CN104395331B - 诱导骨生成和hedgehog 信号传导且抑制脂肪形成的氧固醇类似物氧固醇化合物133 - Google Patents
诱导骨生成和hedgehog 信号传导且抑制脂肪形成的氧固醇类似物氧固醇化合物133 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及,例如,具有以下结构(式I)的合成的化合物,氧固醇化合物133,或包含氧固醇化合物133和药学上可接受的载体的生物活性组合物或药物组合物。还公开了使用该化合物或生物活性组合物或药物组合物治疗多种疾病(包括例如骨病、肥胖症、心血管障碍和神经障碍)的方法。
Description
本申请要求2012年5月7日提交的美国临时申请61/643,746的优先权,其以其整体在此引入作为参考。
本发明在政府支持(Grant No.AR059794)下做出,且得到National Institutesof Health的嘉奖。政府具有本发明的一些权益。
背景技术
生物制品通常在医学领域用于促进骨生长,包括骨折愈合和脊柱病症的手术处理(1–4)。脊柱融合手术通常通过整形外科医生和神经外科医生等进行以解决影响腰椎和颈椎的退行性椎间盘疾病和关节炎。从历史观点上说,自体骨移植物,通常从患者的髂嵴采取,已用于增加椎体节段(vertebral level)之间的融合。然而,相关供体位点发病率、增加的手术时间和与收集自体骨移植物(5–7)相关的增加的血液损失提供了寻找安全和有效替代品的动机。
重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)通常用于促进人的脊柱融合。其用途在2002年被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准用于单水平前路椎体间融合(8)。rhBMP-2的使用从此显著增加,其用途的适应症已扩展到包括后路腰椎脊柱融合以及颈椎融合。尽管rhBMP-2具有功效,但最近的报告质疑其在用于脊柱融合外科手术时的安全性。报告的并发症包括皮下积液、软组织肿胀、椎体骨质溶解、异位骨形成、逆行射精和致癌(9–12)。而且,在其用于颈椎时观察到气道水肿,促使FDA颁布了一项公共卫生的通知,警告其在颈椎手术中的使用。迄今没有找到合适的替代品在诱导融合方面具有类似的功效而没有rhBMP-2的不利作用(12)。
氧固醇(oxysterol)形成存在于循环系统以及人和动物组织中的一大家族的胆固醇的氧化衍生物。已发现氧固醇存在于动脉粥样硬化损伤中且在多种生理过程,如细胞分化、炎症、凋亡和类固醇产生中起作用。本发明者中的一些之前报告了具体的天然存在的氧固醇具有稳健的成骨性质(13)。最有效的成骨天然存在的氧固醇,20(S)-羟基胆固醇(“20S”)(14),当施加于能分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞的多能间质细胞时是成骨性的和抗脂肪形成的。之前已进行20S的结构修饰以合成20S更有效的类似物,包括氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49,已显示它们能通过活化hedgehog(Hh)信号传递(15)诱导骨髓基质细胞(MSC)的成骨分化和抑制骨髓基质细胞(MSC)的成脂分化。此外,氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49在后外侧脊柱融合的大鼠模型中体内刺激脊柱融合(15)。现有技术的氧固醇分子具有广泛地和不可预测地改变的性质。仍然需要相比rhBMP-2和现有技术的氧固醇新的改善的氧固醇,以提供增加的效能和增强的功效,且方便合成和具有较低制备成本。新的氧固醇可为医师治疗例如长骨骨折、脊柱疾病和骨质疏松提供更可行的临床选择。
附图说明
图1显示成骨的氧固醇的分子结构。示出了20(S)-羟基胆固醇(20S)、氧固醇化合物34、氧固醇化合物49和氧固醇化合物133的分子结构。氧固醇化合物34与20S的不同之处在于在C6上具有额外的OH基团且C5和C6之间的双键被消除。氧固醇化合物49具有与氧固醇化合物34类似的结构且在C25和C27之间包括双键。氧固醇化合物133与氧固醇化合物34和49的不同在于缺少C27和侧链长度增加一个碳。
图2显示碱性磷酸酶活性通过氧固醇的剂量依赖性活化。融合的(图2A)C3HT101/2细胞或(图2B)M2-10B4细胞用对照载体或0.125-10μM氧固醇化合物133处理。为直接与氧固醇化合物133比较,C3H细胞也用氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49(图2A)处理。4天后,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性在全细胞提取物中测量。代表性三个单独的实验的数据报告为一式三份测定值的平均值±SD且归一化为蛋白质浓度。(对于用0.25μM或更高剂量的所有氧固醇处理的细胞vs.对照载体处理的细胞,p<0.0001)。
图3显示氧固醇化合物133诱导成骨性分化。(图3A)融合的C3HT101/2细胞用对照载体或2.5μM氧固醇化合物133在成骨介质中处理。成骨基因Runx2、ALP、BSP、OSX和OCN的表达在处理48小时(48h)、4、7和14天后通过定量实时PCR测量。代表性实验的结果报告为一式三份测定值的平均值±SD。(在所有时间点对于ALP、BSP和OSX和在4、7和14天对于Runx2和OCN,对于对照vs.氧固醇化合物133,p<0.005)。(图3B)C3H10T1/2细胞用对照载体或2.5μM氧固醇化合物133处理3周。为检测细胞外矿化,进行von Kossa染色,且矿化基质在光学显微镜(10X)下显示深黑染色。(图3C)在与(B)中描述的那些平行的培养物中,矿化使用45Ca掺入测试定量(对于对照vs.所有浓度的氧固醇化合物133,p<0.005)。(图3D)原代人MSC在成骨介质中用对照载体或5μM氧固醇化合物133处理4周。成骨基因OSX、BSP和OCN的表达通过定量实时PCR测量。代表性实验的结果报告为一式三份测定值的平均值±SD(在对照vs.氧固醇化合物133处理的细胞中对于所有基因p<0.05)。(图3E)原代人MSC在成骨介质中用对照载体或0.5、1和5μM氧固醇化合物133处理5周。为检测细胞外矿化,进行von Kossa染色且矿化基质在光学显微镜(10X)下显示深黑染色。
图4显示hedgehog途径在氧固醇化合物133-诱导的成骨性分化中的作用。(图4A)C3H10T1/2融合的细胞在成骨介质中用对照载体或氧固醇化合物133在存在或不存在4μM环杷明(cyclopamine,Cyc)的情况下处理。4天后的ALP活性,和7天后成骨基因ALP、BSP和OSX的表达通过定量实时PCR测量(对于ALP活性和所有所示基因的表达,对于对照vs.氧固醇化合物133,以及对于氧固醇化合物133vs.氧固醇化合物133+Cyc,p<0.001)。(图4B)C3H10T1/2细胞用对照质粒(pGL3b)或包含8X-Gli荧光素酶报告物的质粒转染,且用对照载体或氧固醇化合物133处理,且荧光素酶活性在48小时后测定。代表性实验的结果报告为一式三份测定值的平均值±SD。(对于对照vs.100nM、250nM的氧固醇化合物133以及1μM氧固醇化合物133,p<0.001)。(图4C)在不包含竞争剂或包含50μM游离竞争剂固醇(20S,氧固醇化合物133或氧固醇化合物16)的样品中比较被20S珠或对照珠捕获的YFP-Smo的量。被珠捕获的YFP-Smo通过蛋白质印迹(上部)测量且与没有竞争剂的结合反应中捕获的量对比绘图(下部)。
图5显示通过BMP2和氧固醇化合物133形成的融合块的平片放射性照片。显示了手术8周后指示组的两个代表性动物的Faxitron图像。箭头(Arrowheads)表示缺少骨形成;箭体(arrows)表示骨形成。组I(对照);没有骨形成的横突间空间。组II(BMP2);桥接骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。组III(氧固醇化合物133,20mg);桥接骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。组IV(氧固醇化合物133,2mg);在显示通过氧固醇化合物133诱导融合的动物中的桥接骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。
图6显示通过BMP2和氧固醇化合物133形成的融合块的显微CT。显示了指示组的两个代表性动物的显微CT。箭头表示缺少骨形成;箭体表示骨形成。组I(对照);没有骨形成的横突间空间。组II(BMP2);桥接横突间空间的骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。组III(氧固醇化合物133,20mg);桥接横突间空间的骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。组IV(氧固醇化合物133,2mg);在显示通过氧固醇化合物133诱导融合的动物中的桥接横突间空间的骨量和在L4–L5的双侧融合。组V(氧固醇化合物133,0.2mg);在右侧远端的箭体指示从L5横突的少量的骨形成。
图7显示氧固醇化合物133对脊柱融合的效果的组织学分析。(图7A)显示了各组的两个单独的代表性动物的冠状组织学切片(10X)。组I(对照)在横突间空间(箭头)没有显著的骨形成。组II(BMP2)证实在L4–L5(箭体)的桥接骨头,清楚证明形成融合块的小梁骨和皮质骨。组III(氧固醇化合物133,20mg)和组IV(氧固醇化合物133,2mg)试样证实在横突间空间(箭体)显著的骨形成,且小梁骨和皮质骨的形成与BMP2诱导的相当。(图7B)源自组II(BMP2)和组III(氧固醇化合物133,20mg)的两个动物的冠状组织学切片证实,在BMP2处理的动物的融合块中有显著的脂肪细胞形成,且在源自氧固醇处理的动物的融合块中有明显较少的脂肪细胞(箭体,放大率20X)。
发明内容
本发明者在此鉴定了一种成骨的氧固醇,氧固醇化合物133,其非常适合于多种临床用途,且描述了其在体外促进成骨性分化和在大鼠模型体内促进脊柱融合的能力。在合成和测试的大量氧固醇类似物中,氧固醇化合物133出乎意料地特别有效且易于合成。氧固醇化合物133诱导成骨标记Runx2、osterix(OSX)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨唾液蛋白质(BSP)和骨钙蛋白(OCN)在C3H10T1/2小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中的显著表达。氧固醇化合物133-诱导的8X-Gli荧光素酶报道物的活化,其与Smoothened的直接结合,和氧固醇化合物133-诱导的成骨作用被hedgehog(Hh)途径抑制剂环杷明的抑制作用,证实了Hh途径在介导对氧固醇化合物133的成骨响应中的作用。此外,氧固醇化合物133诱导OSX、BSP和OCN的表达且刺激原代人间质干细胞中稳健的矿化。在体内,在仅4周后在用氧固醇化合物133处理的动物中在融合位点通过X-射线观察到双侧脊柱融合,且在8周后通过手动评估、显微-CT和组织学证实,其具有与骨形态发生蛋白质-2(BMP2)相等的功效。然而,不像BMP2,氧固醇化合物133没有在融合块中诱导脂肪形成且导致更致密的骨形成,如被更大的BV/TV比例和更小的骨小梁分离所证实。因此氧固醇化合物133可用于治疗会受益于骨形成的局部刺激的疾病,包括例如,脊柱融合,骨折修复,骨再生/组织工程应用,增加下颌骨密度以用于种植牙,骨质疏松等。
本发明者还证实氧固醇化合物133抑制多潜能MSC细胞的脂肪形成。因此氧固醇化合物133可用于治疗以下疾病,例如,黄瘤形成、脂肪垫的局部累积和肥胖症。
氧固醇化合物133的优点包括,例如,当与本发明者研究的其它成骨的氧固醇相比时更方便合成和改善的融合时间。氧固醇化合物133为小分子成骨的氧固醇,其可作为下一代的骨合成治疗剂的一员,以及治疗多种其它疾病的有用药物,包括将受益于Hh途径活性的刺激的疾病。
本发明的一个方面为化合物,称为氧固醇化合物133,具有下式
或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物。
本发明另一方面为生物活性组合物或药物组合物,其包含氧固醇化合物133或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物和药学上可接受的载体。术语“生物活性”组合物或“药物”组合物在此可互换使用。两个术语均指可被给予至受试者、用于包覆或存在于医疗设备(其被引入至受试者)等中的组合物。这些生物活性组合物或药物组合物有时在此称为“本发明的药物组合物或生物活性组合物”。有时短语“给药氧固醇化合物133”在此以在给药该化合物至受试者的背景下使用(例如,将受试者与化合物接触)。应理解用于该用途的化合物通常可为包含氧固醇化合物133的药物组合物或生物活性组合物的形式。
本发明另一方面为在细胞或组织中诱导(刺激,增强)hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应的方法,包括将细胞或组织与有效量(例如治疗有效量)的氧固醇化合物133接触。该细胞或组织可在体外或在受试者如哺乳动物(例如人)内。在本发明的实施方案中,该hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应为成骨细胞分化、骨形态形成和/或骨质增生的刺激;或其为毛发生长和/或软骨形成的刺激(例如,治疗分别患有秃头,或骨关节炎的受试者的方法,包括向受试者给药有效量的本发明的生物活性组合物);或其为新血管生成的刺激,例如血管生成,从而增强向缺血性组织的血液供给(例如治疗患有心血管障碍、动脉硬化、心肌梗塞、心绞痛、外周血管疾病和/或中风的受试者的方法,包括向受试者给药有效量的本发明的生物活性组合物);或其为脂肪细胞分化、脂肪细胞形态发生和/或脂肪细胞增殖的抑制(例如,治疗患有黄瘤形成、脂肪垫的局部聚集和/或肥胖症的受试者的方法,包括向受试者给药有效量的本发明的生物活性组合物);或其为经历神经形成(神经元分化)的祖细胞的刺激(例如,治疗患有神经障碍的受试者的方法)。该Hh介导的响应可包括多种类型组织的任一种的再生,以用于再生医学。
本发明另一方面为治疗患有骨病、骨质减少、骨质疏松、或骨折的受试者的方法,包括向受试者给药有效量的包含氧固醇化合物133的生物活性组合物或药物组合物。该受试者可以治疗有效剂量以有效剂型在所选的间隔给药该生物活性组合物或药物组合物,例如,以增加骨量,改善骨质疏松症状,减少、消除、预防或治疗动脉粥样硬化损伤等。该受试者可以治疗有效剂量以有效剂型在所选的间隔给药该生物活性组合物或药物组合物以改善骨质疏松症状。在一个实施方案中,通过下述方法治疗该受试者以诱导骨形成,通过收集哺乳动物的间质干细胞(例如,来自受试者或来自合适的哺乳动物,或来自组织或细胞库),用氧固醇化合物133处理哺乳动物间质细胞以诱导该细胞的成骨细胞分化,且将该分化的细胞给予受试者。
在本发明的任一方法中,该氧固醇化合物133可通过局部给药被给予至细胞、组织或器官。例如,该氧固醇化合物133可用乳膏等局部施加,或其可注射或以其它方式直接引入至细胞、组织或器官,或其可使用合适的医疗设备(例如植入物)引入。
本发明另一方面为实施本文所述的一种或多种方法的试剂盒。该试剂盒任选在容器中可包含有效量(例如治疗有效量)的氧固醇化合物133。
本发明另一方面为用于受试者(例如,动物如人)体内使用的植入物,其包含具有表面的基材。植入物的表面或内部包括足够量的含氧固醇化合物133的生物活性组合物或药物组合物以在周围的骨组织诱导骨形成。
任选地,本发明的生物活性组合物、方法、试剂盒或医疗设备可包含一种或多种其它合适的治疗剂,例如,甲状旁腺激素、氟化钠、胰岛素样生长因子I(ILGF-I)、胰岛素样生长因子II(ILGF-II)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、细胞色素P450抑制剂、成骨前列腺素类、BMP2、BMP 4、BMP 7和/或BMP 14。
氧固醇化合物133具有以下结构
其化学名为(3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)17-((S)-2-羟基辛-2-基)-10,13-二甲基十六氢-1H-环戊二烯并[a]菲-3,6-二醇。
实施例II描述了氧固醇化合物133的设计和合成该分子的步骤。
除了式I所示的化合物氧固醇化合物133,其它本发明的实施方案包括任何和所有在式中所示的立体中心处的单独的立体异构体,包括非对映异构体、外消旋化合物、对映异构体、和该化合物的其它异构体。在本发明的实施方案中,“氧固醇化合物133”或“具有式I的化合物”或“氧固醇化合物133或其药学上可接受的盐”可包括化合物的所有多晶型物和溶剂化物,如水合物和与有机溶剂形成的那些。“溶剂化物”为通过溶质的一个或多个分子,例如化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,和溶剂的一个或多个分子形成的复合物或聚集体。该溶剂化物可为具有基本上固定摩尔比的溶质和溶剂的结晶固体。合适的溶剂是本领域技术人员已知的,例如,水、乙醇。该异构体、多晶型物和溶剂化物可通过本领域已知的方法制备,如通过区域特异的和/或对映选择性合成和拆分。
制备盐的能力取决于化合物的酸度或碱度。化合物合适的盐包括,但不限于,酸加成盐,如与盐酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、高氯酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸、乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸,乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、碳酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、羟基乙磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环己烷氨基磺酸、水杨酸、对氨基水杨酸、2-苯氧基苯甲酸和2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸形成的那些盐;与糖精形成的盐;碱金属盐,如钠和钾盐;碱土金属盐,如钙和镁盐;和与有机或无机配体形成的盐,如季铵盐。
其它合适的盐包括,但不限于所述化合物的乙酸盐、苯磺酸盐、苯甲酸盐、碳酸氢盐、硫酸氢盐、酒石酸氢盐、硼酸盐、溴化物、乙二胺四乙酸钙盐、樟脑磺酸盐、碳酸盐、盐酸盐、克拉维酸盐、柠檬酸盐、二盐酸盐、乙二胺四乙酸盐、乙二磺酸盐、丙酸酯月桂硫酸盐、甲磺酸盐、富马酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、葡糖酸盐、谷氨酸盐、乙醇酰对氨苯基砷酸盐(glycollylarsanilate)、己基间苯二酚酸盐、海巴明盐(hydrabamine)、氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、羟萘甲酸盐、碘化物、羟乙基磺酸盐、乳酸盐、乳糖酸盐、月桂酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、杏仁酸盐、甲磺酸盐、甲基溴化物、甲基硝酸盐、甲基硫酸盐、粘液酸盐、萘磺酸盐(napsylate)、硝酸盐、N-甲基葡糖胺铵盐、油酸盐、双羟萘酸盐(扑酸盐)、棕榈酸盐、泛酸盐、磷酸盐/二磷酸盐(diphosphate)、聚半乳糖醛酸盐、水杨酸盐、硬脂酸盐、硫酸盐、碱式乙酸盐、琥珀酸盐、丹宁酸盐、酒石酸盐、茶氯酸盐(teoclate)、甲苯磺酸盐、三乙基碘化物(triethiodide)和戊酸盐。
应理解本文提及的“氧固醇化合物133”包括其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物。
在本发明的任意方法、组合物或试剂盒中,特别是用于治疗受试者时,本发明的组合物可任选与一种或多种其它合适的治疗剂组合。可使用任何适合治疗具体疾病的治疗剂。合适的此类试剂或药物对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。例如,对于骨病的治疗,常规治疗性药物可与本发明的组合物组合使用。一些这类试剂包括,例如,甲状旁腺激素、氟化钠、胰岛素样生长因子I(ILGF-I)、胰岛素样生长因子II(ILGF-II)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、细胞色素P450抑制剂、成骨前列腺素类、BMP 2、BMP 4、BMP 7、和/或BMP 14。对于心血管或脂质疾病的治疗,抑制素或血压药物可与本发明的组合物组合使用。
本发明的组合物或化合物可配制为药物组合物,其包含本发明的组合物和药学上可接受的载体。"药学上可接受的载体"是指该材料不是生物上或其它方面不合需要的,即,该材料可给药于受试者而不引起任何不合需要的生物作用或不与药物组合物中包含的其他组分以有害的方式相互作用。天然选择该载体以最小化活性成分的任何降解以及最小化受试者中任何不利副作用,这是本领域技术人员众所周知的。关于药学上可接受的载体和药物组合物的其它组分的讨论,参见,例如,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18thed.,Mack Publishing Company,1990。一些合适的药物载体对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的且包括,例如,水(包括无菌和/或去离子水),合适的缓冲液(如PBS),生理盐水,细胞培养基(如DMEM),人造脑脊液,二甲基亚砜(DMSO),乙醇等。
本领域技术人员将理解本发明的具体制剂将至少部分取决于,使用的具体药物或药物组合以及所选的给药途径。因此,有很多种本发明的组合物的合适制剂。一些代表性制剂在以下讨论。其它对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的。通常,氧固醇化合物133局部或直接给药于需要治疗的细胞、组织或器官。如果在治疗的组织或器官中实现了所需的结果,也可使用全身给药。
适合口服给药的制剂或组合物可由以下组成:液体溶液,如溶于稀释剂如水、盐水或果汁中的有效量的氧固醇化合物149;胶囊、囊剂或片剂,各含有预定量的活性成分,作为固体、颗粒或冻干单元;水性液体中的溶液或悬浮液;和水包油乳剂或油包水乳剂。片剂形式可包括乳糖、甘露醇、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、微晶纤维素、阿拉伯胶、明胶、胶体二氧化硅、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、滑石、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸、和其它赋形剂、着色剂、稀释剂、缓冲剂、润湿剂、防腐剂、增味剂、和药理相容的载体中的一种或多种。口服递送的合适的制剂也可掺入合成和天然的聚合物微球体、或其它装置以防止本发明的药物在胃肠道降解。
适合肠胃外给药(例如,静脉内)的制剂包括水性和非水性、等渗无菌注射溶液(其可包含抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂,和使制剂与预期接受者的血液等渗的溶质),和水性和非水性无菌悬浮液(其可包含悬浮剂、增溶剂、增稠剂、稳定剂和防腐剂)。该制剂可存在于单位剂量或多剂量密封容器如安瓿和瓶中,且可储存于冷冻干燥(即,冻干)条件,仅需要在紧接使用前添加注射用无菌液体载体,例如,水。即用注射溶液和悬浮液可由之前描述种类的无菌粉末、颗粒和片剂制备。
氧固醇化合物133,单独或与其它治疗剂组合,可制备为通过吸入给药的气溶胶制剂。这些气溶胶制剂可置于加压可接受的推进剂,如二氯二氟甲烷、丙烷、氮气等中。
局部给药的合适的制剂包括锭剂(包含活性成分在在调料中,通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶);软锭剂(pastilles)(包含活性成分在惰性基质中,如明胶和甘油,或蔗糖和阿拉伯胶);嗽口水(包含活性成分在合适的液体载体中);或乳膏、乳剂、悬浮液、溶液、凝胶、乳膏、糊剂、泡沫、润滑剂、喷雾剂、栓剂,等。
其它合适的制剂包括,例如,适合定时释放氧固醇化合物133的水凝胶和聚合物,或用于小剂量递送氧固醇化合物133的纳米颗粒,该制剂是本领域技术人员众所周知的。
本领域技术人员将理解适当或合适的制剂可基于所关注的具体应用而选择、修改或开发。此外,本发明的药物组合物可制备为通过多种不同途径给药。局部或直接给药的实例包括,但不限于,关节内、颅内、皮内、肝内、肌内、眼内、腹膜内、鞘内、静脉内、皮下、经皮给药,或直接给药于骨区域动脉粥样硬化位点,如通过直接注射,使用导管或其它药物设备引入,局部施加,直接施加,和/或通过将一个设备植入动脉或其它合适的组织位点。
氧固醇化合物133可配制为包含在手术或医疗设备或植入物中,或适于通过手术或医疗设备或植入物释放。在某些方面,植入物可被氧固醇化合物133涂覆或其他方式处理。例如,水凝胶,或其它聚合物,如生物相容的和/或生物可降解的聚合物,可用于与本发明的组合物一起涂覆植入物(即,该组合物可通过使用水凝胶或其它聚合物而适用于医疗设备)。使用试剂涂覆医疗设备的聚合物和共聚物是本领域熟知的。植入物的实例包括,但不限于,血管成形术气囊、支架、药物洗脱支架、缝线、假体、血管导管、透析导管、血管移植物、骨移植物、假体心瓣膜、心脏起搏器、植入型心律转复除颤器或IV针。仅作为实例,支架或支架型移植物通常可包括细长织物管状移植部分且通常用于加强或强化身体通道如血管中的弱点。支架型移植物的插入可通过使用导管进行。配置可通过气囊膨胀促进,如在气囊血管成形术步骤过程中或之后,或者,该支架型移植物可为自膨胀的。
氧固醇化合物133的“有效量”,如本文所述,是指可带来至少可检测效果的量。“治疗有效量,”如本文所述,是指在治疗的受试者中在合理的时间期限内可带来至少可检测治疗响应(例如,一种或多种症状的改善)的量。
在本发明的实施方案中,氧固醇化合物133可刺激或抑制治疗响应,其通过多种常规测试的任一种测量,刺激或抑制的程度为未处理的对照样品的约1%,5%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%、150%,200%或更多。这些范围的中间值也包括在内。
氧固醇化合物133的剂量可在单位剂型中,如片剂或胶囊中。术语"单位剂型",如本文所述,是指适合作为用于动物(例如,人)受试者的单位剂量的物理分离的单元,各单元包含预定量的本发明的试剂,该试剂单独或与其它治疗剂组合,且计算其量以足以联合药学上可接受的稀释剂、载体、或溶媒产生所需的效果。
本领域技术人员可常规确定所使用的组合物的具体制剂的合适的给药剂量、方案和方法,以实现药物在个体患者中的所需有效量或有效浓度。本领域技术人员也可容易确定和使用化合物(例如,氧固醇化合物133)的“有效浓度”的合适的指示剂,其除了分析疾病、障碍或症状的合适的临床症状,还通过直接或间接分析合适的患者样品(例如,血液和/或组织)。
在本发明的上下文,给药于动物如人的氧固醇化合物133或其组合物的精确剂量,将根据受试者不同而改变,当确定适合一个具体患者的单独方案和剂量水平时,其取决于受试者的种类、年龄、体重和一般状况,所治疗任何疾病的严重程度或机理,使用的具体药物或载体,其给药方式,患者服用的其他药物和主治医师通常考虑的其它因素,等。用于体内实现所需浓度的剂量将通过氧固醇化合物133形式的效能,与宿主中氧固醇化合物133相关的药效动力学,是否服有其他药物,受感染个的疾病状态的严重性而确定,以及在全身给药情况下,还取决于个体的体重和年龄。剂量大小也可通过可伴随使用的具体药物其或组合物而存在的任何不利副作用而确定。通常只要可能,希望将不利副作用保持在最小。
例如,可给药的剂量范围为约5ng(纳克)至约1000mg(毫克),或约100ng至约600mg,或约1mg至约500mg,或约20mg至约400mg。例如,可选择该剂量以实现剂量与体重的比例为约0.0001mg/kg至约1500mg/kg,或约1mg/kg至约1000mg/kg,或约5mg/kg至约150mg/kg,或约20mg/kg至约100mg/kg。例如,剂量单位范围可为约1ng至约5000mg,或约5ng至约1000mg,或约100ng至约600mg,或约1mg至约500mg,或约20mg至约400mg,或约40mg至约200mg氧固醇化合物133或包含氧固醇化合物133的组合物。在本发明一个实施方案中,将上述氧固醇化合物133的量(例如,几克)局部给予,如在脊柱融合过程中作为支架的一部分。
一个剂量可按需要每天给药一次,每天两次,每天四次,或每天多于四次,以引发所需的治疗效果。例如,可选择剂量给药方案以实现本发明的化合物的血清浓度范围为约0.01至约1000nM,或约0.1至约750nM,或约1至约500nM,或约20至约500nM,或约100至约500nM,或约200至约400nM。例如,可选择剂量给药方案以实现本发明的化合物最大剂量一半的平均血清浓度范围为约1μg/L(微克每升)至约2000μg/L,或约2μg/L至约1000μg/L,或约5μg/L至约500μg/L,或约10μg/L至约400μg/L,或约20μg/L至约200μg/L,或约40μg/L至约100μg/L。
本发明的某些实施方案也可包括用另外的药物治疗(该药物独立地或与氧固醇化合物133协同作用)以改善治疗结果。当以组合治疗给予时,除了氧固醇化合物133的药物可与氧固醇化合物133同时给予,或可按需要分开给予。两种(或更多种)药物也可组合在组合物中。组合使用时各药物的剂量可相比单独使用时的剂量低。合适的剂量可通过本领域技术人员使用标准剂量参数确定。
如本文所述,单数形式"一个"、"一种"和"该"包括复数含义,除非上下文另有明确指示。
如本文所述的“受试者包括任何具有可用氧固醇化合物133治疗的疾病症状的动物。合适的受试者(患者)包括实验室动物(如小鼠,大鼠,兔,或豚鼠),农场动物,和家养动物或宠物(如猫,狗,或马)。非人灵长类,包括人患者,包括在内。典型受试者包括显示异常量(比"正常"或"健康"受试者更低的量)的一种或多种通过hedgehog信号传导刺激的生理活性的动物。异常活性可通过多种机理的任一种调节,包括活化hedgehog活性。异常活性可导致病理状况。
本发明一个实施方案为用于本文公开的任何方法的试剂盒,包括体外或体内试剂盒。该试剂盒包含氧固醇化合物133或其生物活性组合物或药物组合物,且可包含一种或多种其它氧固醇,例如导致Hh途径-介导的活性增加的氧固醇,或其它合适的治疗剂。任选地,该试剂盒包含用于实施该方法的说明书。本发明试剂盒的任选元素包括合适的缓冲剂、药学上可接受的载体等,容器或包装材料。试剂盒的试剂可在容器中,其中试剂在该容器是稳定的,例如,以冻干形式或稳定的液体。该试剂也可以单一用途形式,例如,以单一剂型。本领域技术人员将理解适合实施本发明的任意方法的试剂盒元件。
多种疾病可用单独使用或与其它治疗剂组合使用的氧固醇化合物133治疗。
例如,如本文实施例所示,氧固醇化合物133导致hedgehog途径活性的增加。不希望被任何具体理论束缚,据建议这种增加是由于氧固醇化合物133与平滑受体(Smoothenedreceptor)的直接结合,平滑受体为hedgehog途径从细胞外至细胞内隔室的早期中介物。
氧固醇化合物133的一个作用是靶向多潜能细胞以诱导它们谱系特异性分化成各种细胞类型,例如,成骨细胞,例如,如实施例所示,用氧固醇化合物133处理的间质干细胞显示诱导地表达成骨细胞分化标记。不希望被任何具体机理束缚,据建议这种谱系特异性分化是由于这些细胞中hedgehog信号传导的诱导。然而,无论氧固醇化合物133作用的机理是什么,本文讨论的治疗方法包括在本发明中。氧固醇化合物133可用于治疗将受益于骨形成、成骨细胞分化、骨形态形成和/或骨质增生的刺激的疾病。这些疾病或治疗包括,例如,骨诱导治疗以刺激脊柱融合或骨质疏松中的局部骨形成,骨折修复或治愈,其中下颌中增加的骨形成具有临床益处的牙科手术,修复由创伤或先天性缺陷引起的颅面骨缺陷如腭裂/唇裂,和多种其中天然骨生长不足的其它肌肉骨骼疾病,这些对于本领域技术人员都是显而易见的。可给予治疗以治疗开放性骨折和处于高危非连接处的骨折,和治疗患有脊柱病症的受试者,包括需要脊柱融合(例如,前路椎体间融合,后路腰椎脊柱融合和颈椎融合)的受试者或患有退行性椎间盘疾病或影响腰椎和颈椎的关节炎的受试者。而且,氧固醇化合物133可用于治疗骨质疏松,特别是在老年人群,该骨质疏松是由破骨细胞增加的骨再吸收和成骨细胞减少的骨形成所引起的。
更具体地,可进行以下类型的骨相关的治疗:
1.氧固醇化合物133用作成骨剂在体内局部递送以刺激局部骨形成,其使用由相容的分子如但不限于胶原I构成的支架,该支架吸收氧固醇化合物133且然后置于体内。例如包含氧固醇化合物133的支架可置于横突之间或置于其中指示两个或多个椎骨融合的椎间盘中,例如在脊柱融合、人工关节和非连接处融合中。在其它实施方案中,包含氧固醇化合物133的支架置于骨折的骨中以刺激骨形成和骨折的愈合;置于其中指示通过氧固醇化合物133进行骨再生的骨缺陷如颅盖骨或颌面骨缺陷中;或置于颌骨以刺激骨形成作为在牙科手术如牙移植之前再生骨的手段。
2.氧固醇化合物133用作体外成骨剂。例如,将其给予骨原细胞,例如间质干细胞,以刺激其成骨性分化,然后将该细胞在整形外科手术和如上述1)所述的其它手术中施用,以刺激局部骨形成。
3.氧固醇化合物133体外使用以刺激骨原细胞中的hedgehog信号传导途径,从而导致细胞体外或体内的成骨性分化。
氧固醇化合物133的另一作用为抑制脂肪细胞分化、脂肪细胞形态发生和/或脂肪细胞增殖。可通过氧固醇化合物133的这种作用治疗的疾病为,例如黄瘤形成、脂肪垫的局部聚集和肥胖症。
其它可直接或间接受益于局部给药氧固醇化合物133的疾病包括毛发生长、神经形成、软骨形成等的需求或心血管障碍,这些疾病通过作用于与各适应症相关的细胞、组织或器官而与hedgehog途径活性的刺激相关。
在上文和以下实施例中,所有温度以未修正的摄氏度表示;除非另有所述,所有分数和百分比基于重量。
实施例
实施例I–材料和方法
细胞培养和试剂
小鼠多能骨髓基质细胞(MSC)系M2-10B4(M2)和胚胎成纤维细胞系C3H10T1/2(C3H)购自American Type Culture Collection(Rockville,MD)且如我们之前报告的那样培养(14,15)。在包含5%胎牛血清、50μg/ml抗坏血酸盐和3mMβ-磷酸甘油(βGP)(分化介质)的RPMI(用于M2细胞)或DMEM(用于C3H细胞)中进行处理以诱导成骨性分化。环杷明购自EMDBiosciences,Inc.(La Jolla,CA)。原代人间质干细胞(HMSC)购自Lonza(Walkersville,MD),在购自StemCell Technologies(Vancouver,Canada)的生长培养基中根据制造商的说明培养和传代。通过在包含抗生素和10%热灭活的FBS,10-8M地塞米松,10mMβGP和0.2mM抗坏血酸盐的低葡萄糖的DMEM中处理细胞诱导HMSC的成骨性分化。
碱性磷酸酶活性和Von Kossa染色
如之前所述进行全细胞提取物的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性测试(13,14),和对细胞单层进行von Kossa染色以实施矿化(16)。
定量RT-PCR
总RNA用购自Ambion,Inc.(Austin,TX)的RNA分离Trizol试剂根据制造商的说明提取。RNA(1μg)使用购自Bio-Rad(Hercules,CA)的逆转录酶进行逆转录以制备单链cDNA。Q-RT-PCR反应使用iQ SYBR Green Supermix和iCycler RT-PCR检测系统(Bio-Rad)进行。小鼠基因Gli-1、Patched1(Ptch1)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的骨-肝-肾同工酶、骨唾液蛋白(BSP)、Runx2、osterix(OSX)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)和GAPDH的引物序列如之前所述使用(14)。人引物序列为:GAPDH 5’-CCT CAA GAT CAT CAG CAA TGC CTC CT(SEQ ID NO:1)和3’-GGTCAT GAG TCC TTC CAC GAT ACC AA(SEQ ID NO:2)、BSP 5’-AGA AGA GGA GGA GGA AGAAGA GG(SEQ ID NO:3)和3’–CAG TGT TGT AGC AGA AAG TGT GG(SEQ ID NO:4),OSX 5’–GCG GCA AGA GGT TCA CTC GTT CG(SEQ ID NO:5)和3’–CAG GTC TGC GAA ACT TCT TAGAT(SEQ ID NO:6);相对表达水平使用2ΔΔCT方法如之前所述计算(15)。
瞬时转染和Gli-依赖性报告基因测试
根据我们之前的描述将24孔板中70%融合的细胞用Gli-依赖性萤火虫荧光素酶和海肾荧光素酶载体瞬时转染(17,18)。FuGENE 6转染试剂(Roche Applied Science,Indianapolis,IN)以与无核酸酶的水3:1的比例使用,且每孔总DNA不超过500ng。在细胞处理48小时后荧光素酶活性使用双重荧光素酶报告基因测试系统(Promega Corporation,Madison,WI)根据制造商的说明评估。
氧固醇化合物133的合成和分子表征
材料获自商业供应商且不用进一步纯化而使用。空气或潮湿敏感性反应在氩气氛使用烘干的玻璃器皿和标准注射器/隔膜技术进行。该反应在硅胶TLC板上在UV光(254nm)下检测,然后使用Hanessian’s染色溶液显影。柱色谱法在硅胶60上进行。1H NMR谱在CDCl3中测量。所得数据如下以距内标(TMS,0.0ppm)的ppm报告:化学位移(多重,整合,偶合常数以Hz.)。合成方案的逐步发明详述和中间体和最终产物的表征在补充材料中提供。
Smoothened结合测试
氧固醇与Smoothened(Smo)的相互作用如我们之前的报告进行检测(19)。Smo-/-:YFP-Smo细胞(20)在低渗性SEAT缓冲液(250mM蔗糖,1mM EDTA,10mM乙酸,10mM三乙醇胺,10mg/mL亮抑酶肽-胃酶抑素-抑糜酶素(LPC)蛋白酶抑制剂混合物和SigmaFast EDTA-Free蛋白酶混合物)中溶解。离心分离(500xg,5min)去除细胞核后,通过在95,000xg离心30分钟将细胞膜团聚。在4℃将细胞膜在正十二烷基-b-D-麦芽吡喃糖苷(DDM)萃取缓冲液(50mMTris pH 7.4,500mM NaCl,10%v/v甘油,0.1%w/v DDM和SigmaFast EDTA-Free蛋白酶混合物)中萃取4小时,然后通过离心分离(100,000xg,30min)去除不溶物质。在4℃将该膜提取物用50uM游离20(S)或氧固醇化合物133或氧固醇化合物16(不活化Hh信号传递的氧固醇类似物;Parhami等人未公开的观察结果)孵育1小时,然后添加偶联至nat-20(S)-yne的磁珠或对照磁珠(19)。结合反应在4℃孵育过夜。在所有实验中,溶剂的量在各样品中仔细均衡。充分洗涤后,珠上捕捉的蛋白质用还原性SDS样品缓冲液洗脱。YFP-Smo在这些洗出液中的存在通过使用抗GFP抗体的定量免疫印迹(Novus,NB600-308,1:5000)和红外成像(Li-Cor Odyssey系统)确定。
动物
38只8周龄的雄性Lewis大鼠购自Charles River Laboratories(Wilmington,MA),且根据UCLA Office of Protection of Research Subjects设定的规则在UCLA动物园保持和饲养。该研究根据UCLA动物研究研究委员会(ARC)批准的方案进行。所有动物在脊柱融合手术8周后使用标准CO2室安乐死,且切除它们的脊柱并保存在40%乙醇中。
手术过程
动物预先用缓释丁丙诺啡给药30分钟,然后进行手术且在氧气(1L/min)中给予2%异氟烷进行麻醉。将手术位点剃毛且用Betadine和70%乙醇消毒。在L4–L5的后外侧横突间脊柱融合如先前的研究进行(21,22)。L6椎体使用髂嵴作为界标而识别。一个4-cm纵向正中切口穿过皮肤和皮下组织经L4–L5降至腰背筋膜进行切割。然后将一个2-cm纵向正中旁切口在脊柱旁肌肉进行双侧切割以暴露L4–L5的横突,将其用高速锉刀剥皮。然后将手术位点用无菌盐水冲洗,且将包含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)对照品、rhBMP-2或氧固醇化合物133的胶原海绵(Helistat,Integra Life Sciences)的5mm×5mm×13mm块双侧放置,且各植入物横跨该横突。然后将植入物用上覆的脊柱旁肌肉覆盖且腰背筋膜和皮肤用4–0Prolene缝线缝合(Ethicon,Inc.,Somerville,NJ)。在外科手术后立即让动物随意行走、进食和饮水。
放射照像分析
在外科手术4、6和8周后使用Faxitron LX60箱式放射照相系统采取各动物的腰脊柱的后前位放射照片,且使用以下标准化量度通过两个独立的观察者盲法评估:0,无融合;1,单侧融合;和2,完全的双侧融合。观察者的评分加在一起,只有得分为4被认为是完全融合。
融合的手动评估
手术8周后,使动物安乐死且通过手术移出脊柱,通过两个独立的观察者盲法评估节段之间的移动(motion between levels)。如果在任一侧的节段或横突之间观察到移动则记录骨不愈合。如果两侧都未观察到移动则记录完全融合。脊柱评分为融合的或未融合的。需要一致同意才考虑是完全融合。
显微计算机断层摄影术
各移除的脊柱通过高分辨率显微计算机断层摄影术(显微-CT)分析,其使用具有体素各向同性分辨率为20μm且X-射线能量为55kVp和181mA的SkyScan 1172扫描机(SkyScan,Belgium)以进一步评估融合率和观察融合块,如我们之前报告的(15)。在角度范围为180°且步长为0.5以及暴露时间为220毫秒/切片的情况下获得360个凸起。在各旋转步骤将5个骨架(frames)平均化以得到更好的信噪比。使用0.5mm铝滤器以限制X-射线频率从而最小化射线硬化伪影。虚像切片使用锥束重建软件版本2.6基于Feldkamp算法(SkyScan)重构。这些设置产生连续横截面的1024×1024像素图像。样品重新定向和2D可视化使用DataViewer(SkyScan)进行。3D可视化使用Dolphin Imaging版本11(Dolphin Imaging&Management Solutions,Chatsworth,CA)进行。融合定义为在L4和L5横突之间双侧存在桥接骨头。由两个有经验的独立观察者判断重构图像是融合的还是未融合的。为定量在各融合块中形成的骨密度,计算块中的组织体积(TV)、块中的骨小梁体积(BV)、BV/TV比、小梁厚度和小梁分离。其使用DataViewer软件使用涵盖501个轴向切片(20um/切片,10.02mm长度)的测量进行,这些切片在各融合块内,在L4-5的椎体间节段聚集。
组织学
经历显微-CT后,各手术组的两个代表性试样通过脱水不脱钙处理,在二甲苯中清洗且包埋在甲基丙烯酸甲酯中,如我们之前报告的(15,23)。连续冠状缝切面切成5um的厚度且用甲苯胺蓝pH 6.4染色。切片的显微照片如之前的报告获得,其使用ScanScope XTSystem(Aperio Technologies,Inc.,Vista,CA)在图7A中以10X的放大率和在图7B中以20X(24)。
统计分析
统计分析使用StatView 5程序进行。所有p值使用ANOVA和Fisher's预估最小显著极差(projected least significant difference)(PLSD)显著性检验计算。p<0.05的值认为是显著的。
实施例II–氧固醇化合物133的合成和化学表征
以下为氧固醇化合物133的化学结构:
材料获自商业供应商且没有进一步纯化而使用。空气或湿气敏感性反应在氩气氛使用烘干的玻璃器皿和标准注射器/隔膜技术进行。该反应通过硅胶TLC板在UV光(254nm)下监测,然后使用Hanessian’s染色溶液显影。柱色谱法在硅胶60上进行。1H NMR谱在CDCl3中测量。所得数据如下以距内标(TMS,0.0ppm)的ppm报告:化学位移(多重,整合,偶合常数以Hz.)。以下是该方案的逐步描述。示出氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49的结构以与氧固醇化合物133的结构比较,本发明者之前已报告了氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49的合成[Johnson等人(2011),Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 112,1673-1684]。
1-((3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)3,6-双((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)氧
基)-10,13-二甲基十六氢-1H-环戊二烯并[a]菲-17-基)乙酮(1)
根据公开的专利步骤(Parhami等人,WO 2009/07386,第52页)制备1HNMR(CDCl3,400MHz)TM:3.47(1H,dddd,J=11.0,11.0,4.8,4,8Hz),3.36(1H,ddd,J=10.4,10.4,4.4Hz),2.53(1H,d,J=8.8,8.8Hz),2.20-2.14(1H,m),2.10(3H,s),2.01-1.97(1H,m),1.88-1.82(1H,m),1.73-0.89(17H,m),0.88(18H,s),0.79(3H,s),0.59(3H,s),0.043(3H,s),0.04(3H,s),0.03(3H,s),0.02(3H,s)。13C NMR(CDCl3,100MHz)TM:209.5,72.2,70.1,63.7,56.4,53.7,51.8,44.2,41.9,38.9,37.6,36.3,34.3,33.2,31.7,31.5,25.94,25.92,24.4,22.7,21.1,18.3,18.1,13.5,13.4,-4.1,-4.6,-4.7.
(R)-2-((3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)3,6-双((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)
氧基)-10,13-二甲基-十六氢-1H-环戊二烯并[a]菲-17-基)辛-3-炔-2-醇(2)
向正己炔(1.5mL,12mmol)在THF(6mL)中的冷却(0℃)溶液中添加1.6M的正丁基锂在己烷(3.75mL)中的溶液。将所得溶液搅拌30分钟,然后通过插管添加化合物1(1.27g,2.2mmol)在THF(10mL)中的溶液。将混合物经3小时温热至室温且用水(40mL)稀释,且粗产物通过乙酸乙酯萃取(3x 30mL)分离。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤且用Na2SO4干燥。浓缩得到油性产物,其通过硅胶纯化(己烷,乙酸乙酯,梯度)以得到1.30g化合物2(92%)。1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)TM:3.50(1H,ddd,J=15.9,11.0,4.8Hz),3.36(1H,ddd,J=10.6,10.6,4.3Hz),2.18(1H,t,J=6.9Hz),2.10(1H,m),1.91-1.62(4H,m),1.53-1.31(2H,m),1.44(3H,s),1.31-0.93(22H,m),0.93(3H,s),0.92(3H,m),0.90(18H,s),0.88(3H,s),0.61(1H,m),0.04(6H,s),0.03(6H,s)。13C NMR(CDCl3,75MHz)TM:85.9,83.9,72.4,71.4,70.3,60.5,55.8,53.8,51.8,43.5,36.3,33.7,33.0,30.7,25.9,22.0,18.4,18.3,18.1,13.6,13.5,-4.7,-4.7.
(S)-2-((3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)3,6-双((叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基)
氧基)-10,13-二甲基-十六氢-1H-环戊二烯并[a]菲-17-基)辛-2-醇(3)
将化合物2(1.3g,2.0mmol)溶于乙酸乙酯(5mL)和甲醇(5mL)且将Pd/C(10%,0.1g)添加至该溶液。将该混合物在真空重复脱气,然后在大气压(气囊)暴露于氢气中。在室温18小时后,将混合物用乙酸乙酯(20mL)稀释且通过硅藻土过滤以去除催化剂。将滤器用乙酸乙酯洗涤且蒸发合并的滤液以得到1.3g还原产物3,将其使用而不用进一步纯化。1HNMR(CDCl3,300MHz)TM:3.50(1H,ddd,J=15.9,11.0,4.8Hz),3.36(1H,ddd,J=10.6,10.6,4.3Hz),2.1-1.95(2H,m),1.75-1.35(10H,m),1.32-1.29(10H,m),1.24(3H,s),0.91-1.21(10H,m),0.89(18H,s),0.82(3H,s),0.79(3H,s),0.63(1H,m),0.04(6H,s),0.03(6H,s)13CNMR(CDCl3,75MHz)TM:75.2,72.3,57.6,56.4,53.8,51.8,42.9,37.6,36.3,33.7,31.9,30.0,25.9,22.6,18.3,18.1,14.1,13.8,13.5,-4.6,-4.7.
(3S,5S,6S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)17-((S)-2-羟基辛-2-基)-10,13-二甲基十
六氢-1H-环戊二烯并[a]菲-3,6-二醇(氧固醇化合物133)
将TBAF在THF(8mL,8mmol,4当量)中的1M溶液直接添加至化合物3(1.3g,2.0mmol,1.0当量),所得溶液用THF(1mL)稀释且在室温搅拌72h。然后将混合物用水(50mL)稀释且重复用乙酸乙酯(4x 40mL)萃取。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤,用Na2SO4干燥且蒸发溶剂。通过硅胶色谱法纯化粗产物(己烷,乙酸乙酯,梯度,然后10%甲醇的乙酸乙酯溶液)得到白色固体(0.6g,70%),将其在丙酮水溶液(丙酮,水,3:1)中研磨以得到0.5g纯的氧固醇化合物133。1H NMR(CDCl3,300MHz)TM:3.50(1H,ddd,J=15.9,11.0,4.8Hz),3.36(1H,ddd,J=10.6,10.6,4.3Hz),2.19(1H,m),2.10-1.90(3H,m),1.85-1.60(7H,m),1.55-1.38(7H,m),1.25(11H,m),1.20-0.95(4H,m),0.90(3H,m),0.86(3H,s),0.80(3H,s),0.62(1H,m)。13C NMR(CDCl3,75MHz)TM:75.1,71.1,69.3,57.5,56.2,53.6,51.6,44.0,42.8,41.4,40.1,37.2,36.2,33.5,32.1,31.8,30.9,29.9,26.3,24.2,23.6,22.5,22.2,20.9,14.0,13.6,13.3。MS:M+H=420.36.HRMS(ESI)m/z[M-2H2O H]+C27H44OH的计算值:385.3470,实测值385.3478.
实施例III–实验结果:对骨形成的骨生成和脊柱融合的体内刺激
氧固醇化合物133诱导骨髓基质细胞、胚胎成纤维细胞和人间质干细胞的成骨性分化
为实现开发能诱导骨原细胞的成骨性分化的目标的分子,我们基于在超过100个之前合成的类似物中观察到的结构活性关系的理解,修改了最有效的天然存在的成骨性氧固醇,20(S)-羟基胆固醇(20S)的分子结构。我们之前报告了使用20S的两种结构类似物,氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49(15),实现了稳健的成骨性分化。这些分子通过在氧固醇化合物34和49二者的碳6(C6)上添加α羟基(OH)基团,且在氧固醇化合物49中的C25和C27之间添加双键而形成(图1)(15)。在本文报告的研究中,我们尝试进一步改善这两种分子,通过开发一种更容易合成的和更有效的类似物以适合放大规模量产,从而分别用于将来的在大型动物和人中的临床前和临床研究。该分子会是治疗性开发和临床使用以增加局部骨形成从而刺激脊柱融合和骨折愈合的候选者,且也许还能全身给药以治疗如骨质减少和骨质疏松等疾病。通过结构活性关系研究,根据实施例II所述的方案合成了一种新的类似物,氧固醇化合物133,且测试其骨诱导活性。氧固醇化合物133与氧固醇化合物34和49的不同在于缺少C27和在侧链增加一个碳的长度(图1)。重要的是,由于廉价的可商购的原料使得相比氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49所得到的产物成本显著更低,氧固醇化合物133可更容易大规模制备。而且,在产物的产率、纯度(非对映体选择性)和可放大性方面,氧固醇化合物133的制备中使用的炔烃加成优于氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49的合成中使用的Grignard化学。
与20S的其它结构类似物相比,氧固醇化合物133具有出人意料改善的诱导碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的功效,可以由C3H和M2细胞中的ALP酶活性测试来测量。这为成骨活性的有用模型,因为我们之前已对其它氧固醇类似物进行了报告(15)。在低微摩尔(μM)浓度的氧固醇化合物133观察到了ALP活性的剂量依赖性增加(图2A,B)。发现氧固醇化合物133的EC50在C3H中为约0.5μM(图2A)且在M2细胞中为0.44μM(图2B)。发现氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49在C3H细胞中的EC50类似于之前在M2细胞中报告的值,分别为0.8和0.9μM,且显著高于氧固醇化合物133的EC50(图2A)。而且,相比在C3H细胞中类似剂量的氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49,高剂量的氧固醇化合物133诱导更高水平的ALP活性(图2A)。通过分析成骨性分化标记基因Runx2、Osterix(OSX)、ALP、骨唾液蛋白质(BSP)和骨钙蛋白(OCN)的表达,发现氧固醇化合物133在诱导细胞的成骨性分化方面具有其它有益效果。在C3H细胞中,用2.5μM氧固醇化合物133处理4天和7天后,分别诱导Runx2表达为2倍和3.2倍,其在14天时返回基线水平(图3A)。2天后OSX表达显著诱导达3倍,且在整个实验中保持升高,达到最大诱导为4.5倍(图3A)。用氧固醇化合物133处理C3H细胞2天后诱导ALP的表达达18倍,其在4天后达到最大120倍,然后分别在7天和14天后降至22倍(图3A)。在第4天BSP表达被最大诱导9倍,且在实验的整个过程保持被诱导,尽管随着细胞长时间暴露于氧固醇化合物133而水平降低(图3A)。氧固醇化合物133处理还在4天后诱导成骨细胞-特异性基因骨钙蛋白的表达达到2.8倍,且在处理14天后达到最大4.2倍(图3A)。在处理21天后氧固醇化合物133在C3H细胞培养物中诱导稳健的基质矿化,如von Kossa染色(图3B)和定量细胞外基质45Ca测试(图3C)确定。这些数据证实氧固醇化合物133作为骨诱导氧固醇的功效和效力。
氧固醇化合物133的成骨作用也处理1周、2周和4周后的原代人间质干细胞(MSC)中通过评估成骨基因的表达检测。在未处理细胞中在所有时间点ALP表达都高,且用氧固醇化合物133处理没有改变(数据未示出)。1周后,观察到BSP表达显著的2倍增加,其在2和4周后进一步增加至4倍(图3D)。氧固醇化合物133还在4周后有显著的OSX诱导(3倍)和OCN诱导(2倍)(图3D)。此外,氧固醇化合物133在处理5周后的原代人MSC细胞培养物中刺激稳健的细胞外基质矿化,如von Kossa染色证实(图3E)。
氧固醇化合物133通过活化hedgehog途径信号传递诱导成骨性分化
之前研究已证实20S及其结构类似物氧固醇化合物34和氧固醇化合物49通过活化Hh途径信号传递诱导成骨性分化(15)。然而,成骨的氧固醇-介导的Hh途径信号传递的活化的分子机理之前未知。由于其更大的成骨活性,氧固醇化合物133是鉴别通过半合成的氧固醇实现Hh途径活化和骨生成的分子机理的有用工具。为确定氧固醇化合物133是否通过Hh途径诱导和如何通过Hh途径诱导成骨性分化,检测了选择性Hh途径抑制剂环杷明对氧固醇化合物133-诱导的ALP活性和成骨性分化标记ALP、BSP和OSX的表达的作用。环杷明完全抑制氧固醇化合物133-诱导的ALP活性和成骨标记ALP、BSP和OSX在C3H细胞中的表达(图4A),以及在M2细胞中的表达(数据未示出),这表明氧固醇化合物133不通过Hh信号传递途径起作用。为进一步分析Hh信号传递被氧固醇化合物133的活化,使用之前报告的方法检测转染至C3H细胞的Gli-依赖性荧光素酶报告物的活化(15,17)。氧固醇化合物133诱导Gli-依赖性报告物活性的剂量依赖性增加,在100nM达到5倍诱导且在1μM氧固醇化合物133达到17倍诱导(图4B)。
氧固醇化合物133通过结合至平滑受体活化hedgehog信号传导途径
我们之前报告了20S通过结合至Smo受体选择性活化Hh信号传递(19)。为确定氧固醇化合物133是否通过相同机理活化Hh信号传递,我们测试了氧固醇化合物133竞争20S类似物(与磁珠偶联)结合的YFP-标记的Smo(YFP-Smo)的能力。如我们之前报告的,该类似物,nat-20S-yne,在异辛基链上包含炔烃部分,允许点击化学-介导的与磁珠的偶联(20S-珠)(19)。使用这些珠用于固醇-结合测试,相对于无竞争剂样品,在珠上保留的YFP-Smo的量通过蛋白质印迹测量。以与20S在相同位点结合Smo的化合物与20S-珠竞争且减少洗出液中蛋白质的量。我们已在Smo结合测试和Hh信号传递测试二者中测试了许多其它固醇,在所有情况下与Smo的结合与Hh途径活性的变化相关(19)。氧固醇化合物133和20S(阳性对照)二者都减少在20S-偶联的珠上捕获的YFP-Smo的量(图4C)。在一个重要的对照中,一个不能活化Hh信号传递或骨生成的结构相关的类似物氧固醇化合物16(Parhami等人未公开的观察结果),不能防止YFP-Smo和20S-珠的相互作用(图4C)。这种在游离氧固醇化合物133存在下20S-珠捕获的YFP-Smo的量的减少表明氧固醇化合物133在Smo上与20S结合至相同位点。重要的是需要强调我们的测试是半定量的且不能用于得出相互作用的Kd,主要是因为我们不知道YFP-Smo在提取物中的浓度和大量固定在珠上的20S的量。
氧固醇化合物133刺激体内骨形成和脊柱融合
8周龄Lewis大鼠分为5个处理组,它们的不同仅在于手术位点处胶原海绵包含的试剂:组1-仅有对照载体(DMSO)(n=7),组II-5μg rhBMP-2(n=8),组III-20mg氧固醇化合物133(n=7),组IV-2mg氧固醇化合物133(n=8),和组V-0.2mg氧固醇化合物133(n=8)。骨形成和脊柱融合在手术后通过放射照像分析在不同时间点评估,且在处死时使用手动评估、显微计算机断层摄影术和组织学评估。处死时的融合率总结于表1。
表1.使用平片放射性照片、显微-CT和手触测试评估的融合率(%)
X-射线 | 显微-CT | 手触测试 | |
对照 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BMP2 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
氧固醇化合物13320mg | 100 | 100 | 86 |
氧固醇化合物1332mg | 50 | 50 | 50 |
氧固醇化合物1330.2mg | 0 | 0 | 0 |
放射照像分析
第一组射线照片是在手术4周后拍摄的。在该时间点,在BMP2组中在8个动物中有8个观察到双侧融合,在氧固醇化合物133-20mg组中在7个动物中有6个观察到双侧融合,在氧固醇化合物133-2mg组中在8个动物中有3个观察到双侧融合,而在对照和氧固醇化合物133-0.2mg组中无融合。在剩余的氧固醇化合物133-20mg处理的动物和用氧固醇化合物133-2mg处理的三个动物中观察到单侧融合。这与之前用氧固醇化合物34和49的研究相反,该研究中在4周的时间点没有观察到融合(15)。到第6周,在氧固醇化合物133-20mg组所有动物双侧融合。在第8周,在BMP2和氧固醇化合物133-20mg组的所有动物中以及在氧固醇化合物133-2mg组中的4/8的动物中再次记录到融合(图5)。在最终的8周的射线照片中在DMSO或氧固醇化合物133-0.2mg(数据未示出)组中未观察到融合块(图5)。
骨形成的手动评估和肉眼评价
处死后,脊柱从各动物移出且如我们之前的描述进行手动评估(15,25–27)。肉眼评价和手动评估结果类似于8周时的放射照像效果。在DMSO或氧固醇化合物133-0.2mg组中没有观察到单侧或双侧融合。在氧固醇化合物133-0.2mg组中在两个动物中观察到一些骨形成。在BMP2组的所有动物中和在氧固醇化合物133-20mg组中的6/7的动物中观察到双侧融合。氧固醇化合物133-20mg组中的剩余动物尽管有显著的双侧融合块,但具有单侧移动。手触测试证实氧固醇化合物133-2mg组中的一半(4/8)动物具有双侧融合,而另外两个动物具有单侧融合,还有两个动物没有融合迹象。
显微计算机断层摄影术和组织学评估
使用显微-CT分析评估桥接的骨小梁证实了用射线照片、肉眼观察和手触测试观察到的结果(图6)。尽管在氧固醇化合物133-0.2mg组两个动物观察到一些骨形成,但在该组或DMSO组没有观察到双侧融合。在BMP2组和氧固醇化合物133-20mg组中所有动物观察到双侧桥接的骨小梁。在氧固醇化合物133-2mg组中的4/8的动物中也观察到双侧融合,在另外两只动物中观察到单侧融合。源自显微-CT图像的显微组织分析结果示于表2。BMP2融合块的总体积显著大于氧固醇化合物133-2mg和20-mg样品二者。然而,氧固醇化合物133-2mg和20-mg融合块的平均BV/TV比例显著大于BMP2组,表明块中更致密的骨。在BMP2与氧固醇化合物133-2mg或氧固醇化合物133-20mg之间骨小梁厚度没有显著差异。相比氧固醇化合物133-2mg和氧固醇化合物133-20mg,在BMP2融合块中骨小梁分离显著更大,也表明在BMP2融合块中更小的骨密度。
表2.由显微-CT成像定量评估骨显微组织
*表明在BMP2与氧固醇化合物13320mg和2mg之间总组织体积、骨体积与组织体积的比例和骨小梁分隔有统计学显著性差异(p<0.01)。在骨体积或骨小梁厚度没有观察到差异。
然后组织学分析在两种代表性动物的DMSO组、BMP2组、氧固醇化合物133-20mg组和氧固醇化合物133-2mg组中进行。组织学评估证实,在用BMP2,或用2或20mg剂量的氧固醇化合物133处理的大鼠中,在融合块中的骨小梁和连接完全融合的腰椎骨的横突的连续皮质骨的形成(图7A)。在对照大鼠的试样中不存在骨形成。相比20mg或2mg氧固醇化合物133处理的大鼠,在用BMP2处理的大鼠中融合块的尺寸增加。然而,目测组织学试样表明BMP2也诱导融合块中脂肪细胞稳健的形成,其在用氧固醇化合物133处理的组中显著较少(图7B)。此外,目测表明相比BMP2组,在氧固醇化合物133-20mg组中小梁骨形成更稳健。
实施例IV–脂肪形成的抑制
使用常规步骤,C3H10T1/2骨-脂肪-祖细胞用PPARγ活化剂,曲格列酮(“Tro”)处理,已报道该曲格列酮能诱导脂肪细胞形成。两周后,Tro处理的孔中的脂肪形成通过OilRed O染色显现且脂肪细胞通过光学显微镜定量。清楚地是,能诱导成骨性分化和Hh信号传递二者的剂量的氧固醇化合物133完全抑制脂肪细胞形成。以下是数据(作为每视野的平均脂肪细胞≠SD):
视野≠SD):
对照:2.5≠2
Tro:28≠4
Tro+氧固醇化合物133(5uM):0.5≠1
氧固醇化合物133(5uM):0.8≠1
对照vs.Tro vs.Tro+氧固醇化合物133的p值达到<0.01的显著性
根据上述说明,本领域技术人员可容易确定本发明的基本特征,且不偏离本发明的实质和范围,可对本发明进行修改和变化以将其适用于不同用途和状况和以最大程度使用本发明。前述的优选具体实施方案仅是说明书性的,不以任何方式限制本发明的范围。以上引用的所有申请、专利和出版物的全部内容,包括2012年5月7日提交的美国临时申请61/643,746,在此以其整体引入作为参考,特别是关于本申请引用的内容。还在此以其整体引入作为参考的是源自本发明者实验室其它关于氧固醇的申请,包括专利合作条约(PCT)国际申请公开WO/2008/115469、WO/2008/082520、WO/2007/098281、WO/2007/028101、WO/2006/110490、WO/2005/020928和WO/2004/019884。
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Claims (26)
1.一种化合物,其具有式I的结构:
或其药学上可接受的盐。
2.生物活性组合物,其包含化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和药学上可接受的载体,其中所述化合物具有式I的结构:
3.权利要求2的生物活性组合物,其进一步包含至少一种另外的试剂,其选自甲状旁腺激素、氟化钠、胰岛素样生长因子I(ILGF-I)、胰岛素样生长因子II(ILGF-II)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、细胞色素P450抑制剂、成骨前列腺素类、BMP 2、BMP 4、BMP 7和BMP 14。
4.权利要求2的生物活性组合物在制备用于治疗受试者的骨病、骨质疏松或骨折的药物中的用途。
5.权利要求4所述的用途,所述药物用于增加骨量。
6.权利要求4所述的用途,所述药物用于治疗骨质疏松症状。
7.权利要求2所述的生物活性组合物在制备用于增加受试者的骨形态形成和/或骨质增生的药物中的用途。
8.权利要求2所述的生物活性组合物在制备用于诱导受试者的骨形成以增加骨量的药物中的用途。
9.权利要求2所述的生物活性组合物在制备用于诱导哺乳动物的间质干细胞的成骨细胞分化和/或抑制哺乳动物的间质干细胞的脂肪细胞分化的药物中的用途,其中该哺乳动物的间质干细胞为受试者的骨髓基质细胞。
10.权利要求2的生物活性组合物在制备用于治疗患有黄瘤形成、脂肪垫局部聚集和肥胖症的受试者的药物中的用途。
11.权利要求2的生物活性组合物在制备用于在细胞或组织中刺激hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应的药物中的用途,包括将该细胞或组织与有效量的权利要求2的生物活性组合物接触。
12.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应为成骨细胞分化、骨形态形成、骨质增生的刺激,和/或脂肪细胞分化、脂肪细胞形态发生和/或脂肪细胞增殖的抑制。
13.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应为毛发生长的刺激。
14.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应为血管生成的刺激。
15.权利要求14所述的用途,其为治疗心血管障碍、动脉硬化、心肌梗塞、外周血管疾病和/或中风的用途。
16.权利要求11所述的用途,其中所述hedgehog(Hh)途径介导的响应为软骨形成的刺激。
17.权利要求16所述的用途,其为权利要求2的生物活性组合物在制备用于治疗骨关节炎的药物中的用途。
18.分化的成骨细胞在制备用于诱导受试者的骨形成的药物中的用途,包括:
收集哺乳动物的间质干细胞;
用权利要求2的生物活性组合物处理哺乳动物间质细胞以诱导该细胞的成骨细胞分化;和
将该分化的细胞给予受试者。
19.权利要求4-17任一项所述的用途,其中将所述生物活性组合物局部给予受试者的细胞、组织或器官。
20.权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备用于刺激哺乳动物细胞以使成骨细胞分化的生物标记表达水平大于未处理的细胞中的生物标记水平的药物中的用途。
21.权利要求20所述的用途,其中所述生物标记为碱性磷酸酶活性、钙掺入、矿化和/或骨钙蛋白mRNA的表达。
22.权利要求20所述的用途,其中该哺乳动物细胞为间质干细胞、骨原细胞或颅盖器官培养物中的细胞。
23.权利要求20所述的用途,其中所述细胞或组织在体外。
24.权利要求20所述的用途,其中所述细胞或组织在体内。
25.用于人或动物体的植入物,其包含具有表面的基材,其中该植入物的表面或内部包含足以在周围骨组织诱导骨形成的量的权利要求2的生物活性组合物。
26.权利要求25所述的植入物,其中所述基材形成针、螺杆、板或人工关节的形状。
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CN104395331A (zh) | 2015-03-04 |
JP6262723B2 (ja) | 2018-01-17 |
JP2015518493A (ja) | 2015-07-02 |
RU2632191C2 (ru) | 2017-10-03 |
CA2872751A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2847206A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
US20150118277A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
IN2014DN09805A (zh) | 2015-07-31 |
AU2013260059B2 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
RU2014149164A (ru) | 2016-07-10 |
WO2013169399A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
KR20150013232A (ko) | 2015-02-04 |
HK1207649A1 (zh) | 2016-02-05 |
AU2013260059A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
EP2847206A1 (en) | 2015-03-18 |
US9717742B2 (en) | 2017-08-01 |
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