极材料对这些电池的能量密度产生了不希望的限制。
代替锂插入阳极例如石墨,原则上也可使用锂金属或含锂金属的合金(例如锂与铝、硅、锡、钛或锑的合金)作为阳极材料。相比于常用的石墨插入阳极,这个原则允许明显更高的锂比装料(spezifischeLithiumbeladung)并由此允许明显更高的能量密度。可惜这些含锂金属体系具有不利的安全性能和不足的循环稳定性。这主要与下述相关,即锂在充电循环中在沉积时并非平面沉积,而是树突状沉积,也就是说在阳极表面形成针状生长。该树突状生长的锂会失去与阳极的电接触,由此电化学失活,也就是说其不再能够对阳极容量作出贡献,即充/放电容量降低。此外,树突状的锂形状可以刺穿隔膜,由此会导致电池电短路。在此短期释放的能量导致温度剧烈上升,从而通常会点燃可燃的常用电解液,其包含有机溶剂例如碳酸酯(例如,碳酸乙二醇酯、碳酸异丙二醇酯、碳酸甲乙酯)、内酯(例如,γ-丁内酯)或醚(例如,二甲氧基乙烷)。由于目前的锂电池包含不稳定的含氟导电盐(LiPF6或LiPF4),在这些情况下还形成危险的、腐蚀性的且有毒的分解产物(氟化氢和挥发性含氟有机产物)。由于这些原因,含锂金属的可充电电池迄今仅用于微结构(Mikrobaiweise)(例如,纽扣电池)中。
由PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratories建议了一些添加剂,其能抑制锂树突的形成(Ji-GuangZhang,6thUS-ChinaEVandBatteryTechnologyWorkshop,2012年8月23日)。这些添加剂由CsPF6或RbPF6组成。已知的是,所提及的六氟磷酸盐在水中是不稳定的(E.Bessler,J.Weidlein,Z.Naturforsch.37b,1020-5(1982))。更确切地说,它们根据下式分解
MPF6+H2O→POF3+2HF+MF(M=例如Cs,Rb)。
所释放的氢氟酸是高毒性和腐蚀性的。由于这个原因,六氟磷酸盐的制备和使用需要最高的安全措施。此外,在环境友好地清除废料或回收利用含MPF6的电池时,应采取措施来防止释放有毒氟化合物,特别是HF。这些措施是复杂的并使用过的电池的回收利用复杂化。
本发明的目的是提供电解质添加剂,其在作为锂金属的锂离子沉积时防止形成树突锂结构,并且其此外是无毒的,即,尤其不形成含氟有毒物质,例如HF、POF3等。这些电解质添加剂必须在常见的电池用溶剂中具有一定的≥0.001mol/L的最低溶解度。
通过使用可溶解在极性有机溶液中的不含氟的钠盐、钾盐、铯盐和/或铷盐作为电解质成分(添加剂)来实现该目的。尤其合适的这种添加剂为具有通用结构1的有机硼酸根阴离子、具有通用结构2的有机磷酸根阴离子和/或高氯酸根阴离子[CLO4]3的Na盐、K盐、Cs盐和Rb盐(M=Na、K、Rb、Cs)
式1、2中的X、Y和Z表示与硼原子或磷原子键接的两个氧原子键接的桥,其选自
或
n=0.1
或
其中,Z=N,N=C;
S,S=C;
O,O=C;
C=C,
Y1和Y2一起表示=O,m=1,n=0并且Y3和Y4彼此独立地为H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基,或
Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4各自彼此独立地为OR(其中R=具有1至5个C原子的烷基)、H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基R1、R2,其中m,n=0或1。
非常特别优选M=Rb和Cs的通式1、2和/或3的化合物。
已惊异地发现,根据本发明的不含氟的Na盐、K盐、Cs盐和Rb盐相对好地溶解于通常用于锂电池中的有机非质子溶剂中,例如碳酸酯、腈类、羧酸酯、砜类、醚等。这是未预料到的,因为已知的是许多具有大的、弱配位阴离子的Cs盐相对难溶于水中(A.Nadjafi,Microchim.Acta1973,689-96)。因此,例如,CsClO4在水中的溶解度为在0℃下0.8,在25℃下为1.97g/100mL(Wikipedia,高氯酸铯)。自己确定的一些在电池常用溶剂中的溶解度数据总结于下表中:
在此,缩写BOB表示双-(草酸根合)硼酸根(C4O8B-),BMB表示双-(丙二酸根合)硼酸根(C6H4O8B-),NMP表示N-甲基吡咯烷酮,EC表示碳酸乙二醇酯,DMC表示碳酸二甲酯,EMC表示碳酸甲乙酯和PC表示碳酸异丙二醇酯。
在通常用于锂电池的电解质溶液中,即含锂导电盐存在下,上述化合物也是可溶的。令人惊异地已发现,在氟盐LiPF6存在下,该添加剂的溶解度特别高。
溶解度增加的原因可能是,令人惊异地已在相对低的温度下发生配体交换过程。根据NMR研究,在25℃下在数天内已发生显著的氟离子/草酸根交换,在使用CsBOB的情况中,其可用如下反应式表示:
已发现,含有浓度为0.0001M至0.1M,优选0.001M至0.05M的上述不含氟的添加剂的电解质溶液可以防止在原电池中形成锂树突,所述原电池具有在充电状态含有锂或锂合金或由其构成的阳极。根据本发明的添加剂优选用于锂/硫、锂/空气型的锂电池中,或者具有转换-或插入-阴极类型的不含锂或贫锂的阴极的锂电池中。
作为电解质,合适的是本领域技术人员常用的类型(液体-、凝胶-、聚合物-和固体电解质)。作为导电盐,使用具有弱配位、氧化稳定的阴离子的锂盐,其可溶于上述产品中或可引入其中。这些例如包括LiPF6、氟烷基磷酸锂、LiBF4、亚氨化物盐(例如,LiN(SO2CF3)2)、LiOSO2CF3、甲基化物盐(例如,LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiClO4、螯合硼酸锂(例如,LiBOB、LiB(C2O4)2)、氟代螯合硼酸锂(例如,LiC2O4BF2)、螯合磷酸锂(例如,LiTOP、LiP(C2O4)3)和氟代螯合磷酸锂(例如,Li(C2O4)2PF2)。这些导电锂盐中,特别优选不含氟的代表物,因为通过使用氟将失去完全不含氟的电解质在毒性和易操作性方面所提供的优点。
所述电解质包含锂导电盐或多种导电盐的组合,浓度为最小0.1和最大2.5mol/kg,优选0.2至1.5mol/kg。液体或凝胶状电解质还包含有机非质子溶剂,大多数碳酸酯(例如,碳酸乙二醇酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、氟代碳酸乙二醇酯、碳酸异丙二醇酯)、腈类(乙腈、己二腈、戊腈、甲氧基丙腈、丁二腈)、羧酸酯(例如,乙酸乙酯、丙酸丁酯)、砜类(例如,二甲基砜、二乙基砜、乙基甲氧基乙基砜)、内酯(例如,γ-丁内酯)和/或醚(例如,四氢呋喃、四氢吡喃、二丁醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、二甘醇二甲醚、四甘醇二甲醚、1,4-二噁烷、1,3-二氧戊环)。
下面一般性的描述根据本发明的该化合物及其制备。
实施例
1.双(草酸根合)硼酸铯(CsBOB)的制备
在1L圆底玻璃烧瓶中,将38.67g硼酸和10.8g草酸二水合物悬浮在121g水中。在磁力搅拌下分份加入102.9g碳酸铯(由于产生CO2而剧烈发泡)。在结束添加之后,首先在100℃和400mbar条件下,在旋转蒸发仪中蒸发该白色悬浮物。然后研磨无色固体残留物并在180℃和20mbar条件下最终干燥3h。
产量:197.3g无色粉末(理论值的97%)
Cs含量:41.0%
δ11B=7.4ppm(溶解在DMSO-d6中)
热稳定性:290℃(在氩气流下的热重试验中开始热分解)
2.含CsBOB的不含氟的电解质溶液的制备
在充Ar的手套箱中,向10g11%的LiBOB在碳酸乙二醇酯/碳酸甲乙酯(1∶1,wt./wt.)中的溶液中掺入0.32gCsBOB并磁力搅拌24h。然后通过膜过滤(0.45μmPTEE)来过滤澄清该悬浮物。
该电解质溶液中的Cs含量(FES):0.05重量%
3.含CsClO4电解质溶液的制备
在充Ar的手套箱中,向10g10重量-%的LiPF6在碳酸乙二醇酯/碳酸甲乙酯(1∶1,wt./wt.)中的溶液中掺入0.47gCsClO4并磁力搅拌24h。然后通过膜过滤(0.45μmPTEE)来过滤澄清该悬浮物。
该电解质溶液中的Cs含量(FES):0.07重量%
Claims (12)
1.用于原电池的电解质,其含有一种或多种选自不含氟的钠盐、钾盐、铯盐或铷盐的添加剂。
2.根据权利要求1的电解质,其特征在于,使用具有如下结构的金属盐作为添加剂
其中M=Na、K、Cs或Rb;式1、2中的X、Y和Z表示与硼原子或磷原子键接的两个氧原子键接的桥,其选自
其中,
Z=N,N=C;
S,S=C;
O,O=C;
C=C,
Y1和Y2一起表示=O,m=1,n=0并且Y3和Y4彼此独立地为H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基,或
Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4彼此独立地各为OR(其中R=具有1至5个C原子的烷基)、H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基R1、R2,其中m,n=0或1。
3.根据权利要求1或2的电解质,其特征在于,其含有不含氟的铯盐或铷盐。
4.根据权利要求1至3的电解质,其特征在于,其含有一种或多种有机非质子溶剂以及一种或多种具有弱配位阴离子的锂盐。
5.根据权利要求1至4的电解质,其特征在于,所述锂盐选自LiPF6、氟烷基磷酸锂、LiBF4、亚氨化物盐、LiOSO2CF3、甲基化物盐、LiClO4、螯合硼酸锂、氟代螯合硼酸锂、螯合磷酸锂和氟代螯合磷酸锂。
6.根据权利要求1至5的电解质,其特征在于,所述锂盐优选不含氟。
7.根据权利要求1至6的电解质,其特征在于,以0.0001M至0.1M,优选0.001至0.05M的浓度包含所述含Cs或Rb的添加剂。
8.根据权利要求1至7的电解质,其特征在于,所述含Cs或Rb的添加剂优选选自Cs(C4O8B)、Cs(C6H4O8B)、Rb(C4O8B)、Rb(C6H4O8B)、CsClO4和RbClO4。
9.锂电池,其特征在于,在充电状态,其包含锂金属-或锂合金阳极、锂插入-或-转换阴极和能传导锂离子的电解质,其中所述电解质包含具有如下结构的不含氟的盐类添加剂
其中M=Na、K、Cs或Rb;式1、2中的X、Y和Z表示与硼原子或磷原子键接的两个氧原子键接的桥,其选自
其中,Z=N,N=C;
S,S=C;
O,O=C;
C=C,
Y1和Y2一起表示=O,m=1,n=0并且Y3和Y4彼此独立地为H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基,或
Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4彼此独立地各为OR(其中R=具有1至5个C原子的烷基)、H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基R1、R2,其中m,n=0或1。
10.根据权利要求9的锂电池,其特征在于,其含有选自Cs(C4O8B)、Cs(C6H4O8B)、Rb(C4O8B)、Rb(C6H4O8B)、CsClO4和RbClO4中的一种或多种作为不含氟的盐类添加剂。
11.如下结构的不含氟的盐类添加剂在原电池中的应用
其中M=Na、K、Cs或Rb;式1、2中的X、Y和Z表示与硼原子或磷原子的两个氧原子键接的桥,其选自
其中,Z=N,N=C;
S,S=C;
O,O=C;
C=C,
Y1和Y2一起表示=O,m=1,n=0并且Y3和Y4彼此独立地为H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基,或
Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4彼此独立地各为OR(其中R=具有1至5个C原子的烷基)、H或具有1至5个C原子的烷基R1、R2,其中m,n=0或1,
所述原电池在充电状态含有金属锂或锂合金或由其构成。
12.Cs(C4O8B)、Cs(C6H4O8B)、Rb(C4O8B)、Rb(C6H4O8B)、CsClO4和RbClO4在原电池中的应用,所述原电池在充电状态含有金属锂或锂合金或由其构成。
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- 2013-10-09 US US14/433,108 patent/US20150236379A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-10-09 KR KR1020157012303A patent/KR102165700B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2013-10-09 RU RU2015117380A patent/RU2665552C2/ru active
- 2013-10-09 JP JP2015536014A patent/JP6305413B2/ja active Active
- 2013-10-09 DE DE201310016675 patent/DE102013016675A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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CN109980278A (zh) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-07-05 | 张家港市国泰华荣化工新材料有限公司 | 一种电解液及二次锂电池 |
CN114375518A (zh) * | 2019-08-30 | 2022-04-19 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 锂二次电池 |
CN114551790A (zh) * | 2021-07-08 | 2022-05-27 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种三电极全固态锂离子电池及其制备方法 |
CN114628775A (zh) * | 2021-07-08 | 2022-06-14 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种低界面内阻的latp复合正极片、制备方法及全固态锂离子电池 |
CN114551790B (zh) * | 2021-07-08 | 2024-01-05 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种三电极全固态锂离子电池及其制备方法 |
CN114551960A (zh) * | 2021-07-23 | 2022-05-27 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种锂离子电池叠片单元及其制备方法和包含其的锂离子电池 |
CN114551960B (zh) * | 2021-07-23 | 2024-01-05 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种锂离子电池叠片单元及其制备方法和包含其的锂离子电池 |
CN114551994A (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2022-05-27 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种高电导高界面调节性peo基聚合物复合固体电解质及其制备方法 |
CN114551994B (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2023-07-07 | 万向一二三股份公司 | 一种高电导高界面调节性peo基聚合物复合固体电解质及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2014060077A3 (de) | 2014-09-04 |
WO2014060077A2 (de) | 2014-04-24 |
KR20150068466A (ko) | 2015-06-19 |
JP2015534711A (ja) | 2015-12-03 |
JP6305413B2 (ja) | 2018-04-04 |
KR102165700B1 (ko) | 2020-10-14 |
EP2907189B1 (de) | 2018-04-18 |
CN105144459B (zh) | 2018-06-12 |
US20150236379A1 (en) | 2015-08-20 |
DE102013016675A1 (de) | 2014-04-17 |
EP2907189A2 (de) | 2015-08-19 |
CA2887865A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
RU2665552C2 (ru) | 2018-08-31 |
RU2015117380A (ru) | 2016-11-27 |
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