CN104975911A - 排气后处理系统及用于排气后处理的方法 - Google Patents

排气后处理系统及用于排气后处理的方法 Download PDF

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CN104975911A
CN104975911A CN201510235734.2A CN201510235734A CN104975911A CN 104975911 A CN104975911 A CN 104975911A CN 201510235734 A CN201510235734 A CN 201510235734A CN 104975911 A CN104975911 A CN 104975911A
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catalytic converter
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A·德林
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MAN Energy Solutions SE
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Abstract

用于内燃机的排气后处理系统(2)，该排气后处理系统具有布置在内燃机(1)下游的用于从排气中滤除烟粒的颗粒过滤器(4)，并且具有布置在颗粒过滤器(4)的上游和内燃机(1)的下游的用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器(3)，其中SO3和/或沉析的H2SO4用于使颗粒过滤器(4)中的烟粒氧化，并因此用于颗粒过滤器(4)的再生。

Description

排气后处理系统及用于排气后处理的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种排气后处理系统。本发明还涉及一种用于排气后处理的方法。
背景技术
通过实践，内燃机的排气后处理系统是已知的，该排气后处理系统包括颗粒过滤器和以排气的流动方向来看布置在颗粒过滤器上游的至少一个排气后处理组件。以排气的流动方向来看位于颗粒过滤器上游的排气后处理组件特别地是用于使一氧化氮(NO)氧化成二氧化氮(NO2)的氧化催化转化器。术语“颗粒过滤器”表示排气在其中流经的常规颗粒过滤器，以及其中排气流沿着分离结构(separating structure)传导的颗粒过滤器。
特别是当用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器以排气流的流动方向来看位于颗粒过滤器的上游时，在氧化催化转化器中根据以下方程式借助于排气流中所含的剩余氧气O2使NO氧化成NO2：
2NO+O2←→2NO2
在此使一氧化氮氧化成二氧化氮的过程中，在高温下氧化反应的平衡朝向一氧化氮一侧。
这导致在高温下极大地限制了可获得的二氧化氮的组分。
在颗粒过滤器中，氧化催化转化器中提取的二氧化氮与颗粒过滤器中收集的含碳颗粒(所谓的烟粒(soot))被转化成一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO2)、氮气(N2)和一氧化氮(NO)。在该步骤中，以颗粒过滤器的被动再生的方式进行积聚在颗粒过滤器中的含碳颗粒物或烟粒的连续去除，其中根据以下方程式进行该转化：
2NO2+C→2NO+CO2
NO2+C→NO+CO
2C+2NO2→N2+2CO2
特别地当采用颗粒过滤器的这种被动再生的方式时，会发生嵌入在颗粒过滤器中的含碳颗粒物或烟粒的不完全转化，颗粒过滤器中的碳含量或烟粒含量增加，然后该颗粒过滤器具有发生堵塞的倾向，其结果为最终布置在所述排气后处理系统上游的内燃机上的排气背压增加。内燃机上的排气背压增加会降低内燃机的功率并导致燃料消耗增加。
为了避免颗粒过滤器中含碳颗粒物或烟粒的增加和由此导致的颗粒过滤器的堵塞，通过实践已知的是提供具有催化涂层的颗粒过滤器。在此优选地采用含铂涂层。然而，这种具有催化涂层的颗粒过滤器的使用仅可以防止颗粒过滤器被含碳颗粒物(即被烟粒)装填到不充分的程度。
此外，通过实践已知采用颗粒过滤器的主动再生以降低烟粒装填颗粒过滤器的程度。在颗粒过滤器的这种主动再生期间，主动地提高排气温度(例如通过将燃料添加到排气流中)以便经由放热反应或烃类的氧化来烧除已积聚在颗粒过滤器中的含碳颗粒物或烟粒颗粒。由此，根据以下方程式，借助于颗粒过滤器中的氧气来烧除碳：
C+O2→CO2
在颗粒过滤器的主动再生期间，通过烧除烟粒颗粒，可以在颗粒过滤器中形成高达1000℃的主要温度升高。在这种主要温度升高期间，会发生对颗粒过滤器的损坏。
发明内容
由此出发，本发明基于建立一种新型排气后处理系统和用于排气后处理的新型方法的目的。
此目的通过根据权利要求1的排气后处理系统来实现。根据本发明的用于内燃机的排气后处理系统包括：布置在内燃机下游的用于从排气中滤除烟粒的颗粒过滤器，和布置在颗粒过滤器上游和内燃机下游的用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器，其中SO3和/或沉析的H2SO4用于使颗粒过滤器中的烟粒氧化并因此用于颗粒过滤器的再生。
本发明在燃烧含硫燃料(举例来说，例如重质燃料油)的内燃机中将SO3用于烟粒颗粒过滤器的再生，其中在布置在颗粒过滤器上游的用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器中产生SO3。在内燃机(举例来说，例如船用柴油机)中，可以由此提供颗粒过滤器的有效连续再生，所述内燃机燃烧具有相对高硫含量的燃料(举例来说，例如重质燃料油)作为燃料。
根据一个有益的进一步改进，在氧化催化转化器下游的颗粒过滤器区域中的SO3与烟粒之间的质量比的量为至少7∶1，优选至少12∶1，最优选至少16∶1。这些SO3与烟粒之间的质量比能够实现颗粒过滤器的特别有效的被动再生。
在排气增压内燃机的情况下，氧化催化转化器位于排气涡轮增压器的涡轮的上游，其中颗粒过滤器位于排气涡轮增压器的涡轮的下游。通过存在于涡轮上游的相对高的温度和压力，有利于在氧化催化转化器中使SO2氧化成SO3。
根据一个有益的进一步改进，将用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器布置在颗粒过滤器的上游和内燃机的下游，其中NO2用于使颗粒过滤器中的烟粒氧化并因此用于颗粒过滤器的再生。在内燃机使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料运行的期间，可以经由用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器来传导排气流，而在内燃机使用具有相对低硫含量的燃料运行的情况下，可以通过用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器来传导排气流。当内燃机使用不同类型燃料运行时，该构造是有利的。
根据本发明的用于排气后处理的方法由权利要求9所限定。
附图说明
由从属权利要求(subclaim)和下文的说明书获得本发明优选的进一步改进。本发明的示例性实施方案将借助于附图进行更详细的说明，但本发明并不局限于此。
其中：
图1：根据本发明的第一排气后处理系统的方框图。
图2：根据本发明的第二排气后处理系统的方框图。
图3：根据本发明的第三排气后处理系统的方框图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及一种用于内燃机(例如用于发电厂中的固定式内燃机，或者用于船舶上采用的非固定式内燃机)的排气后处理系统，所述内燃机使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料(举例来说，例如重质燃料油)来运行。
图1示出了位于内燃机1下游的排气后处理系统2的第一示例性实施方案，其中排气后处理系统2包括至少一个用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器3，和布置在氧化催化转化器3下游的用于从内燃机1的排气中滤除烟粒的颗粒过滤器4。
在氧化催化转化器3中，将内燃机1的排气中所含有的SO2氧化成SO3，其中在此过程中所提取的SO3用于使颗粒过滤器4中的烟粒氧化，并因此用于颗粒过滤器4的再生。
根据以下反应方程式，在氧化催化转化器3中使SO2氧化成SO3：
2SO2+O2→2SO3
在这种情况下，根据以下反应方程式，借助于氧化催化转化器3中形成的SO3使颗粒过滤器4中的烟粒氧化：
2SO3+C→CO2+2SO2
SO3+C→CO+SO2
如果排气冷却到低于硫酸的露点，则发生H2SO4(硫酸)的沉析，其中H2SO4同样可以用于使颗粒过滤器4中的烟粒氧化并因此用于颗粒过滤器4的再生。在此过程中，硫酸可以有效地氧化烟粒，尤其在低于250℃的排气温度下，并因此实现颗粒过滤器4的有效再生。
氧化催化转化器3将钒V和/或钾K和/或钠Na和/或铁Fe和/或铈Ce和/或铯Cs和/或这些元素的氧化物用作用于使SO2氧化成SO3的活性组分，其中氧化催化转化器3使用二氧化钛TiO2和/或二氧化硅SiO2，其优选地由氧化钨WO3来稳定。
氧化催化转化器3中的钒组分(其作为用于使SO2氧化成SO3的活性组分存在)的量为大于5％，优选大于7％，特别优选大于9％。
在氧化催化转化器3中使SO2转化成SO3通过以下方式来实现，在氧化催化转化器3下游的颗粒过滤器4的区域中，SO3与烟粒之间的质量比为至少7∶1，优选为至少12∶1，特别优选为至少16∶1。
图2示出了图1的排气后处理系统2的进一步改进，其中图2的内燃机是排气增压内燃机，其中排气在排气涡轮增压器的涡轮5中相应地膨胀从而提取机械能，该机械能用于驱动排气涡轮增压器的压缩机(未示出)，从而在排气涡轮增压器的压缩机中压缩被提供至内燃机1的增压空气。
如图2中所示，尤其是当排气后处理系统2相应地包括排气涡轮增压器的涡轮5时，氧化催化转化器3位于涡轮5的上游并且颗粒过滤器4位于涡轮5的下游。在排气涡轮增压器的涡轮5上游的高压和高温有利于在氧化催化转化器3中使SO2氧化成SO3。
通过图3示出了图1的排气后处理系统2的更有益的进一步改进，其中图3的实施方案特别地用于同时使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料以及还有具有相对低硫含量的燃料来运行的内燃机1。
相应地，图3示出了排气后处理系统2，该排气后处理系统2依次包括布置在内燃机1下游的用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器3，和布置在所述氧化催化转化器3下游的用于从排气中滤除烟粒的颗粒过滤器4，但是其中图3的排气后处理系统2还包括用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器6。在氧化催化转化器6中提取的NO2同样用于使颗粒过滤器4中的烟粒氧化并因此用于颗粒过滤器4的再生。
在图3中，用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器6并联地连接到用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器3，其中根据切断阀7、8的打开位置，经由氧化催化转化器3或氧化催化转化器6来传导内燃机的排气。
特别是当内燃机1使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料运行时，打开切断阀8并关闭切断阀7，从而随之经由用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器3来传导内燃机1的排气流，并且将用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器6与排气流隔离。如果相比之下图3的内燃机1使用具有相对低硫含量的燃料来运行，则打开切断阀7并关闭切断阀8，以便经由用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器6来传导所述排气，其中用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器3与排气流隔离或切断。图3的实施方案尤其适用于船用发动机，其一方面使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料来运行，且另一方面使用具有相对低硫含量的燃料来运行。在此，根据所使用燃料的类型，则可以确保颗粒过滤器4任选地借助于NO2或SO3适当地调整被动再生。
尤其是当在内燃机1使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料来运行的期间，关闭切断阀7时，用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器6保持无硫状态。对此的一个替代方案包括省略切断阀并且在使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料运行之后使氧化催化转化器6运行，其中排气温度升高并且硫因此在氧化催化转化器6中脱附。然而，具有切断阀7、8的实施方案是优选的，因为跟随使用含硫燃料的内燃机1的运行之后，氧化催化转化器6随后准备在此之后立即运行。
特别地，将该排气后处理系统应用于使用硫含量为至少1,000ppm的量的燃料来运行的内燃机中。
附图标记的列表
1 内燃机
2 排气后处理系统
3 氧化催化转化器
4 颗粒过滤器
5 涡轮
6 氧化催化转化器
7 切断阀
8 切断阀

Claims (12)

1.用于内燃机的排气后处理系统(2)，所述排气后处理系统具有布置在内燃机(1)的下游，用于从所述排气中滤除烟粒的颗粒过滤器(4)，和具有布置在所述颗粒过滤器(4)的上游和所述内燃机(1)的下游，用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器(3)，其中SO3和/或沉析的H2SO4用于使颗粒过滤器(4)中的烟粒氧化，并因此用于所述颗粒过滤器(4)的再生。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于所述氧化催化转化器(3)包含钒和/或钠和/或铁和/或铈和/或铯和/或这些元素的氧化物作为用于使SO2氧化成SO3的活性组分，其中所述氧化催化转化器使用二氧化钛和/或二氧化硅作为基材，所述基材优选地由氧化钨来稳定。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于所述氧化催化转化器(3)包含组分为大于5％，优选大于7％，特别优选大于9％的钒作为活性组分。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于在所述氧化催化转化器(3)的下游的所述颗粒过滤器(4)的区域中，SO3与烟粒之间的质量比的量为至少7∶1，优选至少12∶1，特别优选至少16∶1。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于在排气增压内燃机中所述氧化催化转化器(3)位于排气涡轮增压器的涡轮(5)的上游，其中所述颗粒过滤器(4)位于所述涡轮(5)的下游。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于将用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器(6)布置在所述颗粒过滤器(4)的上游和所述内燃机(1)的下游，其中NO2用于使所述颗粒过滤器中的烟粒氧化，并因此用于所述颗粒过滤器(4)的再生。
7.根据权利要求6所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于用于使NO氧化成NO2的所述氧化催化转化器(6)并联地连接到用于使SO2氧化成SO3的所述氧化催化转化器(3)。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的排气后处理系统，其特征在于可以通过切断阀(7)将用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器(6)和/或用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器从排气流中切断。
9.用于对离开内燃机的排气进行排气后处理的方法，其中所述排气最初经由用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器(3)传导，并在此后经由用于将烟粒从排气中滤除的颗粒过滤器(4)传导，其中在所述氧化催化转化器中形成的SO3和/或沉析的H2SO4用于使所述颗粒过滤器(4)中的烟粒氧化，并因此用于所述颗粒过滤器(4)的再生。
10.根据权利要求9所述的排气后处理方法，其特征在于在所述内燃机使用具有相对高硫含量的燃料来运行的期间，经由用于使SO2氧化成SO3的所述氧化催化转化器(3)来传导排气流，并且通过切断阀将用于使NO氧化成NO2的氧化催化转化器(6)从排气流中切断，而在所述内燃机使用具有相对低硫含量的燃料来运行的期间，经由用于使NO氧化成NO2的所述氧化催化转化器(6)来传导排气流，并且将用于使SO2氧化成SO3的氧化催化转化器(3)从所述排气流中切断。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的排气后处理方法，其特征在于所述燃料中的硫含量超过1,000ppm。
12.根据权利要求9或10所述的排气后处理方法，其特征在于借助于根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的排气后处理系统来进行所述排气后处理方法。
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