CN104255357B - Arillus Longan abloom rate and the method for fruit product matter is improved based on trophophase growing degree days flower forcing - Google Patents
Arillus Longan abloom rate and the method for fruit product matter is improved based on trophophase growing degree days flower forcing Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses and improve Arillus Longan abloom rate and the method for fruit product matter based on trophophase growing degree days flower forcing.The inventive method be based upon on the basis of years'experiences innovatively systematization utilize based on the innovation flower forcing technique of trophophase and growing degree-day, instruct in good time reasonably short young sprout, short flower, setting.Due to the accumulation heat of longan each trophophase when growing degree-day is actual environment, so its flower forcing remarkable benefit, accuracy is high.Estimating use CGDD, each trophophase, namely in each short young sprout, short flower, setting and the Expected Results accuracy of long fruit phase in ± 5% interval.Arillus Longan chemistry flower-forcing method based on CGDD can effectively occur by floral bud induction, strengthening physiology photosynthetic, promote longan to bloom in warm climates and setting, yield can be sold in the market not only significantly increasing Arillus Longan fresh fruit, and result can be shifted to an earlier date, it is thus achieved that higher production economy return.Promoting blossom of longan tree and management supporting technology based on CGDD can promote that Arillus Longan sustainability produces under climate warming environmental condition.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to cultivation of fruit tree method, particularly to the method improving longan flower formation and fruit setting rate based on trophophase growing degree days and fruit produces matter.
Background technology
Arillus Longan (Dimocarpuslongan) is one of main tropical Tropical fruits.Wild Arillus Longan is the seeds that ground, southwestern Hainan low mountains and hills ground mountain rain forest is common.Longan is to temperature, CO2, nutrient and moisture environment change very sensitive, its areal area annual mean temperature 22-26 DEG C, annual precipitation 900-1700 millimeter.Arillus Longan happiness Xerothermic Habitat, Winter-Spring requires low temperature and suitable arid, and between the autumn in summer, trophophase needs high temperature and abundant rainfall.Longan has 3 kinds of flower pattern: male flower, female flower and hermaphroditism flower.Temperature, illumination, CO2, nutrition and moisture Control and affect development of floral organs, florescence, yield and fruit color, the elongation of usual fruit blossom tube cell requires low temperature (about 10 DEG C), and temperature raises and suppresses pollen tube growth, powder to sprout and fruit-setting rate.Under natural conditions, the induction of Flos Longan Bud polarization and the formation of spica require that 8-14 ° of C low temperature accumulation reaches hundreds of hours.
But, due to climate change whole world winter and early spring temperature uprise, longan can not get inducing the low temperature of Flos Longan Bud polarization, it is suppressed that Arillus Longan inflorescence generate, cause that the florescence does not contain, affect setting.In recent years it is commonly found that longan can not natural flowering, even from the Florida, USA of North America to many orchards, tropic sea Austronesia longan of wild Arillus Longan area of origin originally also for many years can not flowering, causing cannot setting.This problem has been acknowledged as one of the most prominent public difficult problem of global range interior torrid zone Production of fruit, jeopardizes the existence of Arillus Longan industry.
In recent years chemical oxidizing agent (potassium chlorate KClO3Potassiumchlorate, sodium chlorate NaClO3Sodiumchlorate) longan flower forcing it has been used in, to solve its normal not flowering in season and to induce its off-season flowering.But this type of flower forcing agent chemical reaction product is a kind of dissolving salt (KCl, NaCl), it is easy to burn leaf, causes that florescence or setting phase fall leaves too early, and impact tree body photosynthesis and Organic substance nutrition generate.Recent flower forcing technique also develops into root applying chemical agent and carries out flower forcing, but cause that orchard worker puts excessively dosage (each tree dosage > 2kg) owing to lacking optimization information, the easy climate of Flower induction effect (such as hurricane heavy rain) plus chemical agent affects, thus practical application effect is uneven, the florescence does not contain.Because income is poor, many Arillus Longan orchard workers (such as various places, Hainan Province) select to chop at a tree to replant other crops.
The Arillus Longan flower induction method that exploitation is efficient, operability is good, the method improving longan abloom rate, percentage of fertile fruit and fruit product matter has very actual meaning.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of method significantly improving longan abloom rate, percentage of fertile fruit and fruit product matter.
The technical solution used in the present invention is:
A kind of method improving longan flower formation and fruit setting rate and fruit product matter, comprises the steps:
1) longan trophophase growing degree days is initial: after picking preceding quarter fruit, prune the old tip, to be designated as the starting date of Arillus Longan growing degree-day GDD after pruning next day, starts to calculate longan trophophase growing degree days CGDD；
2) the short young sprout of nutrition: according to tree body size and soil fertility, apply nutrition fertilizer, promotes young sprout growth, young sprout is pruned, each tree retains 90～100 young sprouts being suitable to setting；
3) flower forcing induction: when growing degree days CGDD reaches 1500 ± 100 DEG C, uses tree crown circumference soil layer root method to discharge short fertilizers for potted flowers and carries out flower forcing induction；
4) branch/tip leaf dormancy induction: when growing degree days reaches 1600 ± 100 DEG C, uses dormancy inducer, and induction branch enters resting state, weakens and and then stops branch/tip leaf growth；
5) promote longan growth concentration to be converted into floral organ reproductive growth: when growing degree days reaches 1850 ± 100 DEG C, to use reproductive growth regulator, promote longan growth concentration to transfer floral organ reproductive growth to；
6) floral organ reproductive growth and short flower: when growing degree days reaches 2150 ± 100 DEG C, uses short flower nutrient, makes bud genitals obtain more sufficient nutrition, promote bud differentiation；
Wherein, growing degree days CGDD and growing degree-day GDD computing formula are:
CGDD=∑ GDDn=∑ n { [(Tmax+Tmin)/2] 5 }
In formula, TmaxFor the maximum temperature in longan trophophase 1 day, TminFor the minimum temperature in trophophase 1 day, n is trophophase natural law, and at daily mean temperature lower than 5 DEG C, or when higher than 35 DEG C, the GDD on the same day is 0.
As the further improvement of said method, short fertilizers for potted flowers is mainly composed of potassium chlorate KClO3。
As the further improvement of said method, dormancy inducer is selected from paclobutrazol (PP333).
As the further improvement of said method, reproductive growth regulator is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
As the further improvement of said method, short flower nutrient is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
As the further improvement of said method, Post flowering, execute quick-acting fertilizer, strengthen Arillus Longan leaves nutrient to promote physiology photosynthetic and to produce enough organic substance supply longan settings and fruit growth.
As the further improvement of said method, blade face quick-acting fertilizer is selected from KH2PO4, NPK plant vitamin.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The inventive method, the innovation flower forcing technique based on trophophase growing degree-day instructs in good time reasonably short young sprout, short flower, urgees fruit, has high efficiency and accuracy.Present invention exploitation represent longan under actual environmental conditions and complete the heat that specific growing stage is accumulated, i.e. effective accumulated temperature value growing degree-day, coordinate reasonable employment chemistry flower promoter and nutrient, reach the short flower of longan and short fruit high benefit, it is achieved Arillus Longan is maturation listing (about 2 months) ahead of time.Due to the accumulation heat of longan each trophophase when growing degree-day is actual environment, so its flower forcing high efficiency, accuracy is high.Estimating use growing degree-day CGDD, each trophophase, namely in each short young sprout, short flower, setting and the Expected Results accuracy of long fruit phase in ± 5% interval.
Arillus Longan chemistry flower-forcing method based on trophophase growing degree-day CGDD can effectively occur by floral bud induction, strengthen physiology photosynthetic, longan is promoted to bloom in warm climates and setting, yield can be sold in the market that not only can significantly increase Arillus Longan fresh fruit, and result in advance can be facilitated, thus early market high price can be indebted to, it is thus achieved that higher production economy return.Promoting blossom of longan tree and management supporting technology based on trophophase and growing degree-day CGDD are expected to promote that the sustainability of Arillus Longan produces under climate warming environmental condition.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is KH after short fertilizers for potted flowers flower forcing2PO4Arillus Longan is bloomed with setting effect affect figure；
Fig. 2 is the every diurnal variation curve of (2012-2013) growing degree-day (growingdegree-days, GDD) during longan flower forcing is tested；
Fig. 3 is based on the longan flower forcing flow chart of trophophase growing degree days (cumulativegrowingdegree-days, CGDD)；
Fig. 4 is that the short fertilizers for potted flowers of chemistry (is mainly composed of KClO3) treating capacity impact that longan bouquet is generated；
Fig. 5 is the dependency relation figure between longan physiological variable, and physiological variable includes leaf stoma degree of leading (gvs), CO between leaf cell2Concentration (Ci), photosynthetic rate (Pr), carboxylic efficiency (CE), and leaf water-use ratio (Tr), the efficiency of water application (WUE) of photosynthesis；
Fig. 6 is foliar nutrition fertilizer KH2PO4Processing Arillus Longan tree childhood physiological effect comparison in difference, physiological variable includes photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading (gvs), leaf stoma impedance (Rvs) and Ye Wen-air Temperature Difference (CupT)；
Fig. 7 is leaf nutrition KH2PO4Process and single chemical agent KClO3Flower forcing processes affects benefit to Arillus Longan result；
Fig. 8 is leaf nutrition potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) treating capacity fresh fruit quality (TDS) is affected significance difference the opposite sex.
Detailed description of the invention
A kind of method improving longan flower formation and fruit setting rate and fruit product matter, comprises the steps:
1) longan trophophase growing degree days is initial: after picking preceding quarter fruit, prune the old tip, to be designated as the starting date of Arillus Longan growing degree-day GDD after pruning next day, starts to calculate longan trophophase growing degree days CGDD；
2) the short young sprout of nutrition: according to tree body size and soil fertility, apply nutrition fertilizer, promotes young sprout growth, young sprout is pruned, each tree retains 90～100 young sprouts being suitable to setting；
3) flower forcing induction: when growing degree days CGDD reaches 1500 ± 100 DEG C, uses tree crown circumference soil layer root method to discharge short fertilizers for potted flowers and carries out flower forcing induction；
4) branch/tip leaf dormancy induction: when growing degree days reaches 1600 ± 100 DEG C, uses dormancy inducer, and induction branch enters resting state, weakens and and then stops branch/tip leaf growth；
5) promote longan growth concentration to be converted into floral organ reproductive growth: when growing degree days reaches 1850 ± 100 DEG C, to use reproductive growth regulator, promote longan growth concentration to transfer floral organ reproductive growth to；
6) floral organ reproductive growth and short flower: when growing degree days reaches 2150 ± 100 DEG C, uses short flower nutrient, makes bud genitals obtain more sufficient nutrition, promote bud differentiation；
Wherein, growing degree days CGDD and growing degree-day GDD computing formula are:
CGDD=∑ GDDn=∑ n { [(Tmax+Tmin)/2] 5 }
In formula, TmaxFor the maximum temperature in longan trophophase 1 day, TminFor the minimum temperature in trophophase 1 day, n is trophophase natural law, and at daily mean temperature lower than 5 DEG C, or when higher than 35 DEG C, the GDD on the same day is 0.
Growing degree-day (growingdegree-days, GDD) is based on the plant growth index of temperature, is of value to and instructs crop-planting to manage.Bioaccumulation growing degree-day (cumulativegrowingdegreedays, CGDD, or claim growth accumulated temperature) it is equal to cumulative actual heat.Growing degree days refers under actual environmental conditions, and plant completes the accumulation effective accumulated temperature value that a certain growing stage experiences.
The organic generation of photosynthesis and accumulation and mineral transporting thereof are that floral bud induction produces and breaks up indispensable nutrition.Arillus Longan climax leaves number and KClO3The quantity significant correlation of flower induction effect and relevant hormonal change and floral bud induction.Reasonably prune dwarfing and can promote young sprout branch growth, increase transmittance, contribute to that fruit tree blooms, setting and fruit development play regulatory role.
Nutrition fertilizer applies to determine according to tree body size and soil fertility, and the amount of application of nutrition fertilizer ranges for 0.5～1.5kg/, and NPK nutrients ratio is 15-15-15；Being suitable to the young sprout of setting, its growth angle is 50～60o.
The effect of dormancy inducer is in that the synthesis by suppressing plant endogenous hormones gibberellins, it is suppressed that the division of plant cell and elongation and weaken plant apical growth advantage, and then makes longan enter rest period.Dormancy inducer commonly used in the art has paclobutrazol (PP333), chlorocholine chloride (CCC).
As the further improvement of said method, reproductive growth regulator is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
As the further improvement of said method, short flower nutrient is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
As the further improvement of said method, Post flowering, execute quick-acting fertilizer, strengthen Arillus Longan leaves nutrient to promote physiology photosynthetic and to produce enough organic substance supply longan settings and fruit growth.
As the further improvement of said method, quick-acting fertilizer is selected from KH2PO4, NPK plant vitamin.
The effect of reproductive growth regulator is in that to promote cell division, promotes flower_bud formation and differentiation, Accelerate bloom, breaks plant dormancy.Reproductive growth regulator commonly used in the art has gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, a uniconazole P, the complex cell mitogen " greenery " etc. that Guangdong, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province orchard worker industry science and technology Chemical Co., Ltd. produces.
The effect of short flower nutrient is in that to weaken shoot and leaf growth, makes bud genitals obtain more sufficient nutrition, promotes bud differentiation, and short colored nutrition commonly used in the art have gibberellins GA, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P etc..
Below in conjunction with concrete experimental implementation, further illustrate technical scheme.
Material
Arillus Longan tree childhood and bearing tree Flower induction and setting phase Physiological Experiment are built up in Yongfa orchard, Dengmai County, the central and north, Hainan Province.Sample plot soil is acid sandy red soil (pH5.22), and chemical property quantitative analysis (n=20) shows soil organism level medium (3.1 ± 0.6%), effective K+Ion concentration higher (126 ± 27mg/kg), but the poor (NO of Main Nutrients N32.3 ± 1.4mg/kg), commutative P ion moderate (36 ± 13mg/kg).For more reliable and all sidedly inspection experiment process longan physiology flower forcing and nutrition regulation benefit, Arillus Longan test tree type is selected and is contained tree childhood (2 years age of trees) and each 36 of bearing tree (10 years age of trees).Longan kind is ' stone gorge ', for one of current domestic main grafting breeding.Experiment material also includes NPK compound nutritional fertilizer, paclobutrazol tip killing agent, flower forcing agent potassium chlorate (KClO3), defoliant, gibberellin of plant growth regulator (gibberellins, GA) and mineral nitrogen leaf nutrient potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)。
Longan flower forcing experimental technique
The computing formula of growing degree-day (GDD) and growing degree days (CGDD):
GDD=(Tmax+Tmin)/2-5, when daily mean temperature lower than 5 DEG C or higher than 35 DEG C when, the GDD on the same day is 0；
In formula, TmaxFor the maximum temperature (DEG C) in longan trophophase 1 day, TminFor the minimum temperature (DEG C) in trophophase 1 day；
CGDD be growth week its start after numerical value of each day GDD add and, its computing formula is:
CGDD=∑ GDDn=∑ n { [(Tmax+Tmin)/2] 5 }
In formula, n is trophophase natural law.
The short tip of pruning-nutrition and growing degree days initiate
The old tip of fruit tree is likely to hide pathogenic bacteria and insect, inferior capabilities of yielding positive results, and prunes old tip young sprout disease-free with growth promoting, great-hearted.The young sprout (Newgrowth) that the old tip of rational pruning (pruning) and growth promoting are appropriate to yield positive results is the prerequisite of flower forcing.Preceding quarter fruit is at the bottom of June when picking end, carries out immediately pruning the old tip, is trimmed to from about 1.5 meters of ground eminence.When the growth of longan growing degree-day (GDD) young sprout after cutting is initial (July 1) start to calculate, now CGDD is 0.
The growth of tip branch is to nourish and grow.Nutrition fertilizer is added immediately with being in proportion by longan volume with growth promoting young sprout after pruning.Nutrition process for every childhood the chemically composited fertile N-P of tree 0.5kg and every bearing tree 1.5kg2O5-K2O(15-15-15), disposable interpolation around circumference soil layer root under tree crown, spread table soil and be protected from leaching loss.
Branch bar carries out selecting cutting after growing several young sprouts being appropriate to setting once again, and each tree reservation 90～100 is the most sturdy, be most suitable for setting (growth angle 50～60o) young sprout.When short tip process completes, meet the newborn height of tree 3.2 ± 0.9m, tree crown 4.1 ± 1.2m of flower forcing needs.New stem tip branch is healthy, life is flourishing.Whole short tip process needs 60 days.Short tip process is at the bottom of August when terminating.Short tip process growing degree days is CGDD1500 DEG C.
Root method executes short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Flower forcing
During growing degree days CGDD1500 DEG C, use tree crown circumference soil layer root method to discharge ' Ligustrum malongense B. S. Sun ' short fertilizers for potted flowers and (be mainly composed of KClO3, Fujian Province's agricultural university/Tropical Agricultural University Of South China) and carry out flower forcing induction.In view of Arillus Longan root system is distributed in tree crown circumference more, therefore tree crown circumference place root is executed and is conducive to root system efficient absorption short flower effective ingredient.
Short fertilizers for potted flowers makes consumption be directly proportional to crown diameter, volume size.Childhood tree KClO3The amount of discharging be each tree 0,0.20,0.40,0.60kg, bearing tree each tree flower forcing dosage is 0,0.40,0.60,0.80kg.Two type tree blank repeat respectively for 3(ncontrol=3), the short every dosage of fertilizers for potted flowers processes and repeats to be 11 (nKClO3=11), namely every class tree-shaped adds up to 3+3 × 11=36 longan.
Concrete root applying method is as follows: outputs ground surface soil groove (0.10m width, 0.05m is deep) along tree crown circumference, then discharges flower forcing agent KClO along tree crown circumference soil box ditch3, water moistening flower forcing agent, buries table soil.
Branch/tip leaf dormancy induction
Branch/tip leaf induced dormancy (dormancy), termination branch/tip leaf growth is the necessary preparation of flower forcing.When CGDD is 1600 DEG C, namely discharge short fertilizers for potted flowers after 5 days, use biochemical method induction branch/tip leaf to enter resting state.First by tip killing agent paclobutrazol PP333(50mg/L, Guangxi spirit biochemical industry company limited product) sprays tree crown branch, sprays the tip killing agent using low concentration (30mg/L) again, strengthens longan dormancy degree, stop branch/tip leaf growth completely after 1 week.
Promote plant growing to concentrate and be converted into floral organ reproductive growth
During growing degree days CGDD1850 DEG C, branch/tip leaf stops growing completely, now discharges complex cell mitogen ' greenery ' (Guangzhou Yue Guo agriculture chemistry Science and Technology Ltd.), and it is containing gibberellins GA, 30mg/L；Floral organ reproductive growth starts.Now, branch/tip leaf rest period is also broken.But plant growing is taken as the leading factor with floral organ reproductive growth.Being now late September, growing degree days is CGDD2100 DEG C.
Promote floral organ reproductive growth and short flower
Originate in growing degree days CGDD2150 DEG C, use defoliant (' lobule is how de-', Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences), concentration is 30mg/L, sprays around floral organ reproduction place, weakens periphery shoot and leaf growth, promote bud genitals to obtain more sufficient nutrition, promote bud differentiation.The 30 day time of needs of blooming is formed from bud differentiation, alabastrum bundle.November, flower opened just now initiateed, and CGDD is 2850 DEG C.Being mid-November when longan is bloomed vigorous, CGDD reaches 3100 DEG C.
The short fruit of nutrition
After induced flowering, use potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH immediately2PO4), strengthen Arillus Longan leaves nutrient to promote physiology photosynthetic and to produce enough organic substance supply longan settings and fruit growth.Its treating capacity is 0,200,400,600mg/L, at setting initial (CGDD3250 DEG C) and fruit expansion stage (CGDD4000 DEG C), it is directly sprayed on branch and leaf respectively.Absorb PK nutrient by leaf portion, promote tree crown leaf photosynthesis so that it is photosynthetic produced organic substance conveying bud fruit growth needs and optimizes fruit quality.Blooming to setting is initial from Arillus Longan and need 15 day time, initial-setting initiating process growing degree days of blooming is 400 DEG C, and therefore initiateing total growing degree days from the short tip to setting is 3250 DEG C.
It is necessary to note that short fertilizers for potted flowers blank processes tree (childhood tree and each 3 of bearing tree) because not blooming and can not continuing test, so from the setting stage of blooming, the longan that continuation is tested is all through short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Processing and bloom, every class tree-shaped is 33 trees.Then setting stage leaf nutrition potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH is being carried out2PO4) test time, wherein the blank of every class tree-shaped is repeated as 3(nKClO3=3), KH2PO4What process is repeated as 10(nKClO3+KH2PO4=10) every class tree-shaped 3+3 × 10=33 tree, is namely added up to.
Interpretation
Computing formula according to above-mentioned growing degree-day (GDD) and growing degree days (CGDD) calculates, and during showing experiment in 2 years, GDD value change every day spoke is between 5.5-27.6 DEG C.Experiment periods GDD annual mean and similar (GDD20.3 ± 4.76 DEG C in 2012 of standard deviation, GDD20.0 ± 4.55 DEG C in 2013), annual growing degree days CGDD value 2012 slightly higher (7415 DEG C), but compare 2013 (7288 DEG C) and there is no significant difference.Winter (the 1-3 month) thermal change of 2 years experiment periods is notable, and there are a little thermal fluctuation in spring, summer (the 4-9 month), and the heat in autumn becomes spoke and increases (Fig. 2).Arillus Longan trophophase accumulation CGDD shows linear type ascendant trend (Fig. 3).All of GDD low value (< 15 DEG C) occur in the winter time (Fig. 2), but still there is no enough low temperature induction growth of flower buds.Institute is either with or without discharging flower forcing agent KClO3Longan (blank) all without growing bud (Fig. 4).
According to every degree/day of longan trophophase (short young sprout, flower forcing, bud stage, florescence, setting phase, long fruit phase, period of maturation) period actual monitoring, it is 6050 DEG C that Arillus Longan growth cycle always accumulates CGDD.The corresponding growing degree-day cumulative curve display linear type of each trophophase of equation [1] calculated Arillus Longan is utilized to rise (Fig. 3).By market discipline, the Arillus Longan price that early goes public during the 2-5 month is higher, and before therefore arranging on regulation and administration, Arillus Longan is picked complete in June season, then weeding, prunes the old tip, dwarfing and cleaning, starts short young sprout July.Therefore, Arillus Longan trophophase CGDD is from July 1 short young sprout
Later stage growing degree days (Fig. 3) before flower forcing.Flower forcing preliminary stage (short young sprout) growing degree days CGDD value is 1500 DEG C；Flower forcing later stage (discharges KClO3-hypnosis control shoot-Flower induction (anthogenesis organ growth)-bud occurs) CGDD value reaches 2850 DEG C.
Florescence continues 20 days.Florescence from alabastrum, flower rudiment, the flowers are in blossom to thank spend the time add up to 4 weeks, during this accumulate CGDD value total 400 DEG C.When setting is initial, total growing degree days CGDD value reaches 3250 (Fig. 3).Needing 145 days from setting-fruit sporophore growth to fruit maturation, this stage accumulation heat CGDD increases by 2800 DEG C.Needing 280 days altogether from short young sprout-flower forcing-bloom-this complete process of setting-fruit maturation, CGDD amounts to 6050 DEG C (Fig. 3).
Short process of spend-blooming is particularly critical and complicated.Short flower preliminary stage (short young sprout-hypnosis control shoot phase) CGDD value accounts for total accumulation CGDD value 30.6% (1850/6050)；Flower forcing later stage (floral organ reproductive growth-bud emergence period) accounts for 13.2%(800/6050)；Bloom-the setting initial phase accounts for 6.6% (400/6050).Amounting to, longan is urged young sprout-flower forcing-Xie and is spent stage accumulation CGDD value to account for the total growing degree days 52.9% (3200/6050) of whole growth course, accounts for 47.1% (2850/6050) from setting to fruit maturation stage CGDD value.
As it is shown in figure 1, root has discharged short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Nutrient potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH has been discharged with blade face2PO4) longan bloom vigorous (A), setting vigorous (B), result is very large uniformly, has market sale high value (C).
The benefit in good time downgrading the short tip, flower forcing and reinforcement leaf nutrition based on CGDD
The nutrition fertilizer added with being in proportion by longan volume has promoted the growth of young sprout branch.Compared with blank (without chemically composited fertilizer), chemically composited fertile NPK dosage (every childhood tree 0.5kg and every bearing tree 1.5kgN-P2O5-K2O15-15-15) young sprout branch diameter and elongation are significantly increased.
At short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Action condition under, Arillus Longan tree childhood becomes bouquet amount to be 38 ± 9 (n=33, blank becomes bouquet amount to be 0, is not counted in), and Arillus Longan bearing tree bouquet amount is 69 ± 8 (n=33, blank becomes bouquet amount to be 0, is not counted in).Short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Process and the impact inspection of Arillus Longan Cheng Hualiang diversity is found relative to blank, KClO3Lowest dose level all significantly contributes to and improves Arillus Longan tree childhood and bearing tree Cheng Hualiang, (Fig. 4).And relative to these lowest dose levels, median dose KClO30.30kg (tree childhood) and 0.60kg (bearing tree) still can significantly contribute to again and improve Arillus Longan tree childhood and become flower amount, but works as KClO3Rise to maximum dose level (0.40kg, childhood tree;0.60kg, bearing tree), its flower forcing benefit is slightly higher but the approximate flower forcing benefit (Fig. 4) being equal to median dose.
Longan Net long wave radiation in florescence PAR meansigma methods is 1015 μm of olm-2s-1, Ye Wen TrMeansigma methods is 33.9 DEG C, all only small (the 83.6 μm of olm of the two standard error value-2s-1And 1.53 DEG C, table 1).CO between leaf cells2Concentration (Ci) maximum is 302 μm of olm-2s-1, meansigma methods is 230.9 μm of olm-2s-1, it is Atmospheric CO2Concentration (Ca) 62%, such as Ci/CaShown in ratio (0.62, table 1).Ci/CaRatio maximum 0.78, close to Ci/Ca2 times of ratio minima.Leaf water-use ratio TrMeansigma methods is 3.80 μm of olm-2s-1, it is leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading gvs9 times.Photosynthetic rate PrMeansigma methods is 17.9 μm of olm-2s-1, by photosynthetic rate relative to CO between leaf cell2Concentration and the carboxylic efficiency meansigma methods that obtains is 0.08mmolm-2s-1, efficiency of water application (WUE) meansigma methods of photosynthesis is 4.929 μm of olmmol-1(table 1).Longan photosynthetic rate Pr, carboxylic efficiency CE and photosynthetic efficiency of water application WUE maximum occur at KH2PO4Treatment region, and these productivity's index variable minima occur in clear area, it is shown that KH2PO4Process the facilitation to longan photosynthate and efficiency of water application.
Longan physiologic variables has significant dependency relation.Regression Analysis Result shows, leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading gvsAnd CO between leaf cell2Concentration CiBecoming positive correlation, its correlation coefficient is up to 0.75(Fig. 5 A).CO between leaf cell2Concentration CiMore high, photosynthetic rate PrAlso (R is correspondingly increased2=0.57, Fig. 5 B).CO between carboxylic efficiency CE and leaf cell2Concentration (Ci) and Atmospheric CO2Concentration (Ca) ratio display positive correlation but Ci/CaRatio > 0.6 time, carboxylic efficiency CE show downward trend (Fig. 5 C).Leaf water-use ratio TrLow for 29mmolm-2s-1Time, the efficiency of water application (WUE) of photosynthesis is high, and when leaf water-use ratio increases, efficiency of water application (WUE) step-down (R2=0.69, Fig. 5 D).
Leaf nutrient potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) process affect highly significant (table 1) to longan physiology is photosynthetic.With KClO3Contrast, leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process is obviously promoted and improves CO between longan photosynthetic active radiation PAR, leaf cells2Concentration Ci, photosynthetic rate Pr, CO between leaf cell2Concentration CiWith Atmospheric CO2Concentration CaRatio Ci/Ca, carboxylic efficiency CE and photosynthesis efficiency of water application WUE.Meanwhile, leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process significantly decreases Ye Wen LT, leaf water-use ratio TrWith leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading gvs(table 1).
Table 1 leaf nutrition KH2PO4Process and short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Process and Arillus Longan bearing tree is contrasted in the impact of florescence and fruit development period physiologic variables and photosynthetic benefit
∮Net long wave radiation PAR (μm olm-2s-1), Ye Wen LT (DEG C), CO between leaf cell2Concentration Ci(μmolm-2s-1), leaf water-use ratio Tr(μmolm-2s-1), leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading gvs(μmolm-2s-1), photosynthetic rate Pr(μmolm-2s-1), carboxylic efficiency CE (molm-2s-1), efficiency of water application WUE (μm olmol of photosynthesis-1)。
Leaf nutrient KH2PO4The process time to childhood longan photosynthetic active radiation PAR, leaf stoma CO2-H2O degree of leading gvs, leaf stoma impedance RvsWith Ye Wen-air Temperature Difference CupT affect highly significant (Fig. 6).Photosynthetic active radiation and leaf stoma degree of leading gvsValue is along with KH2PO4The amount of discharging and increase (Fig. 6 A), leaf stoma impedance RvsWith Ye Wen-air Temperature Difference CupT value along with KH2PO4The amount of discharging and reduce (Fig. 6 B).These experimental results demonstrate through pruning-short this process of the tip-control shoot after, apply leaf nutrient in florescence and fruiting period and can make that longan is more efficient utilizes light radiation and leaf stoma CO2And improve its photosynthesis Pr, carboxylic efficiency CE and photosynthesis efficiency of water application WUE (table 1).
Downgrade the relation of control shoot-flower forcing-Ye nutrition and Longan Output and quality
Rational root urgees fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Process and leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process make longan bloom vigorous, result is very large uniformly, color of the leather uniformly (Figure 1A, 1C), thus has market high value.Discharge flower forcing agent KClO equally3But there is no KH2PO4The longan fruit processed is less than normal, lacks market high value, and especially wherein 5-8% fruit is too little does not meet list marketing standard.Only discharging short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3Treatment conditions under, every bearing tree vendible Arillus Longan fresh fruit yield average out to 40kg(n=3).Nutrient KH is rationally carried out in good time2PO4Treatment conditions under, every vendible fresh fruit average product of adult tree significantly increases 57-66kg(Fig. 7), on average every childhood the vendible Arillus Longan fresh fruit yield of tree be 28 ± 9kg.The short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO of mathematics quantitative testing result verification3Process and leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process the significance difference opposite sex (Fig. 7) interacted on increasing the impact of longan fruit yield.The honest significant difference value of Tukey ' s inspection (Tukey ' sHonestlySignificantDifference) HSD=6.2kg(n=10).
Longan fruit qualitative effects factor depends on that leaf nutrient manages.Inspection comparing result finds short fertilizers for potted flowers KClO3And leaf nutrient KH2PO4The impact of longan fruit quality and leaf liquid NK content is notable.Rational leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process is not only able to significantly improve Arillus Longan market value (fruit size, color evenness and yield), and dramatically increases sarcocarp net weight and fruit quality (containing pol, K+Content and TDS etc.) (Fig. 8).Leaf nutrient KH2PO4Process makes on average every 10 longan pulp nt wt net weights bring up to 31g from 22g.The average of fruit is 15.4% containing pol.Adding 200ppm dosage nutrient KH2PO4Under treatment conditions, the TDS mean concentration of fresh fruit is significantly increased to 13.2%, and as nutrient KH2PO4When dosage is to 400-ppm, TDS can also significantly increase 16.5% (Tukey ' the honest significant difference value of s inspection, Tukey ' sHonestlySignificantDifferenceHSD=3.1%, n=10) again.
Based on temperature fluctuation change between year border, area, the growing degree-day CGDD value deviation obtained in application present invention experiment is in ± 100 DEG C, it is contemplated that can obtain the distinct economic to the short fruit of promoting blossom of longan tree.
Claims (7)
1. improve longan abloom rate and a method for fruit product matter, comprise the steps:
1) longan trophophase growing degree days is initial: after picking preceding quarter fruit, prune the old tip, to be designated as the starting date of Arillus Longan growing degree-day GDD after pruning next day, starts to calculate longan trophophase growing degree days CGDD；
2) the short young sprout of nutrition: according to tree body size and soil fertility, apply nutrition fertilizer, promotes young sprout growth, young sprout is pruned, each tree retains 90～100 young sprouts being suitable to setting；
3) flower forcing induction: when growing degree days CGDD reaches 1500 ± 100 DEG C, uses tree crown circumference soil layer root method to discharge short fertilizers for potted flowers and carries out flower forcing induction；
4) branch/tip leaf dormancy induction: when growing degree days reaches 1600 ± 100 DEG C, uses dormancy inducer, and induction branch enters resting state, weakens and and then stops branch/tip leaf growth；
5) promote longan growth concentration to be converted into floral organ reproductive growth: when growing degree days reaches 1850 ± 100 DEG C, to use reproductive growth regulator, promote longan growth concentration to transfer floral organ reproductive growth to；
6) floral organ reproductive growth and short flower: when growing degree days reaches 2150 ± 100 DEG C, uses short flower nutrient, makes bud genitals obtain more sufficient nutrition, promote bud differentiation；
Wherein, growing degree days CGDD and growing degree-day GDD computing formula are:
CGDD=∑ GDDn=∑ n { [(Tmax+Tmin)/2] 5 }
In formula, TmaxFor the maximum temperature in longan trophophase 1 day, TminFor the minimum temperature in trophophase 1 day, n is trophophase natural law, and at daily mean temperature lower than 5 DEG C, or when higher than 35 DEG C, the GDD on the same day is 0.
2. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: short fertilizers for potted flowers is mainly composed of potassium chlorate KClO3。
3. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: dormancy inducer is selected from paclobutrazol (PP333).
4. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: reproductive growth regulator is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
5. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: short flower nutrient is selected from gibberellins, defoliant ethephon, uniconazole P.
6. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: Post flowering, execute quick-acting fertilizer, strengthen Arillus Longan leaves nutrient to promote physiology photosynthetic and to produce enough organic substance supply longan settings and fruit growth.
7. method according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: quick-acting fertilizer is selected from KH2PO4, NPK plant vitamin.
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| CN104904505A (en) * | 2015-05-12 | 2015-09-16 | 广西大学 | Longan heavy retractive pruning tree flower-formation promoting method |
| CN108154320B (en) * | 2018-02-08 | 2022-12-13 | 湖南环境生物职业技术学院 | Clonal fir leaf surface photosynthetic benefit approximation calculation method |
| TN2018000080A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 | 2019-07-08 | Boussen Aziza | Planner-Precursor of cultural and phytosanitary interventions. |
| CN110226447B (en) * | 2019-07-29 | 2022-01-21 | 中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所 | Exogenous gibberellin spike increasing method for pepper |
| CN110352774A (en) * | 2019-08-16 | 2019-10-22 | 冼志强 | A kind of promoting blossom of longan tree in irregular season method |
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