CN104704580B - 经表面改性的架空导线 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及经表面改性的架空导线,其具有允许所述导线在较低的温度下操作的涂层。所述涂层为具有持久湿热老化特性的无机非白色涂层。所述涂层优选包含具有所需性质的热辐射剂、以及适当的粘结剂/悬浮剂。在优选实施方案中,所述涂层具有低于80的L*值、大于或等于0.5的热发射率、和/或大于0.3的日光吸收系数。
Description
本申请要求如下美国临时申请的优先权:2012年8月10日提交的No.61/681,926;2012年9月17日提交的No.61/702,120;2013年2月26日提交的No.61/769,492;以及2013年3月15日提交的No.61/800,608;它们在此引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及经表面改性的架空导线,其具有允许所述导线在较低的温度下操作的涂层。
背景技术
随着对于电的需求持续增长,对于更高容量的传输和配电线路的需求也得到增长。传输线路所能输送的功率取决于线路的载流能力(载流量)。线路的载流量受限于承载电流的裸导线的最高安全操作温度。超过该温度可导致对于导线或线路配件的损害。而且,导线通过欧姆损耗和太阳热而被加热且其通过传导、对流和辐射而被冷却。按照关系式欧姆损耗=I2R,由欧姆损耗产生的热的量取决于通过其的电流(I)及其电阻(R)。电阻(R)本身取决于温度。较高的电流和温度导致较高的电阻,这进而导致导线中的更大的电损耗。
本领域中已经提出若干种解决方案。Simic的WO2007/034248公开了涂覆有光谱选择性(spectrally selective)表面涂层的架空导线。所述涂层具有大于0.7的放热系数(E)和低于0.3的日光吸收系数(A)。Simic还要求表面为白颜色以具有低的日光吸收。
DE3824608公开了具有发射率大于0.6、优选大于0.9的黑色油漆涂层的架空缆线。所述油漆由塑料(例如聚氨酯)和黑色颜料制成。
FR2971617公开了涂覆有其发射系数为0.7或更高且日光吸收系数为0.3或更低的聚合物层的电导体。所述聚合物层由聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和白色颜料添加剂制得。
FR2971617和WO2007/034248这两者均要求白色涂层,但由于眩光以及随时间推移的褪色,白色涂层是不合乎期望的。DE3824608和FR2971617这两者均要求聚合物涂层,但由于其有问题的湿热老化特性,聚合物涂层是不合乎期望的。
因此,仍需要允许架空导线在降低的温度下操作的用于架空导线的耐用的无机非白色涂层。
发明内容
导线的温度取决于许多因素,包括导线的电性质、导线的物理性质、以及当地的气候条件。导线温度升高的一个方式是通过吸收由阳光辐射导致的来自太阳的热量。所吸收的热的量取决于导线的表面,即,表面的吸收系数(“吸收率”)。低的吸收率说明导线仅吸收少量的由阳光辐射导致的热量。
导线温度降低的一个方式是通过经由辐射散发热量。所辐射的热的量取决于导线表面的发射系数(“发射率”)。高的发射率说明,导线相比于具有低发射率的导线辐射出更多的热量。
因此,本发明的目标是提供包含热辐射剂(heat radiating agent)的架空导线,当根据ANSI C119.4-2004进行测试时,所述热辐射剂使导线的操作温度与不含热辐射剂的相同导线的操作温度相比发生降低。所述热辐射剂可被直接结合到导线中或涂覆在导线上。优选地,操作温度降低至少5℃。
本发明的进一步目标提供了用于架空导线的具有持久的湿热老化特性的无机非白色涂层。所述涂层优选包含具有所需性质的热辐射剂、以及适当的粘结剂/悬浮剂。在优选实施方案中,所述涂层具有大于或等于0.5的热发射率和/或大于0.3的日光吸收系数。在优选实施方案中,所述涂层具有与导线的热膨胀相近的热膨胀,在0-250℃的温度范围内为约10x10-6-约100x10-6/℃。
本发明的又一个进一步目标提供了以无机非白色的柔性涂层涂覆架空导线的方法,所述涂层使导线的操作温度与不含热辐射剂的相同导线的操作温度相比发生降低。
附图说明
当结合附图进行考虑时,通过参考以下的详细说明,将易于获得本发明的更完整的理解及其许多附带的优点并且它们变得更好理解:
图1为根据本发明的一个实施方案的导线的横断面图;
图2为根据本发明的一个实施方案的导线的横断面图;
图3为根据本发明的一个实施方案的导线的横断面图;
图4为根据本发明的一个实施方案的导线的横断面图;
图5为示出了测试装置的图,所述测试装置用于在给定的施加电流下测量金属基板的温度;
图6为示出了经涂覆和未经涂覆的导线的温度的图表;
图7为示出了测试装置的图,所述测试装置用于在给定的施加电流下测量串联回路系统中的金属基板的温差;
图8为示出了2/0AWG固体铝导线的温度的图表;
图9为示出了795kcmil Arbutus全铝导线的温度的图表;
图10为示出了本发明的连续过程的图;
图11为示出了富液式模头的横截面的图;
图12为示出了富液式模头的平面视图的图;和
图13为示出了富液式模头的剖视视图的图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了包含外涂层的架空导线,当根据ANSI C119.4-2004进行测试时,所述外涂层使所述导线的操作温度与不含热辐射剂的相同导线的操作温度相比发生降低。所述热辐射剂可被直接结合到导线中或涂覆在导线上。优选地,操作温度降低至少5℃。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供了这样的架空裸导线,其具有表面涂层以降低导线的操作温度且不显著改变任何电或机械性质,例如,电阻、电晕、断裂伸长率、拉伸强度、以及弹性横量。本发明的涂覆层优选为非白色的。CIE Publication 15.2(1986)第4.2节推荐使用CIE L*、a*、b*色标。将色彩空间组织成立方体。L*轴从顶部走向底部。L*的最大值为100,其表示完美反射漫射体或白色。L*的最小值为0,其表示黑色。如本文中所用的,“白色”意味着80或更高的L*值。
在优选实施方案中,涂覆层的热发射系数大于或等于0.5、更优选大于0.7、最优选大于约0.8。在又一优选实施方案中,涂覆层的吸收系数大于约0.3、优选大于约0.4、且最优选大于约0.5。由于导线涂层在加热和冷却的过程中往往因为丝的热膨胀而发生裂化,因此,表面涂层的膨胀系数优选与电缆导线的膨胀系数相匹配。对于本发明来说,在0-250℃的温度范围内,涂层的膨胀系数优选为10x10-6-约100x10-6/℃。此外,涂覆层优选通过了热老化特性。由于架空导线被设计成在取决于架空导线设计的75℃至250℃的最高温度下操作,因此,优选通过将样品置于保持在325℃下的空气循环烘箱中1天和7天的时间来实施加速热老化。在热老化完成后,将样品置于21℃的室温下24小时的时间。然后,将样品在尺寸从较大直径到较小直径的不同的圆筒形芯轴上进行弯曲;并且,在每种芯轴尺寸下,观察涂层的任何可见的裂纹。将结果与热老化之前的涂层的柔韧性进行比较。
在另一实施方案中,本发明的涂覆层(涂料组合物)包括粘结剂和热辐射剂。当涂覆在裸露的导电丝上作为表面层时,所述组合物允许导线更好地散去由导线在操作期间产生的热量。所述组合物还可包括其它任选成分,例如,填料、稳定剂、着色剂、表面活性剂和红外(IR)反射添加剂。所述组合物优选仅包含无机成分。如果使用任何有机成分,则它们应当低于约10%(以干燥的涂料组合物的重量计)、优选低于5重量%。一旦涂覆于导线上并干燥,涂覆层优选低于200微米、更优选低于100微米、最优选低于30微米。但无论如何,厚度为至少5微米。根据本发明产生的涂层优选为非白色的。更优选地,所述涂层为非白色的(L*<80)和/或具有超过约0.3、优选约0.5、最优选约0.7的吸收率。所述涂层可为电学上非传导性的、半传导性的、或传导性的。
在所述涂料组合物中,可使用一种或多种粘结剂,优选以约20-60%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)的浓度。所述粘结剂可包含官能团,例如羟基、环氧、胺、酸、氰酸根(盐)、硅酸根(盐)、硅酸酯、醚、碳酸根(盐)、顺丁烯二酸根(maleic)等。无机粘结剂可为,但不限于:金属硅酸盐,例如硅酸钾、硅酸钠、硅酸锂和硅酸镁铝;胶溶的铝氧化物一水合物;胶体二氧化硅;胶体氧化铝;磷酸铝;以及它们的组合。
在所述涂料组合物中,可使用一种或多种热辐射剂,优选以约1-20%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)的浓度。所述热辐射剂包括,但不限于,氧化镓、二氧化铈、氧化锆、六硼化硅、四硼化碳、四硼化硅、碳化硅、二硅化钼、二硅化钨、二硼化锆、氧化锌、亚铬酸铜、氧化镁、二氧化硅、氧化锰、铬氧化物、氧化铁、碳化硼、硅化硼、铜铬氧化物、磷酸三钙、二氧化钛、氮化铝、氮化硼、氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化钙、以及它们的组合。
在所述涂料组合物中,可使用一种或多种IR反射添加剂。通常地,IR反射添加剂可包括,但不限于,基于钴、铝、铋、镧、锂、镁、钕、铌、钒、铁、铬、锌、钛、锰和镍的金属氧化物和陶瓷。典型地,IR反射添加剂以0.1-5%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)单独使用或者与着色剂混合使用。
在所述涂料组合物中,可使用一种或多种稳定剂,优选以约0.1-2%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)的浓度。稳定剂的实例包括,但不限于,分散稳定剂,例如膨润土。
在所述涂料组合物中,可使用一种或多种着色剂,优选以约0.02-0.2%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)的浓度。所述着色剂可为有机或无机颜料,其包括,但不限于,二氧化钛、金红石、钛、锐钛矿(anatine)、板钛矿、镉黄、镉红、镉绿、钴橙、钴蓝、青天蓝、钴亚硝酸钾、钴黄、铜颜料、蓝铜矿、汉紫、汉蓝、埃及蓝、孔雀石、巴黎绿、酞菁蓝BN、酞菁绿G、铜绿、铬绿、氧化铁颜料、血红色、铁丹、氧化红、赭石红、威尼斯红、普鲁士蓝、粘土颜料、赭石黄、富铁黄土、富铁煅黄土、富锰棕土、富锰煅棕土、海洋颜料(marine pigment)(群青、暗群青绿(ultramarine green shade))、锌颜料(锌白、铁酸锌)、以及它们的组合。
在所述涂料组合物中,还可使用一种或多种表面活性剂,优选以约0.05-0.5%(以全部干燥组成的重量计)的浓度。适宜的表面活性剂包括,但不限于,阳离子型、阴离子型或非离子型的表面活性剂,以及脂肪酸盐。
适用于本发明的其它涂料见于如下美国专利中:Holcombe Jr.等的No.6,007,873、Simmons等的No.7,105,047、以及Kourtides等的No.5,296,288,它们在此引入作为参考。
优选的涂料组合物包含51.6重量%的二氧化铈粉末和48.4重量%的磷酸铝粘结剂溶液。所述磷酸铝粘结剂溶液优选包含57重量%的磷酸单铝三水合物(Al(H2PO4)3)、2重量%的磷酸和41重量%的水。
另一优选的涂料组合物包含作为发射试剂(emissivity agent)的碳化硼或硅化硼以及粘结剂溶液。所述粘结剂溶液包含硅酸钠和二氧化硅在水中的混合物,其中,硅酸钠与二氧化硅在涂料中的干重量比为约1:5。碳化硼的负载使得其构成全部涂料干重的2.5重量%-7.5重量%。
又一优选的涂料组合物包含作为粘结剂的胶体二氧化硅以及作为发射试剂的六硼化硅粉末。六硼化硅的负载使得其构成全部涂料干重的2.5重量%-7.5重量%。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,所述涂料组合物可包含低于约5%的有机材料。在该情况下,所述涂料组合物优选包含硅酸钠、氮化铝、以及氨基官能化的硅氧烷(经改性以包含氨基官能团的有机硅)。硅酸钠优选以干燥涂料组合物的约60-90重量%、更优选约67.5-82.5重量%存在;氮化铝优选以干燥涂料组合物的约10-35重量%、更优选15-30重量%存在;而且,氨基官能化的硅氧烷优选以干燥涂料组合物的约低于约5重量%、更优选约2-3重量%存在。氮化铝优选具有低于2m2/g的比表面积和/或以下粒度分布:D10%0.4-1.4微米、D50%7-11微米、以及D90%17-32微米。优选的氨基官能化的硅氧烷为氨基二甲基聚硅氧烷。更优选地,所述二甲基聚硅氧烷具有在25℃下的约10-50厘沲的粘度和/或0.48毫当量碱/克的胺当量。
一旦固化,所述涂料提供柔性涂层,当在10英寸或更小直径的芯轴上进行弯曲时,所述柔性涂层不显示出可见的裂纹。此外,所述固化涂层是耐热的且在325℃下的1天和7天的热老化之后通过了相同的芯轴弯曲测试。
图1、2、3和4说明了结合有光谱选择性表面的根据本发明的不同实施方案的不同的架空裸导线。
如图1中所示,本发明的架空裸导线100通常包括一根或多根丝芯材110、围绕所述芯材的圆形横截面的导电丝120、以及光谱选择性表面层130。所述芯材110可为钢、因瓦合金钢、碳纤维复合材料、或者给导线提供强度的任何其它材料。所述导电丝120为铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或者任何其它导电金属,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。如图2中所示,架空裸导线200通常包括圆形导电丝210和光谱选择性表面层220。所述导电丝210为铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或者任何其它导电金属,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。如图3中所示,本发明的架空裸导线300通常包括一根或多根丝芯材310、围绕所述芯材的梯形导电丝320、以及光谱选择性表面层330。所述芯材310可为钢、因瓦合金钢、碳纤维复合材料、或者给导线提供强度的任何其它材料。所述导电丝320为铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或任何其它导电金属,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。
如图4中所示,架空裸导线400通常包括梯形导电丝410和光谱选择性表面层420。所述导电丝410为铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或任何其它导电金属,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。
涂料组合物可在高速分散器(HSD)、球磨机、珠磨机中、或者使用本领域已知的其它技术制得。在优选实施方案中,使用HSD来制得涂料组合物。为了制得涂料组合物,将粘结剂、分散介质和表面活性剂(如果使用的话)放入高速分散器中并制备溶液。向该溶液中,缓慢地加入热辐射剂、填料、稳定剂、着色剂及其它添加剂。最初地,采用较低的搅拌器速度以除去夹带的空气,然后,逐渐提高速度,直至3000rpm。实施高速混合,直至在涂料中获得填料及其它添加剂的所需分散。此外,可以在将任何多孔填料加入到混合物中之前,使用粘结剂溶液对其进行预涂覆。所述分散介质可为水或者有机溶剂。有机溶剂的实例包括,但不限于,醇、酮、酯、烃、以及它们的组合。优选的分散介质为水。所得的涂料混合物为具有约40-80%总固含量的悬浮液。当储存该混合物时,固体颗粒可发生沉降,因此,涂料混合物需要被搅拌并且可在输送至涂料涂布器之前被进一步稀释以达到所需粘度。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,在施用涂料组合物之前,对架空导线的表面进行准备(处理,prepare)。准备过程可为化学处理、压缩空气清洗、热水或蒸汽清洗、刷洗、热处理、喷砂、超声波、去光泽(deglaring)、溶剂擦拭、等离子体处理等。在优选的过程中,架空导线的表面通过喷砂而去光泽。
涂料混合物组合物可通过喷枪施用,所述喷枪优选具有10-45psi的压力,这通过空气压力控制。优选将喷枪喷嘴垂直于导线方向(以约90°角度)设置,从而在导线制品上获得均匀涂层。在特定的情况下,可使用两把或更多把枪以获得更有效的涂覆。通过掺合物的粘度、枪的压力、以及导线的线速度来控制涂层的厚度和密度。在涂料施用的过程中,取决于导线的材料,优选将架空导线的温度保持为10℃至90℃。
可选择地,可通过浸渍或者使用刷子或使用辊来将涂料混合物施用至架空导线。在此,将经过清洗并干燥的导线浸入到涂料混合物中,以允许所述混合物完全地包覆导线。然后,将导线从涂料混合物中移出并使其干燥。
在施用后,通过在室温下或者在最高达325℃的升高的温度下的蒸发来使架空导线上的涂料干燥。在一个实施方案中,通过直接火焰暴露来使涂料干燥,所述直接火焰暴露使涂料暴露于强烈但短暂(约0.1-2秒、优选约0.5-1秒)的加热。
对于已经安装并且现在正在使用的架空导线,可采用改进的涂覆(developedcoating)。可使用用于自动化或半自动化涂覆的机器人系统来涂覆现有的导线。所述自动化系统以三个步骤运作:1.清洗导线表面;2.在所述导线表面上施用涂料;以及3.干燥所述涂料。
可以若干种方式将涂料施用至导线。涂料可通过如下施用:在将单独的丝组装到架空裸导线中之前,涂覆所述单独的丝。在此,有可能涂覆导线的所有的丝,或者更经济地,仅涂覆导线的最外面的丝。可选择地,可将涂料仅施用于架空裸导线的外表面。在此,可涂覆全部外表面或其一部分。
可以间歇过程、半间歇过程、或连续过程施用涂料。连续过程是优选的。图10说明了用于本发明的优选的连续过程。在引入卷线辊102的后面,使导线112经由预处理单元104通过表面准备过程,然后,在涂覆单元106中施用涂料。在施用涂料后,可经由干燥/固化单元108来使导线干燥。一旦干燥,将缆线卷绕到辊110上。
在预处理单元104中,优选通过介质喷砂来准备导线112的表面。优选的介质为沙子,然而,也可使用玻璃珠、钛铁矿、钢丸。所述介质喷砂的后面是空气擦拭,以便吹掉导线112的颗粒状材料。空气擦拭由空气的喷射构成,其中,以一定角度并且以与导线112的行进方向相反的方向向导线112上吹送空气。空气喷射产生360°的空气环,所述空气环依附在导线112的周围并且以高速度的空气擦拭所述表面。在该情况下,随着导线离开预处理单元104,擦去导线112上的任何颗粒并将其吹回到预处理单元104中。所述空气喷射典型地在约60-约100PSI、优选约70-90PSI、更优选约80PSI下操作。所述空气喷射优选具有约125mph-约500mph、更优选约150mph-约400mph、且最优选约250mph-约350mph的速度(离开喷嘴)。在所述空气擦拭之后,导线表面上的尺寸大于10微米的颗粒的数量低于1,000个/平方英尺导线表面、优选低于100个/平方英尺表面。在所述空气擦拭之后,优选对导线进行加热,例如通过加热炉、UV、IR、电子束、明火等。所述加热可通过单个或多个单元来完成。在优选实施方案中,通过直接火焰施用产生干燥/固化。在此,使缆线直接穿过火焰,从而将缆线表面加热至高于环境温度的温度。预处理中的高的加热温度允许随后在干燥/固化单元中的较低的加热温度。但是,加热不应太剧烈,其影响涂层的品质(例如粘着性、均匀性、起泡等)。在此,优选不将导线加热至高于约140℃、更优选不超过约120℃。
一旦导线112的表面被准备,则其易于涂覆。涂覆过程在涂覆单元中发生,其中,缆线穿过富液式模头,所述富液式模头在所准备的表面上沉积涂料的液体悬浮液。图11-13示出了环形富液式模头200的绘图。将涂料悬浮液经由管道206供给至所述模头200。随着导线112穿过富液式模头200的中央开口204,涂料悬浮液经由所述模头200的内表面202中的敞开式端口涂覆所述导线112。优选地,富液式模头200包含环绕内表面202的圆周均匀分布的两个或更多个、优选四个、更优选六个敞开式端口。一旦导线112离开富液式模头,则使其穿过另一个空气擦拭以除去过量的涂料悬浮液并使涂料均匀地环绕所述导线铺展。在绞合导线的情况下,空气擦拭允许涂料渗入导线表面上的绞股线之间的凹槽。该空气擦拭优选在与用于预处理单元104中的空气擦拭的条件相同的条件下进行操作。
一旦导线112被涂覆,其穿过干燥/固化单元108。取决于导线中所用的金属合金,所述干燥/固化可通过如下完成:空气;或者使用温度最高达1000℃和/或线速度为约9英尺/分钟-约500英尺/分钟、优选约10英尺/分钟-约400英尺/分钟的热空气。干燥过程可为渐进式干燥、快速干燥、或者直接火焰施用。所述干燥或固化也可通过其它技术完成,例如,加热炉、UV、IR、电子束、化学、或液体喷雾等。所述干燥可通过单个或多个单元完成。此外,其可为垂直的或水平的或者处于特定角度下。在优选实施方案中,通过直接火焰施用而发生干燥/固化。在此,缆线优选直接穿过火焰,从而将缆线表面加热至最高达约150℃、优选最高达约120℃的温度。一旦发生干燥/固化,将经涂覆的导线缠绕在辊110上以用于储存。
如果针对单独的绞股线(而非整个缆线)进行操作,则连续过程优选以最高达约2500英尺/分钟、优选约9-约2000英尺/分钟、更优选约10-约500英尺/分钟、最优选约30-约300英尺/分钟的线速度操作。
本发明的架空导线涂料可用于复合材料芯材导线设计。使用复合材料芯材导线,这是因为其在较高操作温度下的较低的流挂以及较高的强度/重量比。由所述涂料导致的降低的导线操作温度可进一步降低导线的流挂并且降低复合材料中的聚合物树脂的降解。复合材料芯材的实例可见于,例如,美国专利No.7,015,395、7,438,971和7,752,754中,它们在此引入作为参考。
经涂覆的导线显示出改善的热消散。发射率是表面通过辐射放出热量的相对能力、以及在相同温度下的通过表面放出的辐射能与通过黑体放出的辐射能的比值。发射度是由单位面积的物体表面所辐射的能量。发射率可例如通过Lawry等的美国专利申请公布No.2010/0076719中所公开的方法进行测量,其在此引入作为参考。
无需进一步的描述,相信,采用前面的描述以及下面的示例性实施例,本领域普通技术人员能够制造和利用本发明的配混物并实践所要求保护的方法。给出以下实施例以说明本发明。应当理解,本发明不限于所述实施例中所描述的特定条件或详情。
实施例1
采用不同的E/A(发射率与吸收率之比)值实施计算机模拟研究,从而测量针对相同峰值电流的导线操作温度的降低。所述E/A之比被认为是所述通过涂层改性的导线的表面性质。表1列出了针对不同架空导线设计的模拟结果:
表1:模拟结果
实施例2
通过混合硅酸钠(20重量%)、二氧化硅(37重量%)以及作为热辐射剂的碳化硼(3重量%)和水(40重量%)来制备涂料。将所述涂料组合物施用至具有大于0.85的发射率的金属基板。将电流施加通过具有1密耳涂层厚度的金属基板和未经涂覆的金属基板,从而测量涂层的性能改善。测试装置示于图5中且主要由如下组成:60Hz交流电源、真实RMS钳形电流表、温度数据记录设备以及计时器。在68"宽×33"深的有窗的安全罩内进行测试,以便控制样品周围的空气运动。在所述测试装置上方64"处设置排风罩以用于通风。
通过由计时器控制的继电器触点,使待测试的样品与交流电源串联连接。所述计时器用于触发电源并控制测试的持续时间。通过真实RMS钳形电流表监测流过样品的60Hz交流电。使用热电偶来测量样品的表面温度。使用弹簧夹,使热电偶的尖端保持与样品的中心表面牢固地接触。在测量经涂覆的样品的情况下,在热电偶与样品接触的区域处除去涂层,以便获得基板温度的精确测量。通过数据记录设备监测热电偶的温度以提供温度变化的连续记录。
在该测试装置上,在相同的实验条件下,测试未经涂覆和经涂覆的基板样品这两者的温度升高。将电流设定在期望的水平并且在测试期间监测电流以确保恒定电流流过样品。将计时器设定在期望的值,并且,设置温度数据记录设备,从而以每秒一个读数的记录间隔来记录温度。
用于未经涂覆和经涂覆的样品的金属组件来自相同材料来源和批次的铝1350。未经涂覆的样品的最终尺寸为12.0"(L)x0.50"(W)x0.027"(T)。经涂覆的样品的最终尺寸为12.0"(L)x0.50"(W)x0.029"(T)。厚度和宽度的提高是由于所施用的涂层的厚度。
将未经涂覆的样品牢固地置于所述测试装置中并且将热电偶固定至样品的中心部分。一旦这些被完成,则接通电源并将其调节至所需的载流量负载水平。一旦这些被达到,则切断电源。对于所述测试本身来说,一旦将计时器和数据记录设备全部适当地设定,则打开计时器以触发电源,从而,开始所述测试。期望的电流流过样品且温度开始升高。通过数据记录设备,自动记录样品的表面温度变化。一旦完成测试时间,则计时器自动关闭电源,从而,所述测试结束。
一旦测试了未经涂覆的样品,则将其从所述装置移出并替换为经涂覆的样品。重新开始所述测试,不对当前的供电设备进行任何调整。使相同的电流水平流过经涂覆的样品。
然后,从所述数据记录设备获取温度测试数据并使用计算机进行分析。使用来自未经涂覆的样品测试的结果与来自经涂覆的样品测试的结果的比较,从而确定涂覆材料的对比发射效率。所述测试的结果示于图6中。
实施例3
在180安培的电流下,评价风对于两个#4AWG固体铝的经涂覆的导线的温度升高的影响。使用具有三个速度的风扇来模拟风,而且,所述风从2英尺远直接吹向所测试的导线。测试方法电路图示于图7中。经涂覆和未经涂覆的导线这两者均在180安培、阳光和风下进行测试;且测试结果示于表2中。当经受无风、低风和疾风时,相比于未经涂覆的导线,经涂覆的导线相应地冷35.6%、34.7%和26.1%。风的速度对于经涂覆的导线有少许影响,但对于未经涂覆的导线有13%的影响。
表2:在180安培下,风对于经涂覆和未经涂覆的导线的温度的影响
在130安培的电流下,评价风对于两个#4AWG固体铝导线的温度升高的影响。在130安培电流和阳光下,分别在无风、低风和疾风下测试未经涂覆和经涂覆的导线。测试结果总结于表3中。当经受无风、低风和疾风时,相比于未经涂覆的导线,经涂覆的导线相应地冷29.9%、13.3%和17.5%。
表3:在130安培下,风对于经涂覆和未经涂覆的导线的温度的影响
实施例4
对于经涂覆和未经涂覆的2/0AWG固体铝和795kcmil AAC Arbutus导线样品进行测试。根据ANSI C119.4-2004,如本文所调整地进行电流循环测试方法。
导线测试样品:
1)涂覆有实施例2中所公开的涂料组合物的2/0AWG固体铝导线。涂层的厚度为1密耳。
2)未经涂覆的2/0AWG固体铝导线
3)涂覆有实施例2中所公开的涂料组合物的795kcmil Arbutus全铝导线。涂层的厚度为1密耳。
4)未经涂覆的795kcmil Arbutus全铝导线
5)铝板(电气级总线)
测试回路组件:使用6个相同尺寸的四英尺导线试样(三个未经涂覆的和三个经涂覆的)来形成串联回路,外加一个路线通过变流器的额外的适当的导线。所述串联回路由两排焊接在一起的三个相同尺寸的导线试样(在经涂覆的和未经涂覆的之间交替)组成,其中,在导线试样之间安装有均衡器以提供用于电阻测量的等电位面。所述均衡器确保了在所有导线绞股线之间的持久接触。均衡器(2"x3/8"x1.75"(用于2/0固体铝)和3"x3/8"x3.5"(用于795AAC Arbutus))由铝总线制造。在均衡器中钻出相连导线的尺寸的孔。将相邻导线的末端焊接至均衡器以完成串联回路。在一端使用较大的均衡器(10"x3/8"x1.75"(用于2/0固体铝)和12"x3/8"x3.5"(用于795AAC Arbutus))以连接所述两排,而另一端连接至路线通过变流器的额外的导线。所述回路结构描绘于图7中。
所述测试回路组件的位置距离任何墙至少1英尺且距离地板和天花板至少2英尺。相邻回路的位置彼此距离至少1英尺且单独供电。
温度测量:在所述测试的过程中,以特定的间隔同时监测每根导线试样的温度。使用T型热电偶和数据记录器来监测温度。将一个热电偶以12点钟位置在试样上的中点处连接至每根导线。每种样品的一个试样具有在3和6点钟位置处连接至试样侧面的额外的热电偶。一个热电偶靠近所述串联回路放置以用于环境温度测量。
电流设定:将导线电流设定为适当的载流量,从而,在未经涂覆的导线试样的加热期间结束时,产生高于周围空气温度100℃至105℃的温度。由于未经涂覆的导线和经涂覆的导线在所述测试组件中是串联放置的,因此,通过这两种样品的电流相同。开始的几次加热循环用于设定合适的载流量以产生所需的温度上升。加热循环由如下组成:1小时的加热、随后1小时的冷却(用于2/0AWG固体铝回路);以及1.5小时的加热、随后1.5小时的冷却(用于795绞合铝回路)。
测试过程:根据电流循环测试法ANSI C119.4-2004进行测试,只是该测试进行了减少次数的加热循环(至少进行50次循环)。环境温度保持为±2℃。在加热循环期间连续地记录温度测量。在加热循环结束且下次加热循环还未开始、导线恢复到室温之后测量电阻。
测试结果:经涂覆的2/0AWG固体铝导线和795kcmil Arbutus全铝导线显示出比未经涂覆的导线低的温度(超过20℃)。温差数据分别汇集在图8和图9中。
实施例5
以如下所述且总结于表4中的各种涂料组合物涂覆铝基板。所述涂料组合物具有范围从白色到黑色的色谱(color spectrum)。
铝对照物:由1350铝合金制成的未经涂覆的铝基板。
涂料2:固含量为56重量%的基于聚氨酯的涂料,可作为Aeroglaze A276级别从Lord Corporation获得。
涂料3:含氟聚合物/丙烯酸类树脂之比为70:30的基于PVDF的涂料,可作为KynarARC从Arkema获得,以及10重量%的二氧化钛粉末。
涂料4:包含75重量%的硅酸钠水溶液(含有40%固体物)和25重量%的氧化锌(可得自US Zinc)的涂料。
涂料5:包含72.5重量%的硅酸钠水溶液(含有40%固体物)和12.5重量%的氮化铝AT粉末(具有D10%0.4-1.4微米、D50%7-11微米,D90%17-32微米的粒度分布)(可得自H.C.Starck)、12.5重量%的碳化硅和2.5重量%的反应性氨基有机硅树脂(SF1706级)(可得自Momentive Performance Material holding Inc.)的涂料。
涂料6:包含87.5重量%的基于有机硅的涂料(236级)(可得自Dow corning)和12.5重量%的碳化硅的涂料。
涂料7:包含硅酸盐粘结剂(20重量%)、二氧化硅(37重量%)和碳化硼(3重量%)以及水(40重量%)的涂料
涂料8:包含硅酸钾(30重量%)、磷酸三钙(20重量%)、混合金属氧化物颜料(5%)以及水(45%)的涂料
使用由BYK-Gardner USA制造的Spectro-guide 45/0光泽度仪(gloss),以L*、a*、b*等级测量样品的颜色。
按照ASTM E903测试样品的日光反射率(R)和吸收率(A)。在300K的温度下,按照ASTM E408测量样品的发射率(E)。使用50mm长x50mm宽x2mm厚且涂覆有1密耳厚涂层的铝基板来测量日光反射率、吸收率、发射率。
测试经涂覆的样品在与裸露的铝基板相比时的其降低导线操作温度的能力,使用设定为95安培的电流、如实施例2中所述的。为了研究太阳能对于导线操作温度的影响,除了向测试样品施加电流以外,在测试样品的上方放置模拟太阳能谱的白炽灯(lightbulb),并记录测试样品的温度。使用Standard Metal Halide 400瓦特的灯泡(型号MH400/T15/HOR/4K)。样品与灯泡之间的距离保持为1英尺。将所述结果作为“电+阳光”列成表格。将关闭白炽灯并同时开启电流时的结果作为“电”列成表格。
通过将样品置于保持在325℃下的空气循环烘箱中1天和7天的时间来实施涂层的热老化性能。在热老化完成后,将样品置于21℃的室温下24小时的时间。然后,将样品在尺寸从较大直径到较小直径的不同的圆筒形芯轴上进行弯曲,并且,在每种芯轴尺寸下,观察涂层的任何可见的裂纹。如果样品在10英寸或更小直径的芯轴上弯曲时没有显示出可见的裂纹,则样品被认为是“通过”。
表4
虽然已经选择具体的实施方案来说明本发明,但本领域技术人员应当理解,不超出如所附权利要求书中所定义的本发明的范围,可在本文中进行各种改变和改进。
Claims (44)
1.架空导线,其包括涂覆有干燥的涂层的裸导线,所述干燥的涂层包括:
包括一种或多种金属硅酸盐的无机粘结剂;和
热辐射剂;且
其中,当未被涂覆且根据ANSI C119.4-2004施加相同的电流时,所述架空导线的操作温度比裸导线的操作温度低。
2.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述架空导线的操作温度在与所述裸导线的操作温度相比时降低至少5℃。
3.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述干燥的涂层的L*值低于80。
4.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述干燥的涂层具有至少0.75的发射系数。
5.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述干燥的涂层具有大于0.5的发射系数和大于0.3的日光吸收系数。
6.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述干燥的涂层包含以全部干燥的涂层的重量计低于5%的有机材料。
7.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述涂层的厚度低于200微米。
8.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,在325℃下的1天和7天的热老化之后,所述架空导线通过了芯轴弯曲测试。
9.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述干燥的涂层在0℃至250℃的温度内具有10x10-6至100x10-6/℃的热膨胀系数。
10.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线包含一根或更多根铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或任何其它导电金属的导电丝,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350合金铝、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。
11.权利要求10的架空导线,其中,所述导电丝是梯形的。
12.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线包含一根或多根钢或碳纤维复合材料的丝芯材;以及一根或更多根围绕所述芯材的导电丝,所述一根或更多根导电丝由铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或任何其它导电金属制成,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。
13.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线包含增强复合材料芯材。
14.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线包含碳纤维增强复合材料芯材。
15.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述热辐射剂包含于表面涂层中。
16.权利要求10的架空导线,其中,所述导电丝的外层被涂覆。
17.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线由经涂覆的丝组成。
18.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线的外表面被涂覆。
19.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线的一部分被涂覆。
20.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,以全部涂层的重量计,所述干燥的涂层包含60-90%的所述无机粘结剂、以及10-35%的所述热辐射剂、以及低于5%的氨基官能化的硅氧烷,其中所述热辐射剂是氮化铝。
21.权利要求20的架空导线,其中,所述无机粘结剂为硅酸钠。
22.权利要求20的架空导线,其中,所述氨基官能化的硅氧烷为氨基二甲基聚硅氧烷。
23.权利要求22的架空导线,其中,所述氨基二甲基聚硅氧烷具有在25℃下的10-50厘沲的粘度和/或0.48毫当量碱/克的胺当量。
24.权利要求20的架空导线,其中,所述氮化铝具有低于2m/g的比表面积和/或以下粒度分布:D10%0.4-1.4微米、D50%7-11微米、以及D90%17-32微米。
25.权利要求1的架空导线,其中,所述裸导线包含一根或多根因瓦合金钢的丝芯材;以及一根或更多根围绕所述芯材的导电丝,所述一根或更多根导电丝由铜、或铜合金、或铝、或铝合金、或任何其它导电金属制成,所述铝合金包括如下铝类型:1350、6000系列合金铝、或铝-锆合金。
26.权利要求1所述的架空导线的制造方法,包括如下步骤:
a.准备裸导线;
b.在裸导线表面上施用液态涂料混合物以形成经涂覆的架空导线;和c.干燥所述经涂覆的架空导线。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中,步骤a包括对所述裸导线进行喷砂并使所述经喷砂的裸导线穿过空气擦拭的步骤。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中,在所述空气擦拭之后,位于所述经喷砂的裸导线表面上的尺寸大于10微米的颗粒的数量低于1,000个/平方英尺所述经喷砂的导线表面。
29.权利要求27的方法,其中,步骤a进一步包括在所述空气擦拭之后加热所述经喷砂的裸导线的步骤。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中,所述加热是经由直接火焰暴露。
31.权利要求26的方法,其中,步骤b包括使所述裸导线穿过富液式模头并然后穿过空气擦拭。
32.权利要求31的方法,其中,所述富液式模头包括具有中央开口的环形部分,所述裸导线穿过所述中央开口。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中,所述富液式模头进一步包括用于向所述模头运送所述液态涂料混合物的管道。
34.权利要求32的方法,其中,所述富液式模头包括敞开式端口,通过所述敞开式端口,使所述液态涂料混合物沉积到所述裸导线上。
35.权利要求26的方法,其中,步骤c包括加热所述经涂覆的架空导线。
36.权利要求35的方法,其中,所述加热是经由直接火焰暴露。
37.权利要求26的方法,具有10-400英尺/分钟的线速度。
38.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层的L*值低于80。
39.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层具有至少0.75的发射系数。
40.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层具有大于0.5的发射系数和大于0.3的日光吸收系数。
41.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层包含以全部干燥的干涂层的重量计低于5%的有机材料。
42.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层的厚度低于200微米。
43.权利要求26的方法,其中,在325℃下的1天和7天的热老化之后,所述架空导线通过了芯轴弯曲测试。
44.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述干燥的涂层在0℃至250℃的温度内具有10x10-6至100x10-6/℃的热膨胀系数。
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