CN104250176B - Method for improving sand blown soil by using multi-element compound fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for improving sand blown soil by using multi-element compound fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN104250176B CN104250176B CN201310265448.1A CN201310265448A CN104250176B CN 104250176 B CN104250176 B CN 104250176B CN 201310265448 A CN201310265448 A CN 201310265448A CN 104250176 B CN104250176 B CN 104250176B
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 240000007087 Apium graveolens Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 241000227653 Lycopersicon Species 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000015849 Apium graveolens Dulce Group Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000010591 Appio Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003516 soil conditioner Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002597 Solanum melongena Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061458 Solanum melongena Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002688 soil aggregate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving sand blown soil by using a multi-element compound fertilizer; the multielement compound fertilizer is calculated according to 1000kg of raw materials: 465kg of urea, wherein the urea comprises 0.2-0.4 kg of SODm, 255kg of monoammonium phosphate, 105kg of potassium chloride, 135-157.5 kg of bentonite and 17.5-40 kg of desulfurized gypsum; the multi-element compound fertilizer used by the method can adjust the soil pH value, reduce the sand grain content of the sand blown soil, increase the clay grain content, promote the formation of the block structure of the sand blown soil, promote the accumulation of organic matters and the improvement of fertility of the sand blown soil, enhance the drought resistance, cold resistance and saline alkali resistance of crops planted on the sand blown soil, plant celery and tomatoes on the improved alkaline sand blown soil, increase the yield of the tomatoes by 5.5 percent and increase the yield of the celery by 24.6 percent.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of method utilizing multi-element compound fertilizer improvement dust storm soil.
Background technology:
Domestic have research and utilization desulfuration waste to produce dealkalize conditioned fertilizer, reports the document of increasing crop yield effect.
As: " a kind of Dealkalized wet desulfurization waste is fertile for the national patent of Huang Dezhi of Dalian Polytechnic University et al. application in 2011
Material and preparation method thereof " to describe a kind of Dealkalized wet desulfurization waste in (application number: CN201110190313.4) fertile
Material, its raw material constituent is: desulfurated plaster, oligochitosan, chemical fertilizer material etc..After using this kind of dealkalize conditioned fertilizer after deliberation,
Herba Apii graveolentis volume increase 11.5%, Yield Increase In Cotton 8.5%.Contrasting with the present invention, this research lays particular emphasis on solodization modification thus reaches farming
Thing volume increase purpose, but fail the interior external quality to this kind of fertilizer, storge quality provide infallible data, also fail to product
The feasibility of commercialized degree and large-scale production provides technological parameter.
Domestic have research ardealite adding proportion in compound fertilizer to granulation of compound fertilizer, the literary composition of product quality impact
Offer report.As: national patent " a kind of raising compound fertilizer of Tang Weihua of Hubei Yangfeng Stock Co., Ltd et al. application in 2007
The method of product balling ratio " (application number: CN200710052656.8) makes referrals to, ardealite weight ratio is: compound fertilizer
Raw material: can improve balling ratio of complex fertilizer product during ardealite=100:1.8~2.2, pelletize balling ratio is up to 70~80%.With this
Bright contrast, ardealite is different with constituent with the physical property of desulfurated plaster (desulfurization slag).
Domestic have research desulfuration waste to coordinate the document to alkaline land improving effect to report with fertilizer.As: Qinghai is big
Learn Wang Yanping et al. 2011 of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College civilian in " desulfuration waste coordinate with fertilizer the improved effect to salt-soda soil "
In make referrals to, use split plot experiment design, research the difference amount of executing desulfuration waste and variety classes fertilizer compounding application to salt
The impact of alkali ground growth.Compared with the present invention, this research use desulfuration waste and fertilizer with the use of, do not grind
Study carefully the industrial processes of commercial fertilizer.
Domestic have research soil conditioner to report the document of aeolian sandy soil water-stable aggregate improved effect.As: west
Cao Lihua of north agriculture and forestry science and technology university Zi Huan institute et al. 2007 is " soil conditioner is to aeolian sandy soil water-stable aggregate
Improved effect and the research of mechanism " literary composition makes referrals to, use 4 kinds of soil such as PAM, beta-schardinger dextrin-, Wote super absorbent, humic acid
Texture modifier, is cultivated by indoor soil-column, studies its improved effect to aeolian sandy soil.Result shows: 4 kinds of modifying agents are in concentration
When being 0.05%~0.4%, all can effectively reduce the fractal dimension of aeolian sandy soil aggregate, improve aeolian sandy soil structure.With the present invention
Contrast, selected modifying agent is different.
The domestic document report having research peat amelioration aeolian sandy soil.As: Shenyang Inst. of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wang Guirong et al. makes referrals in " test of peat amelioration aeolian sandy soil " literary composition for 1998, and peat has preferably improvement to aeolian sandy soil
Effect, alkalescence aeolian sandy soil applies appropriate peat, can substantially increase soil nutrient, reduces alkalescence.Contrast with the present invention, this research
Select peat as modifying agent.
In range of search, comprehensively detect document, make after relative analysis drawing a conclusion: the most domestic have research desulfurated plaster
The document of increasing crop yield effect is reported by compound fertilizer.The most domestic have research ardealite adding proportion pair in compound fertilizer
Granulation of compound fertilizer, the document report of product quality impact;But there are no research desulfurated plaster interpolation ratio in compound fertilizer
Example is on granulation of compound fertilizer, product quality, the document report of storge quality impact.
Domestic have research desulfuration waste to coordinate the document to alkaline land improving effect to report with fertilizer;Research corruption is had to plant
The document of dust storm soil w ater-stable aggregates improved effect is reported by the soil conditioners such as acid;There is research peat to aeolian sandy soil
The document report of earth improved effect;But there are no and research compound fertilizer adds desulfurated plaster and SODm to dust storm soil improvement effect
The document report of fruit.
Ningxia Petrochemical company of CNPC is a chemical fertilizer production enterprise, and main chemical fertilizer products is carbamide and compound fertilizer,
Annual flue gas desulfurization produces substantial amounts of desulfurated plaster, and environment causes the biggest pressure, for make desulfurated plaster (main calcic, sulfur,
The plant nutrient such as silicon, magnesium) agricultural resources utilize be possibly realized,
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of method utilizing multi-element compound fertilizer improvement dust storm soil, this fertilizer is with de-
Sulfur Gypsum Fibrosum and SODm as the multi-element complex mixed fertilizer of Additive Production, the granule strength of product, caking performance, store transportability
Can be good.Soil depletion, the content of organic matter is low, lacks various nutrient, and arid, is the key factor of aeolian sandy soil low yield, SODm
Also it is one of protective enzyme important in plant, it is possible to strengthen the salt drought-resistant, cold-resistant, anti-of the crops of dust storm grown on soil
The anti-adversity abilities such as alkali, can improve utilization rate of fertilizer, save fertilizer amount, delay crop old and feeble, regulate soil acidity or alkalinity, improve soil
Earth structure, improves the photosynthetic production capacity of solid middle and late stage blade.Desulfurated plaster has improvement soil and provides Calcium in Plants, sulfur battalion
The dual function supported.This product contains various nutrient elements, and this product of life-time service can play training of improving the soil dust storm soil
Fertile effect, improves the water conservation fertilizer-preserving ability of aeolian sandy soil soil, increases the colloidal content of sandy soil.The plantation agriculture of dust storm soil can be improved
The yield of crop and the quality of agricultural product.
A kind of dust storm soil improvement multi-element compound fertilizer of the present invention is 42%(24-12-6) complex fertilizer product is (always
Nutrient content: 42%, single nutrient content: containing N24%;Containing P2O512%;Containing potassium oxide K2O6%);Calculate according to 1000kg raw material: urine
Element 465kg(is containing SODm0.2~0.4kg), MAP 255kg, potassium chloride 105kg, bentonite 135~157.5kg, desulfurization stone
Cream 17.5~40kg;(total raw material contains desulfurated plaster 1.75%~4%),
(2) feedstock specifications:
The urea liquid (containing N:46%, Ningxia Petrochemical company produces) of 96%, (powder, containing N10%P for phosphoric acid one2O5:48%,
Three ring boards, cloud river board), potassium chloride is (containing K2O:57%, salt bridge), bentonite: (mesh number: 100, the place of production: Inner Mongol), desulfurated plaster:
(mesh number: 100, Ningxia Petrochemical company produces).SODm:(concentration 30%, Beijing Huamei Tianyi Technology Development Co., Ltd. provides).
(3) main component of Ningxia Petrochemical company desulfurated plaster and content (following table) %
(4) Ningxia Petrochemical company desulfurated plaster contents of heavy metal elements (following table):
mg/k
Project | pb | Cd | Cr | Se | Ni | Cu | As |
Measured value | 7.2 | 0.20 | 23.3 | 1.80 | 8.0 | 20.3 | 1.92 |
The indexs such as vertical distribution Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Se, Ni, Cu contained by desulfurizing byproduct are less than GB Gao Rong
Permitted amount and standard of soil environment quality.
(5) necessary working condition and processing step:
Coal-fired flue gas desulfurization produce desulfurated plaster, through dry in the sun be dehydrated, by dry desulfurated plaster through simple crushing,
Screening, the pack of qualified fines is standby.During production, by solid material needed for composite heat transfer according to recipe calculation, join dispensing
Mixing in agitator, raw material, urine that proportioning is good enter comminutor by measuring belt, effusion meter proportioning and produce granulating, produce
During by regulation the good prilling temperature of pelletize automatic steam control, humidity, optimize system granulating effect, by regulation baking temperature,
Air quantity, screening effect and interpolation anti-caking agent, it is ensured that qualified product.
The effect of invention
After adding desulfurated plaster in composite heat transfer, normally, material passes in and out for system circulation, pelletize, volume of production, technological parameter
Balance, produces compound fertilizer per ton and can reduce cost 5~14 yuan, and the every quality index of product all meets GB15063 2001 standard
Requirement, granulating rate 60-70%, epigranular degree is qualified, and during storage, physical property is good, and solubility property is good, and degree of agglomeration subtracts
Gently, quality meets national standard, it is possible to regulation soil acidity or alkalinity;Reduce dust storm soil sand grain content, increase clay content, promote
The formation of dust storm soil lumpiness, promotes accumulation and the raising of fertility of the dust storm soil organism, strengthens and plants on dust storm soil
Plant the drought resisting of crops, cold-resistant, salinity and alkalinity resistance, use this product testing alkalescence dust storm grown on soil Herba Apii graveolentis, Fructus Lycopersici esculenti, kind
Eggplant volume increase 5.5%, Herba Apii graveolentis volume increase 24.6%.
Detailed description of the invention
Embodiment 1
A kind of dust storm soil improvement multi-element compound fertilizer of the present invention calculates according to 1000kg raw material: carbamide
465kg(contain SODm0.2kg), MAP 255kg, potassium chloride 105kg, bentonite 135kg, desulfurated plaster 40kg.
Embodiment 2
A kind of dust storm soil improvement multi-element compound fertilizer of the present invention calculates according to 1000kg raw material: carbamide
465kg(contain SODm0.4kg), MAP 255kg, potassium chloride 105kg, bentonite 157.5kg, desulfurated plaster 17.5kg.
Embodiment 3
A kind of dust storm soil improvement multi-element compound fertilizer of the present invention calculates according to 1000kg raw material: carbamide
465kg(contain SODm0.3kg), MAP 255kg, potassium chloride 105kg, bentonite 150kg, desulfurated plaster 25kg.
Claims (1)
1. one kind utilize multi-element compound fertilizer improvement dust storm soil method, it is characterised in that: this multi-element compound fertilizer according to
1000kg raw material calculates: carbamide 465kg, wherein containing SODm0.2~0.4kg, MAP 255kg, potassium chloride 105kg, swelling
Soil 135~157.5kg, desulfurated plaster 17.5~40kg, use described multi-element compound fertilizer with to institute in described dust storm soil
State dust storm soil to improve.
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CN201310265448.1A CN104250176B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Method for improving sand blown soil by using multi-element compound fertilizer |
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CN201310265448.1A CN104250176B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Method for improving sand blown soil by using multi-element compound fertilizer |
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CN1837154A (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2006-09-27 | 北京华美天意科技开发有限公司 | SODM urea and its preparing process and application |
CN101456765A (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-17 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Special compound fertilizer for saline-alkali soil improvement |
CN101503327A (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2009-08-12 | 宁夏大学 | Special improver for alkaline soil alkalinity reducing salt-restricting sunflower and method of processing the same |
CN101993312A (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2011-03-30 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Resource utilization of coal-fired flue gas desulfurization waste |
CN102050652A (en) * | 2010-09-01 | 2011-05-11 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | SODM fruit tree compound special fertilizer |
CN102351611A (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2012-02-15 | 蔡明� | Soil improvement regulator and its preparation method |
-
2013
- 2013-06-28 CN CN201310265448.1A patent/CN104250176B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1837154A (en) * | 2006-01-25 | 2006-09-27 | 北京华美天意科技开发有限公司 | SODM urea and its preparing process and application |
CN101456765A (en) * | 2007-12-12 | 2009-06-17 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Special compound fertilizer for saline-alkali soil improvement |
CN101503327A (en) * | 2009-03-03 | 2009-08-12 | 宁夏大学 | Special improver for alkaline soil alkalinity reducing salt-restricting sunflower and method of processing the same |
CN101993312A (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2011-03-30 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Resource utilization of coal-fired flue gas desulfurization waste |
CN102050652A (en) * | 2010-09-01 | 2011-05-11 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | SODM fruit tree compound special fertilizer |
CN102351611A (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2012-02-15 | 蔡明� | Soil improvement regulator and its preparation method |
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