CN104871908A - Method of cultivating persimmon fruits in conserved stony mountain lands - Google Patents
Method of cultivating persimmon fruits in conserved stony mountain lands Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method of cultivating persimmon fruits in conserved stony mountain lands. The persimmon fruits, Chuantianshi 2, Huangjin Fangshi and Eshi 1, are subjected to cultivation. The method includes the steps of land preparation, field planting, fertilizer and water management, pruning, field management and disease and insect damage control. The persimmon trees cultivated by the method grow vigor, with thick and robust branches and high bearing rate, their fruits are rich in nutrition and also rich in sugarcane, glucose, fructose, protein, carotene, vitamin C, citrulline, iodine, calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc, and besides being consumed fresh, the fruits can also be made into persimmon wine, persimmon vinegar, preserved persimmon, persimmon powder, persimmon frost, persimmon tea, frozen persimmon and the like; the method is suitable for planting the persimmons in the stony mountain lands with lean soil to converse water and soil and helps restore the ecological environment for poverty-stricken areas and increase the income for farmers.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of economic plants, particularly conserve the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of Karst Mountains Desertification Area.
Background technology
Persimmon (formal name used at school: Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is Ebenaceae, Diospyros fallen leaves megaphanerophyte.Another name: Zhu Guo, bezoar from monkeys.Fallen leaves megaphanerophyte, usually up to more than 10-14 rice, diameter at breast height reaches 65 centimetres, and advanced age, veteran had up to 27 meters.
Bark: Dark grey is to grey black, or yellow taupe is to brown, and rill is closeer, is cleaved into rectangular bulk.
Tree crown: spherical or prolate spheroidal, old crown diameter reaches 10-13 rice, has and reaches 18 meters.Branch is carried out, and band is green to brown, without hair, and the Long Circle of scattered lobe or long and narrow circular hole skin; Spray has rib at the beginning, and feature has brown pubescence or fine hair or without hair.Hibernaculum is little, avette, and long 2-3 millimeter, tip is blunt.
Leaf: papery, ovum shape is oval to obovate or subcircular, usually larger, long 5-18 centimetre, wide 2.8-9 centimetre, tip is point or blunt gradually, base portion wedge shape, blunt, circular or closely cut shape, be seldom heart-shaped, young leaves dredges raw pubescence, glossy above Lao Ye, bottle green, without hair, green below, there is pubescence or without hair, middle arteries and veins is recessed above, there is micro-pubescence, protruding below, lateral vein every limit 5-7 bar, smooth or slightly recessed above, slightly protruding below, the arteries and veins of bottom is longer, top shorter, upward life, slightly curved, leaf margin anastomose nearly, scun is very thin, under smooth or nick above, connect to little netted, the long 8-20 millimeter of petiole, becomes without hair, has shallow slot above.
Flower: dioecism, but or have in staminiferous plant and have minority female flower, have minority male flower in female plant, inflorescence armpit is raw, be cyme; Male inflorescence is little, long 1-1.5 centimetre, curved vertical, has pubescence or fine hair, has colored 3-5 piece, usually spend 3; Total bennet is about 5 millimeters, has small bract; Male flower is little, long 5-10 millimeter; Calyx mitriform, two sides hairiness, dark 4 split, and sliver is avette, are about 3 millimeters, ciliation; Corolla mitriform, did not grow the twice of calyx, yellow-white, outside or both sides hairiness, be about 7 millimeters, 4 split, and sliver is avette or heart-shaped, carries out, two sides has on thin,tough silk hair or outside ridge and has long volt pubescence, and the inside is near without hair, and tip is blunt, stamen 16-24 piece, the raw base portion at corolla pipe, adhesion is paired, and the outside of belly 1 piece is shorter, filigree is short, and tip has pubescence, flower pesticide ellipticity Long Circle, top is gradually sharp, and there is pubescence at connective back, and degeneration ovary is small; Bennet is about 3 millimeters.Female flower list leave armpit, is about 2 centimetres, and calyx is green, glossy, diameter about 3 centimetres or larger, dark 4 split, and calyx pipe is near spherical bell, meat, is about 5 millimeters, diameter 7-10 millimeter, outside Mi Shengfu pubescence, there is thin,tough silk hair the inside, and sliver is carried out, wealthy avette or semicircle, there is arteries and veins, be about 1.5 centimetres, two sides thin raw volt pubescence or near without hair, tip is blunt or anxious sharp, and two ends twist after slightly supporting or opposing; Corolla yellowish white or yellow-white and be with aubergine, kettle shape or closely bell, short and small compared with calyx, the long and each 1.2-1.5 centimetre of diameter, 4 split, corolla Guan Jinsi prismatic, diameter 6-10 millimeter, and sliver is wealthy avette, long 5-10 millimeter, wide 4-8 millimeter, and top is bent outwardly; Staminodium 8 pieces, the raw base portion at corolla pipe, and band white, has long pubescence; Ovary suboblate, diameter about 6 millimeters, how many tools 4 are rib, and without hair or have pubescence, Room 8, there is ovule 1 every room; Style 4 drastic crack, column cap 2 is shallow to be split; The long 6-20 millimeter of bennet, close raw pubescence.
Persimmon is deep-rootedness seeds, is again heliophilous species, likes warm climate, sufficient sunlight and deep, fertile, moistening, well-drained soil, fits and is born in neutral soil, comparatively can resist cold, but comparatively can be barren-resistant, strong drought resistance, not salt tolerant alkaline earth.The most kind of persimmon starts result in 3 ~ 4 years after grafting, and within 10 ~ 12 years, reach the full bearing period, seedling tree then starts result 5 ~ 7 ages, and the result time limit is more than 100 years.
The sweet succulence of persimmon fruity, except supplying to eat raw, also can be made into persimmon juice, persimmon honey, persimmon sugar, and can make wine, vinegar processed, extraction persimmon paint.Persimmon fruit and processing crystalline substance thereof still have medical function, can control stomach trouble, hemostasis, relieving alcoholism, hypotensive, also can treat laryngalgia, dry throat and aphthae etc.Its wood quality is thin and hard, can high-quality utensil processed.Persimmon drought resisting, moisture-proof, simple and convenient management, early, output is high, and the economic life is long for result.
The a lot of provinces, cities and autonomous regions of south China, as there is a lot of Karst hill area on the ground such as Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangdong, Jiangxi.The feature in Karst hill area is that the water with corrosion power carries out the general name that corrosion etc. acts on earth's surface and the underground form formed, also known as karst features to solublerock.Except corrosion, also comprise the erosion of flowing water, erosion of diving, and the mechanical erosion process such as to collapse.Before centuries, the Karst hill area rainfall of south China is abundant, have abundant water resources, virgin forest coverage rate is high, aboundresources, beautiful scenery, but along with the growth of entrance, the mankind are in Karst hill area Fast Activities, just cause the destruction of mountain areas forest, the Karst Desertification of current Southwestern China karst has been current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem, when we are having a taste of karst stone forests in different poses and with different expressions and stone forest wonder, after the superb craftsmanship of admiration the Nature, hardly realize that Karst Rocky Desertification engulfs our home just gradually, threaten our production and life.Under the fragile ecological environment of karst, because locals is to the unreasonable exploitation of land resources, cause vegetation deterioration, water and soil loss, land capability decline or lose, rock is exposed gradually, and earth's surface presents similar desertscape.At present, the Rocky desertification hazard of China nearly more than 70% is mainly distributed in southern 8 provinces (district, city) such as Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangdong centered by Guizhou Plateau, stony desertification area reaches 12.96 ten thousand square kilometres, annual land area of approximately engulfing 1856 square kilometres, overall in aggravation trend.
For intensity Rocky Desertification Region, due to the relation numerous imbalances of human and environment, the mankind lack basic life condition, therefore the ecology strategy based on clear-cutting forestland is mainly taked to the improvement of stony desertification, except planned, do systematically Ecological Immigration, the measure such as take to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation progressively recovers vegetation, and the eco-tour of reasonable development karst.For moderate Rocky Desertification Region, mainly take to administer into main ecology strategy, by conceding the land to forestry, developing, the measures such as farm forestry are actively administered.For slight Rocky Desertification Region; mainly taking to administer is ecology strategy that is main, that strengthen prevention; carry out the Comprehensive ecological control of the ecological agriculture, courtyard economy; strengthen farmland capital construction, rural energy construction and man and livestock drinking water project construction; protect existing soil and vegetation cover, prevent new stony desertification soil.
In the Guangxi Hechi of Southwestern China, some areas in Yizhou and Guizhou Province, had and successfully planted persimmon fruit and achieve good achievement, but, how the area plantation high-quality persimmon fruit that stony desertification is more serious, also do not have scale to implement.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of method being adapted at the plantation high-quality persimmon fruit in Karst Rocky Desertification mountain region, not only can water-retaining effect, check winds and fix drifting sand, persimmon fruit can also be gathered in the crops, create objective economic benefit, for peasant increases production extra earning, for the road of sustainable development provides foundation, bring Revegetation of Eco-environment and increase income to mass peasants to Karst hill area.
Karst mountain area persimmon fruit cultivation method of the present invention comprises the following steps:
Breed breeding
Select kind: " No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river ", " gold side's persimmon " and " No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon ".
" No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river " is the sweet persimmon new varieties of high-quality large fruit cultivated from Japanese introduced variety " secondary youth " Superior line, and in the cultivation of Sichuan Basin multiple spot, performance is good.This kind tree body growing way is more vigorous, and strong with " dateplum " grafting affinity, parthenocarpy ability is strong, high yield, and Comprehensive Traits is excellent, and be the fine tree species of applicable mountainous region and hills plantation, 2003 by Sichuan Province's crop varietal approval committee.Growth potential is more prosperous, and early, high yield, the 2nd annual bearing after seedling planting, strain in the 4th year produces 13.38 kg, parthenocarpy to result.In the Sichuan Basin, late Febuary, mid or late April bloomed to early March rudiment, and fruit early and middle ten days in October is ripe.Fruit properties: fruit deltiod, mean fruit weight 219.0 g, maximum single fruit weight 400.0 g, pericarp is orange red, and fruit pushes up nick, do not ftracture, in cross ditch, there are 4 longitudinal furrows in vertical face, and carpopodium is short, and fruit powder is many, pulp yellowish red color, seed 2-3 grain, first ripe fruit texture is tender and crisp tasty and refreshing, soft and succulency after fruit deliquescing, soluble solid content 16.00% ~ 18.00%, can take away the puckery taste in the tree naturally, comparatively storage tolerance, first ripe fruit protects 20 days crisp phases.
" gold side's persimmon " is that work is maternal, " Buddhist temple ball " makes the incomplete sweet persimmon new varieties that paternal hybrid is bred as with " new peace OX-heart persimmon ".Fruit height pin square, mean fruit weight 260 grams, maximum single fruit weight 480 grams; The flushing look of fruit, has obvious 4 symmetrical longitudinal furrows; Pericarp is thin, golden yellow or orange red, and quality is first-class; Fresh fruit total reducing sugar, protein, pectin, Vitamin C content are respectively 17.14%, 0.48%, 0.98%, 176 mgs/kg, potassium content 1018.50 mgs/kg; At Henan Province's Xuchang City, fruit is ripe at the beginning of late September to 10 month.This kind have passed the authorization of the forest variety certification committee of Henan Province in December, 2009.
Variety name: No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon; Authorization (registration) unit: Hubei; Unit (people) is educated in choosing (drawing): the great Qi township people's government of Luotian County; Cultivar origin: the landrace of Luotian County's plantation, is declared by the great Qi township people's government of Luotian County.Whether transgenosis: no.Persimmon No. 1 tree vigo(u)r in Hubei Province is comparatively strong, and tree crown is uprightly tall and big, and germination rate is higher, sends out branch rate medium.Leaf look dark green, oval, the irregular protuberance in blade face, and leaf margin is without sawtooth, and tip is anxious sharp, base portion wedge shape.Female flower yellow-white, Dan Sheng, manage to make do raw a small amount of male flower; Male flower is little, bell, is often formed inflorescence with about 3; There is certain parthenocarpy ability.Fruit is oblate, fruit face orange colour, and often by white fruit powder, outward appearance is beautiful.Mean fruit weight about 180 grams, containing 1 ~ 2 seed, minority is seedless.General 10 early and middle ten days fruit maturations, can protect crisp about 20 days under room temperature.More barren-resistant, adaptability is stronger.
Inventor, by planting experimentally above three kinds of persimmon kinds, finds that above three kinds all can obtain good yield and quality under the technology of the present invention condition.Cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step:
Wholely: select soil layer deep, the sand loam of pH value 5.5-7.5, mountain region, level land, hilly ground.Dig the large cave of raise moat or 100cm × 100cm × 80cm of wide 100cm, dark 80cm, apply general calcium 1.2kg, composite fertilizer 0.2 kg and decomposed dung 18 kg makes base manure.Decomposed dung refers to based on livestock waste, the mixed fertilizer amassing system with various gasket materials.
Field planting: the breeding strong sprout of selecting the grafting of persimmon anvil, seeding row spacing is planted by 3.5m ~ 4.5m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 10:1, banket while vibrate sapling during field planting, soil is fully flowed in the gap of root, and bankets while tread, after filling up soil, around cave, accomplish the low bank of earth between fields, irrigate normal root water again, tree dish mulch film or rice straw mulching moisturizing.
Root-stock selection persimmon anvil, as wild kaki persimmon, wild persimmon, diamondleaf persimmon root or branchlet.The drought resisting of persimmon anvil and waterlogging ability are strong, and wet-heat resisting, are adapted at Karst Rocky Desertification mountain planting.
Rich water quality management is: 1. the treelet stage is noted weeding with a hoe, and suitable spraying fertilizer; 2. the annual field planting garden spring tip executes the 1st fertilizer after germinateing, and urea 12-15g is executed in strain, and become thoroughly decomposed feces of livestock and poultry 6kg, monthly topdresses 1-2 time later; 3. respectively apply fertilizer once in Second Year March, May, August, September; 4. the 3rd year shoot starts to bear fruit, and answers Potassium and boron fertilizer; 5. 1 year high yield period, the 3-4 month, urea 120g, potassium sulfate 120g, phosphate fertilizer 60g, borax 8g and multielement micro-fertilizer are executed in strain; The 6-7 month, urea 80g, superphosphate 120g, potassium sulfate 120g are executed in strain; The 11-12 month is based on fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer;
Pruning is: treelet should suitable light pruning, and the winter cuts based on cutting back, and sparse branching is auxiliary; Contain pruning fruit tree, it is main that the winter cuts to dredge, and major branch extending head in addition cutting back, expands tree crown, summer to lure branch, water sprout pinching; Old and feeble tree-pruning, retraction bough, inspires shoot.
Field management is, after annual fruit picking or resting stage improvement soil, with in caustic lime matter and acid; To prosperous tree body of nourishing and growing, on major branch, secondary major branch, band girdle 3-6mm is wide deeply reaches xylem for full-bloom stage, and carries out thin flower bud flower and fruit thinning.
The extermination of disease and insect pest is the control to anthracnose of kaki, angular leaf spot, Northern leaf spot, the crazy disease of persimmon, persimmon angular leaf spot, persimmon fruit moth, persimmon star looper, persimmon long draft mealybug.
Vegetative period, the sick fruit of manual removal, wormed fruit; Early June sprays 50% DDT EC, 1000 times of liquid, eliminates persimmon fruit moth; Mid-June, spray a 1:5:400 times of bordeaux mixture, or 65% Zineb wettable powder, 500 ~ 600 times of liquid, or the vertical 800 times of liquid that go out of spray 2.5% Cyhalothrin 1500 times of liquid+1.5% bacterium, anthracnose of kaki, angular leaf spot, Northern leaf spot can be prevented and treated.When mid or late May, late July to early August larva peak of occurrence, sprinkling 20% is gone out and is swept sharp missible oil 2500 times of liquid, is mainly sprayed at the fruit of persimmon, carpopodium and fruit flower bud place, sprays 1 time, connect spray 2 ~ 3 times every 10 ~ 15 days.
The crazy disease of persimmon, prevention and controls: (1) is selected disease-resistant variety or utilized disease-resistant stock breeding.(2) strengthen cultivation management, improve premunition.(3) strong tree is selected to make stock, scion that grafting is anosis.(4) Tetracycline antibiotics can be injected by Xiang Shuti if desired.
Persimmon angular leaf spot, prevention and controls: after (1) fallen leaves to next year young leaves pumping, thoroughly extracts the upper remaining sick base of a fruit of tree, removes pathogeny.Spray 1:5:400 ~ 600 times bordeaux mixture secondary (2) 6 ~ July, also can select the dry outstanding 500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb or 64% Sandofan wetting powder, 500 times of liquid in addition.(3) applying organic manure, improves premunition.
Persimmon star looper, another name: magpie geometrid months, large spot looper, persimmon leaf looper, persimmon leopard looper, the large cephalont of persimmon.Harm characteristics: larva food leaf becomes to incise and hole, eats light full leaf time serious.Prevention and controls: (1) Qiu Mo or combination in the early spring are turned over tree dish and dug pupa.(2) Larvae occurrence time shakes off and catches and kills.(3) in the control of low instar larvae phase spray medicine, respond well by 2.5% time missible oil, 2500 times of liquid sprayings.
Persimmon long draft mealybug, harm characteristics: female adult pest, nymph suck the juice of blade, branch, excretion honeydew brings out sooty mould.Prevention and controls: (1) Wintering Period combines other insects of control and scrapes bark, with firmly brushing overwintering nymphs; (2) Baume 3 ~ 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 45% crystal lime polysulfies, 20 ~ 30 times of liquid, 5% diesel oil emulsion is sprayed after fallen leaves or before germinateing; (3) nymph comes out of hibernation after activity and the egg hatching phase of containing sprays 50% trithion, 80% dichlorvos, 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate, 1000 times of liquid, particularly fine to the nymph effect of just incubating transfer.If the diesel oil emulsion of mixed oil content 1% has notable synergistic effect; (4) Protect natural enemies is noted.
Topdressing in described rich water quality management is divided into root to topdress and top dressing, and root topdresses and uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=3:1:3; Top dressing is that inorganic fertilizer is soluble in water, with sprayer spraying blade, based on blade back.
The deficiency that mainly makes up base manure of topdressing or apply according to the physiological activity of persimmon.Persimmon is except young sprout and leaf growth activity comparatively early.Other growths as root system, bloom, the growth of setting and fruit is partially late.Though shoot and leaf growth partially early, mainly consuming the nutrition of storage in tree body, supplementing without the need to absorbing from outside.Therefore rich water applies prematurely, the growth of branch, leaf, the tip can be stimulated, and bud contention water and nutrient, cause the phenomenon that fallen flowers bud drop increases on the contrary.Therefore the best period of topdressing should stop growing at branches and leaves, carry out to the florescence behind new top drying top first time; Second time is topdressed and at early and middle ten days in July, namely should be carried out after physiological fallen fruit.These two periods topdress, and not only can avoid stimulates the excessive growth of branches and leaves and cause fallen flowers, bud drop and shedding, improve percentage of fertile fruit, also can promote growing, to being of great benefit to the output in next year then of the differentiation of bud and fruit.
Multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=1: 1: 1: 1.Research proves, in physiological function of plants, trace element is the important composition composition of enzyme or coenzyme.These enzymes are biocatalysts, have very strong activity, they can ensure that some materials have physiology, biochemical function, to the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein, photosynthesis and metabolism, and to nitrogen, phosphorus, the absorbing of potassium, all play important promotion and regulating action.
Fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 5:5:5:1:10.Filter mud of sugarcane contains sugarcane fibre, sucrose, condensation colloid, protein, calcium phosphate with cerosin, and also carry the sand brought with sugarcane secretly, wherein most composition is from sugarcane, and calcareous thing majority adds when cane juice clarification process.Add ferrous sulfate can make to become thoroughly decomposed fowl and animal excrement, the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed not smelly.
Normal root water formula during described field planting is, 3.8% metalaxyl+3.8% dislikes mould spirit+sodium naphthenate 50%+ compound sodium nitrophenolate 8%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 12%+ water is mended to 100%.Normal root water Promoting plant growth is grown, and promotes photosynthesis, strengthens improving activity of root system, the absorption of reinforced nutrition matter and conversion.
Advantage of the present invention:
1, karst Karst Desertification is current global the most serious one of environment and socioeconomic problem.The stony desertification of Southwestern China karst is the very outstanding territorial environment problem that development of the West Regions enforcement ecological construction faces.Have three large karst integrated distribution sections in the world, be respectively European Mediterranean, eastern united states and southwest China.Wherein section, East Asia is that carbonate rock outcrop area is maximum, Karst Development is the strongest, landscape types is maximum, ecotope is the most complicated, the area that people ground contradiction is the most sharp-pointed, the West Guangxi of China and Guizhou, the ground such as Yunnan, due to deforestation, earth's surface can not water moisture self restraint, water all runs off seriously, so plantation persimmon fruit, fine effect is played to water and soil loss, peasant plants persimmon fruit, both water and soil can be kept, gather in the crops fancy fruit carambola again, improve income, realize karst area Southwest China ecology, economical, the coordination of society, sustainable development has important realistic meaning and far-reaching historic significance,
2, the persimmon tree that cultivates of the present invention, growing way is vigorous, branch is sturdy, branch is also comparatively large, and fruiting rate is very high, and fruit has abundant nutritive value, containing abundant sucrose, glucose, fructose, protein, carotin, vitamin C, citrulling, iodine, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, fruit, except eating raw, can also lead to persimmon wine, persimmon vinegar, is processed into persimmon dried meat, persimmon powder, persimmon sugar, persimmon tea, freezes persimmon etc.;
3, of many uses at Karst Mountains Desertification Area cultivation persimmon tree, market potential is huge: persimmon can extract persimmon paint (have another name called persimmon oil or persimmon puckery), for being coated with fishnet, rain gear, caulking and making the preservative etc. of construction material.With the persimmon paint that immature raw persimmon is made, the past is the coating of the umbrella, made of oiled paper and bamboo frame, paper fan and fishnet; The sapwood content of persimmon timber is large, shrink large, dry difficulty, rotproofness is not bery strong, but compact substance is hard, intensity is large, and toughness is strong, and construction is difficulty not bery, smooth surface, wear-resistant, can weave wooden shuttle, taro, bobbin, can make again the fingerboard and peg etc. of furniture, chamber, decorative material and trinket, violin; In greening, the persimmon life-span is long, can reach more than 300 years, and the large shade of leaf is dense, increases fine view, is excellent landscape tree;
4, the present invention conserves the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of Karst Mountains Desertification Area, the use multielement micro-fertilizer in rich water quality management, and nutrient is comprehensive, and fertility is lasting, has the effect of improvement soil simultaneously, effectively prevent the problem of process of crop growth Middle nutrition disappearance;
5, the present invention conserves the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of Karst Mountains Desertification Area, the manure use in rich water quality management, and technique is simple, without the need to specific step and equipment, not only reduces production cost, and improves economic benefit;
6, the present invention conserves the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of Karst Mountains Desertification Area, the normal root water of original creation is used during field planting, not only can improve the suffertibility of plant to poor environment, effectively can also improve density and the length of the axillary root of plant, it is made to strengthen the moisture in soil and nutrient absorption, thus Promoting plant growth is grown, promote photosynthesis;
7, the applicant tests in the Xiangzhou of Laibin city of Guangxi, promote persimmon fruit culture technique, cultivated area 20 mu, about 2 years results, enter high yield period after date, every annual income can reach more than 300,000 yuan, and therefore economic benefit is very considerable to local economy sustainable growth, played larger effect to increasing peasant income.
Embodiment
Implement karst mountain area persimmon of the present invention fruit cultivation method to comprise the following steps:
Breed breeding
Select kind: " No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river ", " gold side's persimmon " and " No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon ".
" No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river " is the sweet persimmon new varieties of high-quality large fruit cultivated from Japanese introduced variety " secondary youth " Superior line, and in the cultivation of Sichuan Basin multiple spot, performance is good.This kind tree body growing way is more vigorous, and strong with " dateplum " grafting affinity, parthenocarpy ability is strong, high yield, and Comprehensive Traits is excellent, and be the fine tree species of applicable mountainous region and hills plantation, 2003 by Sichuan Province's crop varietal approval committee.Growth potential is more prosperous, and early, high yield, the 2nd annual bearing after seedling planting, strain in the 4th year produces 13.38 kg, parthenocarpy to result.In the Sichuan Basin, late Febuary, mid or late April bloomed to early March rudiment, and fruit early and middle ten days in October is ripe.Fruit properties: fruit deltiod, mean fruit weight 219.0 g, maximum single fruit weight 400.0 g, pericarp is orange red, and fruit pushes up nick, do not ftracture, in cross ditch, there are 4 longitudinal furrows in vertical face, and carpopodium is short, and fruit powder is many, pulp yellowish red color, seed 2-3 grain, first ripe fruit texture is tender and crisp tasty and refreshing, soft and succulency after fruit deliquescing, soluble solid content 16.00% ~ 18.00%, can take away the puckery taste in the tree naturally, comparatively storage tolerance, first ripe fruit protects 20 days crisp phases.
" gold side's persimmon " is that work is maternal, " Buddhist temple ball " makes the incomplete sweet persimmon new varieties that paternal hybrid is bred as with " new peace OX-heart persimmon ".Fruit height pin square, mean fruit weight 260 grams, maximum single fruit weight 480 grams; The flushing look of fruit, has obvious 4 symmetrical longitudinal furrows; Pericarp is thin, golden yellow or orange red, and quality is first-class; Fresh fruit total reducing sugar, protein, pectin, Vitamin C content are respectively 17.14%, 0.48%, 0.98%, 176 mgs/kg, potassium content 1018.50 mgs/kg; At Henan Province's Xuchang City, fruit is ripe at the beginning of late September to 10 month.This kind have passed the authorization of the forest variety certification committee of Henan Province in December, 2009.
Variety name: No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon; Authorization (registration) unit: Hubei; Unit (people) is educated in choosing (drawing): the great Qi township people's government of Luotian County; Cultivar origin: the landrace of Luotian County's plantation, is declared by the great Qi township people's government of Luotian County.Whether transgenosis: no.Persimmon No. 1 tree vigo(u)r in Hubei Province is comparatively strong, and tree crown is uprightly tall and big, and germination rate is higher, sends out branch rate medium.Leaf look dark green, oval, the irregular protuberance in blade face, and leaf margin is without sawtooth, and tip is anxious sharp, base portion wedge shape.Female flower yellow-white, Dan Sheng, manage to make do raw a small amount of male flower; Male flower is little, bell, is often formed inflorescence with about 3; There is certain parthenocarpy ability.Fruit is oblate, fruit face orange colour, and often by white fruit powder, outward appearance is beautiful.Mean fruit weight about 180 grams, containing 1 ~ 2 seed, minority is seedless.General 10 early and middle ten days fruit maturations, can protect crisp about 20 days under room temperature.More barren-resistant, adaptability is stronger.
Inventor, by planting experimentally above three kinds of persimmon kinds, finds that above three kinds all can obtain good yield and quality under the technology of the present invention condition.Cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step:
Wholely: select soil layer deep, the sand loam of pH value 5.5-7.5, mountain region, level land, hilly ground.Dig the large cave of raise moat or 100cm × 100cm × 80cm of wide 100cm, dark 80cm, apply general calcium 1.2kg, composite fertilizer 0.2 kg and decomposed dung 18 kg makes base manure.Decomposed dung refers to based on livestock waste, the mixed fertilizer amassing system with various gasket materials.
Field planting: the breeding strong sprout of selecting the grafting of persimmon anvil, seeding row spacing is planted by 3.5m ~ 4.5m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 10:1, banket while vibrate sapling during field planting, soil is fully flowed in the gap of root, and bankets while tread, after filling up soil, around cave, accomplish the low bank of earth between fields, irrigate normal root water again, tree dish mulch film or rice straw mulching moisturizing.
Root-stock selection persimmon anvil, as wild kaki persimmon, wild persimmon, diamondleaf persimmon root or branchlet.The drought resisting of persimmon anvil and waterlogging ability are strong, and wet-heat resisting, are adapted at Karst Rocky Desertification mountain planting.
Rich water quality management is: 1. the treelet stage is noted weeding with a hoe, and suitable spraying fertilizer; 2. the annual field planting garden spring tip executes the 1st fertilizer after germinateing, and urea 12-15g is executed in strain, and become thoroughly decomposed feces of livestock and poultry 6kg, monthly topdresses 1-2 time later; 3. respectively apply fertilizer once in Second Year March, May, August, September; 4. the 3rd year shoot starts to bear fruit, and answers Potassium and boron fertilizer; 5. 1 year high yield period, the 3-4 month, urea 120g, potassium sulfate 120g, phosphate fertilizer 60g, borax 8g and multielement micro-fertilizer are executed in strain; The 6-7 month, urea 80g, superphosphate 120g, potassium sulfate 120g are executed in strain; The 11-12 month is based on fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer;
Pruning is: treelet should suitable light pruning, and the winter cuts based on cutting back, and sparse branching is auxiliary; Contain pruning fruit tree, it is main that the winter cuts to dredge, and major branch extending head in addition cutting back, expands tree crown, summer to lure branch, water sprout pinching; Old and feeble tree-pruning, retraction bough, inspires shoot.
Field management is, after annual fruit picking or resting stage improvement soil, with in caustic lime matter and acid; To prosperous tree body of nourishing and growing, on major branch, secondary major branch, band girdle 3-6mm is wide deeply reaches xylem for full-bloom stage, and carries out thin flower bud flower and fruit thinning.
The extermination of disease and insect pest is the control to anthracnose of kaki, angular leaf spot, Northern leaf spot, the crazy disease of persimmon, persimmon angular leaf spot, persimmon fruit moth, persimmon star looper, persimmon long draft mealybug.
Vegetative period, the sick fruit of manual removal, wormed fruit; Early June sprays 50% DDT EC, 1000 times of liquid, eliminates persimmon fruit moth; Mid-June, spray a 1:5:400 times of bordeaux mixture, or 65% Zineb wettable powder, 500 ~ 600 times of liquid, or the vertical 800 times of liquid that go out of spray 2.5% Cyhalothrin 1500 times of liquid+1.5% bacterium, anthracnose of kaki, angular leaf spot, Northern leaf spot can be prevented and treated.When mid or late May, late July to early August larva peak of occurrence, sprinkling 20% is gone out and is swept sharp missible oil 2500 times of liquid, is mainly sprayed at the fruit of persimmon, carpopodium and fruit flower bud place, sprays 1 time, connect spray 2 ~ 3 times every 10 ~ 15 days.
The crazy disease of persimmon, prevention and controls: (1) is selected disease-resistant variety or utilized disease-resistant stock breeding.(2) strengthen cultivation management, improve premunition.(3) strong tree is selected to make stock, scion that grafting is anosis.(4) Tetracycline antibiotics can be injected by Xiang Shuti if desired.
Persimmon angular leaf spot, prevention and controls: after (1) fallen leaves to next year young leaves pumping, thoroughly extracts the upper remaining sick base of a fruit of tree, removes pathogeny.Spray 1:5:400 ~ 600 times bordeaux mixture secondary (2) 6 ~ July, also can select the dry outstanding 500 times of liquid of 70% mancozeb or 64% Sandofan wetting powder, 500 times of liquid in addition.(3) applying organic manure, improves premunition.
Persimmon star looper, another name: magpie geometrid months, large spot looper, persimmon leaf looper, persimmon leopard looper, the large cephalont of persimmon.Harm characteristics: larva food leaf becomes to incise and hole, eats light full leaf time serious.Prevention and controls: (1) Qiu Mo or combination in the early spring are turned over tree dish and dug pupa.(2) Larvae occurrence time shakes off and catches and kills.(3) in the control of low instar larvae phase spray medicine, respond well by 2.5% time missible oil, 2500 times of liquid sprayings.
Persimmon long draft mealybug, harm characteristics: female adult pest, nymph suck the juice of blade, branch, excretion honeydew brings out sooty mould.Prevention and controls: (1) Wintering Period combines other insects of control and scrapes bark, with firmly brushing overwintering nymphs; (2) Baume 3 ~ 5 degree of lime sulfurs or 45% crystal lime polysulfies, 20 ~ 30 times of liquid, 5% diesel oil emulsion is sprayed after fallen leaves or before germinateing; (3) nymph comes out of hibernation after activity and the egg hatching phase of containing sprays 50% trithion, 80% dichlorvos, 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate, 1000 times of liquid, particularly fine to the nymph effect of just incubating transfer.If the diesel oil emulsion of mixed oil content 1% has notable synergistic effect; (4) Protect natural enemies is noted.
Topdressing in described rich water quality management is divided into root to topdress and top dressing, and root topdresses and uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=3:1:3; Top dressing is that inorganic fertilizer is soluble in water, with sprayer spraying blade, based on blade back.
The deficiency that mainly makes up base manure of topdressing or apply according to the physiological activity of persimmon.Persimmon is except young sprout and leaf growth activity comparatively early.Other growths as root system, bloom, the growth of setting and fruit is partially late.Though shoot and leaf growth partially early, mainly consuming the nutrition of storage in tree body, supplementing without the need to absorbing from outside.Therefore rich water applies prematurely, the growth of branch, leaf, the tip can be stimulated, and bud contention water and nutrient, cause the phenomenon that fallen flowers bud drop increases on the contrary.Therefore the best period of topdressing should stop growing at branches and leaves, carry out to the florescence behind new top drying top first time; Second time is topdressed and at early and middle ten days in July, namely should be carried out after physiological fallen fruit.These two periods topdress, and not only can avoid stimulates the excessive growth of branches and leaves and cause fallen flowers, bud drop and shedding, improve percentage of fertile fruit, also can promote growing, to being of great benefit to the output in next year then of the differentiation of bud and fruit.
Multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=1: 1: 1: 1.Research proves, in physiological function of plants, trace element is the important composition composition of enzyme or coenzyme.These enzymes are biocatalysts, have very strong activity, they can ensure that some materials have physiology, biochemical function, to the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein, photosynthesis and metabolism, and to nitrogen, phosphorus, the absorbing of potassium, all play important promotion and regulating action.
Fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 5:5:5:1:10.Filter mud of sugarcane contains sugarcane fibre, sucrose, condensation colloid, protein, calcium phosphate with cerosin, and also carry the sand brought with sugarcane secretly, wherein most composition is from sugarcane, and calcareous thing majority adds when cane juice clarification process.Add ferrous sulfate can make to become thoroughly decomposed fowl and animal excrement, the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed not smelly.
Normal root water formula during described field planting is, 3.8% metalaxyl+3.8% dislikes mould spirit+sodium naphthenate 50%+ compound sodium nitrophenolate 8%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 12%+ water is mended to 100%.Normal root water Promoting plant growth is grown, and promotes photosynthesis, strengthens improving activity of root system, the absorption of reinforced nutrition matter and conversion.
All showing quality better, advantage that output is high by technique scheme at " No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river ", " gold side's persimmon " and " No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon " of the cultivation of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area, is below the output of three kinds:
Inventor is through cultivation for many years, the persimmon demonstrating the present invention's cultivation shows good growth characteristics, output is also than the height of other kinds, illustrate under self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area condition, use this technology can complete the cultivation of persimmon, obtain the persimmon fruit of high-quality, significantly improve local environment and economy benefit.
Claims (7)
1. one kind is conserved the cultivation method of Karst Mountains Desertification Area persimmon fruit, it is characterized in that: cultivate persimmon fruit kind for " No. 1, the sweet persimmon in river ", " gold side's persimmon " and " No. 1, Hubei Province persimmon ", cultivation method comprises wholely, field planting, rich water quality management, pruning, field management, the extermination of disease and insect pest step;
Describedly be: the large cave of raise moat or 100cm × 100cm × 80cm digging wide 100cm, dark 80cm apply general calcium 1.2kg, composite fertilizer 0.2 kg and decomposed dung 18 kg makes base manure wholely;
Described field planting is: the breeding strong sprout of selecting the grafting of persimmon anvil, seeding row spacing is planted by 3.5m ~ 4.5m kind, and the good pollinated variety of the proportional arrangement of pressing male and female plant 10:1, banket while vibrate sapling during field planting, soil is fully flowed in the gap of root, and bankets while tread, after filling up soil, around cave, accomplish the low bank of earth between fields, irrigate normal root water again, tree dish mulch film or rice straw mulching moisturizing;
Described rich water quality management is: 1. the treelet stage is noted weeding with a hoe, and suitable spraying fertilizer; 2. the annual field planting garden spring tip executes the 1st fertilizer after germinateing, and urea 12-15g is executed in strain, and become thoroughly decomposed feces of livestock and poultry 6kg, monthly topdresses 1-2 time later; 3. respectively apply fertilizer once in Second Year March, May, August, September; 4. the 3rd year shoot starts to bear fruit, and answers Potassium and boron fertilizer; 5. 1 year high yield period, the 3-4 month, urea 120g, potassium sulfate 120g, phosphate fertilizer 60g, borax 8g and multielement micro-fertilizer are executed in strain; The 6-7 month, urea 80g, superphosphate 120g, potassium sulfate 120g are executed in strain; The 11-12 month is based on fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer;
Described pruning is: treelet should suitable light pruning, and the winter cuts based on cutting back, and sparse branching is auxiliary; Contain pruning fruit tree, it is main that the winter cuts to dredge, and major branch extending head in addition cutting back, expands tree crown, summer to lure branch, water sprout pinching; Old and feeble tree-pruning, retraction bough, inspires shoot.
2. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described field management is, after annual fruit picking or resting stage improvement soil, with in caustic lime matter and acid; To prosperous tree body of nourishing and growing, on major branch, secondary major branch, band girdle 3-6mm is wide deeply reaches xylem for full-bloom stage, and carries out thin flower bud flower and fruit thinning.
3. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the described extermination of disease and insect pest is the control to anthracnose of kaki, angular leaf spot, Northern leaf spot, the crazy disease of persimmon, persimmon angular leaf spot, persimmon fruit moth, persimmon star looper, persimmon long draft mealybug.
4. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: topdressing in described rich water quality management is divided into root to topdress and top dressing, root topdresses and uses the inorganic fertilizer of quick-acting, and element is nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the element N:P containing following quality proportioning
2o
5: K
2o=3:1:3; Top dressing is that inorganic fertilizer is soluble in water, with sprayer spraying blade, based on blade back.
5. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the multielement micro-fertilizer in described rich water quality management is boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, the element B containing following quality proportioning: Zn: Cu: Mo=1: 1: 1: 1.
6. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the fertilizer in described rich water quality management is the mixture of fowl and animal excrement, filter mud of sugarcane, ferrous sulfate and the straw that becomes thoroughly decomposed of becoming thoroughly decomposed, and its weight proportion is 5:5:5:1:10.
7. the cultivation method of the persimmon fruit of self-restraint Karst Mountains Desertification Area according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: normal root water formula during described field planting is, 3.8% metalaxyl+3.8% dislikes mould spirit+sodium naphthenate 50%+ compound sodium nitrophenolate 8%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 12%+ water is mended to 100%.
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