CN104975918A - 具有相变材料的车辆排气催化剂系统的温度保持和调节 - Google Patents

具有相变材料的车辆排气催化剂系统的温度保持和调节 Download PDF

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CN104975918A
CN104975918A CN201510161867.XA CN201510161867A CN104975918A CN 104975918 A CN104975918 A CN 104975918A CN 201510161867 A CN201510161867 A CN 201510161867A CN 104975918 A CN104975918 A CN 104975918A
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phase
change material
catalyzer
exhaust system
temperature
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CN104975918B (zh
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K·J·罗兹
M·J·杰娜
A·R·德鲁斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有相变材料的车辆排气催化剂系统的温度保持和调节。提供了车辆排气系统,该系统包括放置在车辆排气通道中的催化剂。催化剂为支撑在基底上的涂层形式。系统包括位于邻近催化剂的相变材料,以在发动机停机和随后起动之间保持催化剂的温度以及在发动机运行期间调节催化剂的温度。在一些实施方式中,相变材料包括封装在陶瓷材料中的金属或金属合金颗粒。金属或金属合金适合具有在催化剂为活性的温度范围内发生的相变。

Description

具有相变材料的车辆排气催化剂系统的温度保持和调节
技术领域
本文描述的主题涉及车辆排气系统,并具体涉及在发动机停机和随后的起动之间以及在运行期间这种系统内的温度的管理。
背景技术
生产能够满足日益严格的排放规定的车辆对制造商提出了挑战。用于将有害的CO和NOx气体以及未燃烧的燃料转化为环境上更加良性的化学物种的主要组件为催化转化器系统。催化转化器包括一种或多种催化剂砖,通常以诸如堇青石的通道型基底材料的形式。以有催化活性的贵金属和诸如氧化铝或铈锆氧化物的金属载体材料涂覆基底。
目前的催化转化器存在数个技术问题,其影响装置以最佳效率运行的能力。第一个问题是为了有效地运行,催化剂需要处于高温下(对于以汽油为燃料的车辆在大约700℃以上并且对于柴油车辆在200℃以上)。因此,当起动具有催化转化器的冷的内燃发动机或柴油发动机时,污染物的排放高,因为催化转化器内的催化剂在低温下不起作用。在加热催化转化器之前,在起动时排放的排气加热排气歧管和排气管。将冷的催化转化器加热至“起燃”温度可能需要数分钟。“起燃”温度为催化转化器氧化发动机排气中至少百分之五十的烃时的温度。已经报道了所有烃排放的60%至80%发生在发动机起动之后的最初几分钟期间。
为了减少在起动时污染物的排放,已经使用多种主动和被动技术进行了旨在保持催化转化器处于起作用的温度(functional temperature)的努力,所述技术包括燃料燃烧、预热催化转化器、起动之后使用电加热快速加热催化转化器或使用增加的燃料与空气比。其他努力包括在沸石中吸附和存储污染物直到催化转化器已经达到起作用的温度。然而,这样的努力已经导致在概念上和机械上均复杂的系统,需要增加的组件,其增加制造的成本和复杂性。
另一个问题是转化器中催化剂的老化。老化过程可以包括转化器中非活性材料的降解和精细分布的金属催化剂颗粒的烧结,其减小了催化剂颗粒的表面积并因此降低了它们的催化效果。在高于大约950℃的非常高的温度下开始和/或大大加速这些变化,高于大约950℃的非常高的温度可出现在重负载运转中或在发动机频繁断火的时期期间。出现在催化剂系统中的化学反应也可以是高度放热的并可以容易地将温度升高到损坏催化剂的范围。理想地,催化剂系统应当包括一些温度调节的装置,既当发动机短期熄火时保持催化剂温暖(对于发动机将有规则地打开和关闭的混合动力车辆尤其重要),又避免温度敏感的和昂贵的催化剂材料过热。
因此,还进行了在发动机运行期间控制催化转化器温度的努力。在发动机运行期间用于控制催化转化器温度的技术的方面涉及保持催化转化器处于发动机使用之间的起作用的温度。这些努力中的一些已经利用相变材料(“PCM”)以在发动机起动期间储存热能并抑制热损失并在发动机运行期间吸收热以避免转化器过热。例如,美国专利号5,477,676描述了被可变传导隔离物包围的催化转化器,该可变传导隔离物包括以相变材料形式的储热介质。通常这样的系统存在用于当相变材料融化时容纳它们的真空密封的室、护罩和夹套。再次,对真空容纳装置的需要增加了制造这种催化转化器系统的复杂性和成本。
因此,本领域对利用催化转化器的车辆排气系统的需求仍然存在,所述催化转化器能够在发动机停机和随后的起动之间保持催化剂的温度,以及在发动机运行期间调节催化剂的温度,并且其在设计和制造上也是简单的。
发明内容
本发明的实施方式解决了那些需求,本发明向催化转化器或车辆排气系统中其他含催化剂的组件提供相变材料,而不需要复杂的设计或操作。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,提供了车辆排气系统,并且该系统包括沉积在车辆排气通道中的催化剂。催化剂为沉积在基底上的涂层的形式。系统包括位于邻近催化剂的相变材料,以在发动机停机和随后的起动之间保持催化剂的温度和在发动机运行期间调节催化剂的温度。在一个实施方式中,相变材料包括封装在陶瓷材料中的金属或金属合金的颗粒。金属或金属合金适合(adapted to)具有其中催化剂具有活性的运行温度范围内的熔点或固相转变,和优选地在催化剂的最佳运行温度窗口内(对于汽油发动机排气系统在大约700至大约900℃之间和对于柴油排气系统在大约200至400℃之间)。适合用于本发明的实施方式的其他合适的相变材料包括陶瓷相变材料、聚合相变材料(包括蜡)和碱或碱土金属盐相变材料。
在用于汽油发动机的排气系统的一个实施方式中,相变材料包括铍和铜的合金。在另一个实施方式中,相变材料包括锰和青铜的合金。在用于柴油发动机排气系统的另一个实施方式中,相变材料包括锡或铅,或锡、铅、铜和锑的合金,诸如,例如巴比合金。
在一些实施方式中,催化剂沉积在其上的基底包括堇青石。在一些实施方式中,封装相变材料的陶瓷材料包括氧化铝。
在不同的实施方式中,相变材料可以被放置在围绕所述催化剂的护罩(shroud)中。可选地,相变材料可以被并入基底。在又另一个可选的实施方式中,相变材料与催化剂可以被包括在涂层中。在所有实施方式中,因为相变材料被封装,所以不需要将材料放置于密封的(真空的或加压的)容器或器皿中。另外,因为相变材料为小颗粒的形式,所以颗粒可以被紧密邻近催化剂放置。
根据本发明的另一个实施方式,提供了车辆排气系统并且该车辆排气系统包括放置在车辆的排气通道中的催化剂。提供蜂窝形主体并且该蜂窝形主体包括布置以形成在主体的端面之间延伸的多个小室的间壁。催化剂作为涂层被沉积在主体的间壁的至少一部分上。相变材料被沉积在所述小室的至少一部分中,使得相变材料位于邻近催化剂,使得催化剂的温度在发动机停机和随后的起动之间被保持以及在车辆的运行期间被调节。
在汽油发动机的排气系统的实施方式中,相变材料可以包括具有在大约700至大约900℃之间的熔点或相变的金属或金属合金。在柴油发动机的排气系统的实施方式中,相变材料可以包括具有在大约200至大约400℃之间的熔点或相变的金属或金属合金。可以使用具有不同熔点的多种相变材料,并且颗粒可以根据需要以任意比例被掺合在一起。在排气系统的另一个实施方式中,多种相变材料被放置在所述小室的至少一部分中,所述相变材料具有不同的熔点。在排气系统的另一个实施方式中,所述相变材料包括封装在陶瓷材料中的金属或金属合金的颗粒,所述金属或金属合金适合具有在大约700至大约900℃之间的熔点。
因此,提供利用催化转化器的车辆排气系统是本发明的特征,其能够在发动机停机和随后起动之间更好地保持催化剂的温度,并且其还能够在发动机运行期间调节催化剂的温度,并且其还是设计和制造简单的。由以下具体实施方式、附图和所附权利要求,本发明的其他特征和优点将显而易见。
附图说明
当结合下面的附图阅读时,可以最好地理解本发明的具体实施方式的以下详述,其中相同的结构以相同的参考数字表示,并且其中:
图1为包括根据本发明的实施方式的催化转化器的汽油发动机的车辆排气系统的基本元件的示意形式的概要;
图2为包括根据本发明的实施方式的催化转化器的柴油发动机的车辆排气系统的基本元件的示意形式的概要;
图3A为根据本发明的实施方式的催化转化器主体的局部切掉的透视图;
图3B为具有沉积在其上的催化剂涂层的整体基底的蜂窝形结构的放大图;
图4为本发明的实施方式的示意侧视图,其中相变材料被包括在围绕催化剂的护罩中;
图5为封装在陶瓷外壳中的相变材料的颗粒的示意图;
图6A为本发明的实施方式的示意侧视图,其中相变材料被包括在基底中,以及图6B为该实施方式的放大透视图;和
图7A为本发明的实施方式的示意侧视图,其中相变材料被并入基底主体上的催化剂涂层,以及图7B为该实施方式的放大透视图。
具体实施方式
首先参考图1,示出了汽油发动机的典型车辆排气系统10的示意图。可见,发生在发动机12中的燃烧过程产生污染物,诸如通过排气尾管16被排出至环境的排气流中的一氧化碳、各种未燃烧的烃、微粒物质和氮氧化物(NOx)。为了在污染物被排出至环境之前去除这种污染物,催化转化器14被放置在发动机12的下游。转化器14包含基底上支撑的催化剂,其通过由催化剂的存在催化的化学反应处理排气。例如,这些反应包括氧化一氧化碳形成二氧化碳。未燃烧的烃也可被氧化形成二氧化碳和水蒸气。氮氧化物(NOx)被还原并最终转化为氮气。微粒过滤捕集器(未示出)也可以被放置在发动机的下游以捕集包含在排气中的任何微粒物质。这样的过滤器或捕集器也可以包含设计为将这样的微粒转化为在环境上良性的物质的催化剂。
图2为典型柴油排气系统20的示意图。如所示,来自柴油发动机22的排气进入包含耐火载体上的柴油氧化催化剂26的壳体24。柴油氧化催化剂26的下游为容器或壳体30内的柴油微粒过滤器28。系统进一步包括还原剂递送系统32,其通过喷射器34将诸如氨(通常来自水性尿素来源)的还原剂的来源递送至排气流。柴油微粒过滤器28通常由多孔材料制作,其捕集排气流中夹带的微粒物质。任选地,SCR催化剂可以被涂覆在微粒过滤器基底的壁上。柴油排气系统的其他配置是可能的并且属于本领域的技术。
一般而言,用于本发明的实施方式的实践中的催化剂可以包括柴油氧化催化剂、氨滑移催化剂(ammonia-slip catalyst)、SCR催化剂或作为组分并入三元催化剂中的这种催化剂。已知这种催化剂一般在温度的有限范围内最有效地起作用。加热时,催化剂变得更有效并且催化剂达到最大活性的50%的温度经常被称作起燃温度,其大致限定催化剂理想的操作范围的下限。对于用于汽油发动机的排气系统的贵金属催化剂,起燃温度常常在500℃和700℃之间,而对于柴油氧化催化剂,起燃温度常常在大约200℃以上。也已知的是在非常高的温度下(即,对于汽油发动机催化剂大约950℃以上的那些温度),催化剂活性遭受永久退化。
经历化学或物理相之间转化的材料可以吸收或释放热。相变的实例是固态冰至液态水的转化。加热冰至融化温度时,必须添加额外的热(超出固相的热容所限定的热)以供给与液相和固相之间熵变有关的热力学能。该额外的能量常常被称作融化潜热。冷却液态水至低于凝固点的温度时,潜能被以热的形式释放。具有潜热的相变(被称为一级相变)的其他实例是液态至气态转化。在化学反应中,由于初始和最终化学状态的熵的差,可以获得额外的能量。在很多PCM材料中,热力学状态转化总是完全可逆的并且大多数固液转化仅涉及小体积变化。
实施PCM材料以调节物体或系统的温度通过放置PCM与目标物体或系统热接触来完成,该热接触或者可以是永久的(被动调节),或者PCM和目标系统之间的该接触可以被改变以使两个组件不时地分离以进一步操纵两个系统之间的热流(主动调节)。可以期望基于PCM的温度调节系统的假设实例是目标,该目标具有0℃的理想运行温度,但该目标或与可变温度环境接触或与在运行期间产生可变量热的环境接触。在任何一种情况中,试图通过使用仅热绝缘热隔离目标来调节目标的温度将仅部分有效,因为从/至环境得到或失去热可以改进运行的情况可能存在。放置具有0℃的相变温度的大量PCM材料与目标接触将缓解环境中或当PCM在其两种内部热力学状态之间转化时PCM吸收或释放热所产生的热量中的波动的影响。
本发明的实施方式提供紧密靠近或邻近转化器中的催化剂的相变材料,以在发动机起动时提供储存的热以减少催化剂达到它们各自的起燃温度所需的时间,以及在发动机运行期间吸收热,使得催化剂将不变得过热和退化。
图3A图解了具有入口40和出口42的催化转化器结构14的实例,含有未燃烧的烃、一氧化碳和氮氧化合物的排气流动通过该入口40和出口42。转化器14还包括盖或壳体44、整体基底46和盖与基底之间的绝缘层48。
示出了转化器14具有切掉部分以图解整体基底46的蜂窝形结构。在基底46的图3B的分解图中,示出了蜂窝形结构的细节,其包括多个小室或通道48。示出了催化剂涂层50在小室48的壁上形成薄涂层。如本领域所知,涂层由支撑在高表面积陶瓷粉末上的催化剂颗粒的液体浆制成,并且使浆流过小室以在小室的内表面上沉积催化剂的薄层。一旦干燥,煅烧整个基底和涂层结构。
可以使用本领域已知方法形成基底46,包括由陶瓷颗粒和粘合剂的糊挤出“绿色”蜂窝形结构。合适的陶瓷材料包括堇青石或其他低热膨胀陶瓷,诸如,例如铈和锆氧化物。在一些实施方式中,基底46的壁是多孔的,使得排气穿过壁和其上的催化剂涂层以形成过滤器以去除微粒。典型的堇青石载体具有低热膨胀系数(<1×10-6/℃)、大约400个小室/in2、50体积%的孔隙率和0.5-5.0μm的孔尺寸。
在另一个实施方式中(未示出),基底可以由高温金属合金形成。如本领域已知,卷起具有垂直于带长度的褶皱的金属箔的带以形成圆柱体。褶皱沿圆柱体的长度形成大量气体通道。在一些情况下,被卷起的主体被钎焊以在它们的接触点处将箔表面连接到一起并形成刚性体。如上面所描述,然后基底被以催化剂涂层浆涂覆,干燥,并且然后煅烧以在气体通道内提供活性催化剂颗粒。
图4至7以示意的形式图解了本发明的实施方式,其中相变材料被放置紧密邻近催化转化器中的催化剂。如图4中所示,其中相同的参考数字表示相同的元件,具有入口40、出口42和盖44的催化转化器14包括具有通过其纵向延伸的通道48的基底46。在该实施方式中,微粒形式的相变材料52被包含在基本上围绕催化剂基底46延伸的护罩54中。
在发动机运行期间,加热的排气流过转化器14,升高催化剂50的温度至其起燃温度,使得催化剂起处理排气流中的污染物的作用。相变颗粒52从转化器吸收过量热以便以期望的操作范围调节其温度,对于汽油发动机排气系统通常在大约700℃至大约900℃之间。提供具有不同熔点或相变的不同金属和/或合金的相变颗粒的混合物在本发明的实施方式的范围内。因此,在转化器14中可以包括不同的相变材料以在发动机起动时以及在正常发动机运行期间最优化催化剂的温度调节。
图5中示出了根据本发明的实施方式的相变颗粒的放大的示意图解。在此,相变颗粒52包括封装在外壳56中的相变材料54的核。使用封装的相变材料,消除了将这些材料放入复杂且昂贵的密封的室、真空或加压装置中的需要。
通常,相变颗粒的直径将是从大约10nm至大约100μm,并且优选地直径是从大约100nm至大约10μm。选择相变材料具有在转化器中遇到的正常运行温度以内的熔点,例如,对于汽油发动机排气系统在大约700℃和大约900℃之间,并且对于柴油排气系统在大约200℃至大约400℃之间。相变材料优选地包括金属或金属合金。汽油发动机排气系统的合适的相变材料包括铍和铜的合金(熔点865-955℃)和锰和青铜的合金(熔点865-890℃)。已知或可以容易确定其他合适的金属和金属合金的熔点。
优选地,所选的金属或合金具有大的熔化潜热,使得可以根据需要储存和释放大量热能。例如,铍具有大约1356kJ/kg的熔化潜热,而铜具有大约205kJ/kg的熔化潜热,以及锰具有大约268kJ/kg的熔化潜热。还期望的是,进行熔化和凝固时相变材料展现最小的体积变化。
外壳56优选地由陶瓷材料诸如氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆或相变材料的天然氧化物制成,其所有均具有远在将要在催化转化器中遇到的温度之上的熔化温度。核和壳(core and shell)相变颗粒可以通过任何已知技术制作。例如,火焰喷涂技术可以被用于制作小金属液滴流,然后其被封装在陶瓷材料的外壳内。可选地,可以形成小金属颗粒,使用包含粘合剂中的陶瓷颗粒的液体浆在金属颗粒周围形成陶瓷外壳,然后将其干燥并煅烧。其他合适的封装技术包括喷镀、化学气相沉积(CVD)和物理气相沉积(PVD)。
图6A和6B图示另一个实施方式,其中相变材料52被并入催化转化器14中的基底46中。如所示,基底46可以通过挤出技术制作以形成蜂窝形小室结构。在挤出之前,封装的相变材料颗粒可以被混合在组成基底结构的陶瓷颗粒中。在结构已经被挤出后,干燥和煅烧蜂窝。因为煅烧温度远低于相变颗粒的陶瓷外壳材料56的熔点,所以颗粒依然完好的在蜂窝形结构中。当被暴露于来自车辆发动机的热的废气时,相变颗粒52根据需要吸收和储存、或可选地释放热能。
图7A和7B示出了催化转化器14的又另一个实施方式,其中相变材料52被并入基底46的小室壁上的催化剂涂层50中。通常,涂层50作为催化剂颗粒的液浆被施加至基底46的壁。在该实施方式中,相变材料52的颗粒与浆中催化剂颗粒被混合在一起,并与催化剂颗粒一起被沉积在基底46的壁上。当被暴露于来自车辆发动机的热的废气时,相变颗粒52根据需要吸收和储存、或可选地释放热能。优选地,为了相容性催化剂和相变材料颗粒大小相似。
注意,术语像“优选地”、“一般地”和“通常”在本文中不是用来限制要求保护的发明的范围或暗示对要求保护的发明的结构或功能某些特征是关键的、基本的或甚至重要的。而是,这些术语仅仅旨在强调可选的或额外的特征,其可以在或可以不在本发明的具体实施方式中被使用。
为了描述和限定本发明,注意,术语“基本上”在本文中用来表示不确定性的固有程度,其可以归因于任何定量比较、值、测量或其他表达。术语“基本上”在本文中还用来表示定量表达可以从陈述的的参比变化而不引起讨论的主题的基本功能变化的程度。
已经详细并参考其具体实施方式描述了本发明,在不偏离所附权利要求所限定的发明的范围的情况下,改变和变化将显而易见。更具体地,虽然本发明的一些方面在本文中被确定为优选的或特别有利的,但是考虑本发明不必限于发明的这些优选的方面。

Claims (10)

1.车辆排气系统,其包括放置在车辆的排气通道中的催化剂,所述催化剂形成沉积在基底上的涂层,相变材料,其封装在陶瓷材料中,所述相变材料适应于具有在其中所述催化剂具有活性的运行温度范围内的熔点,所述相变材料位于邻近所述催化剂,使得在发动机停机和随后的起动之间所述催化剂的温度被保持,以及在所述车辆的运行期间所述催化剂的温度被调节。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述相变材料包括铍和铜的合金。
3.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述相变材料包括锰和青铜的合金。
4.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述陶瓷材料包括氧化铝。
5.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述基底包括堇青石。
6.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述相变材料被放置在围绕所述催化剂的护罩中。
7.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述相变材料被并入所述基底中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述相变材料被包括在所述催化剂涂层中。
9.根据权利要求1所述的车辆排气系统,其中所述基底为具有通过其纵向延伸的通道的整体形式,并且所述相变材料位于所述通道的至少一部分中。
10.车辆排气系统,其包括放置在车辆的排气通道中的催化剂,蜂窝形催化剂主体,所述蜂窝形催化剂主体包括布置以形成在所述主体的端面之间延伸的多个小室的间壁,所述催化剂在所述主体的所述间壁的至少一部分上形成涂层,和相变材料,所述相变材料被沉积在至少一部分所述小室中,所述相变材料位于邻近所述催化剂,使得在发动机停机和随后的起动之间所述催化剂的温度被保持,以及在所述车辆的运行期间所述催化剂的温度被调节。
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