CN1041085C - 用亲电子反应制备芳族化合物的方法及芳族化合物衍生物 - Google Patents
用亲电子反应制备芳族化合物的方法及芳族化合物衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 238000007350 electrophilic reaction Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000802 nitrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 16
- -1 5-substituted benzene Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229940055858 aluminum chloride anhydrous Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RRIVDXCDEBCNTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)acetonitrile Chemical compound FC1=CC=C(OCC#N)C(Cl)=C1 RRIVDXCDEBCNTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000003810 ethyl acetate extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010898 silica gel chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)Cl QPFMBZIOSGYJDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGCXGMAHQTYDJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroacetyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)=O VGCXGMAHQTYDJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WHCICZKYEXEKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-nitrophenoxy)acetamide Chemical compound C(C)(=O)NOC1=C(C=C(C(=C1)[N+](=O)[O-])F)Cl WHCICZKYEXEKGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SXUPFZBMXZVMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)acetamide Chemical compound C(C)(=O)NOC1=C(C=C(C=C1)F)Cl SXUPFZBMXZVMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 2
- FBCCMZVIWNDFMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloroacetyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(Cl)C(Cl)=O FBCCMZVIWNDFMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000005826 halohydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000006396 nitration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- AOSZTAHDEDLTLQ-AZKQZHLXSA-N (1S,2S,4R,8S,9S,11S,12R,13S,19S)-6-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-12,19-difluoro-11-hydroxy-8-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-9,13-dimethyl-6-azapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosa-14,17-dien-16-one Chemical compound C([C@@H]1C[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4[C@@H](F)C3)C)(F)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]2([C@@]1(C1)C(=O)CO)C)N1CC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1 AOSZTAHDEDLTLQ-AZKQZHLXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZUVGFMDDVSKSI-WIFOCOSTSA-N (1s,2s,3s,5r)-1-(carboxymethyl)-3,5-bis[(4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-propylcarbamoyl]cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound O=C([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@](CC(O)=O)([C@H](C(=O)N(CCC)CC=2C=CC(OC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C1)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)N(CCC)CC(C=C1)=CC=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 SZUVGFMDDVSKSI-WIFOCOSTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[5-[(3aS,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoylamino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[1-bis(4-chlorophenoxy)phosphorylbutylamino]-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCCC1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]12)C(C)C)P(=O)(Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1)Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1 QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFQPVBJOKYSPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-one Chemical compound CN1C=CN(C)C1=O CFQPVBJOKYSPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNILWMWFPHPYOR-KXEYIPSPSA-M 1-[6-[2-[3-[3-[3-[2-[2-[3-[[2-[2-[[(2r)-1-[[2-[[(2r)-1-[3-[2-[2-[3-[[2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxy)acetyl]amino]propoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]propylamino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[(2r)-2,3-di(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl]sulfanyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl Chemical compound O=C1C(SCCC(=O)NCCCOCCOCCOCCCNC(=O)COCC(=O)N[C@@H](CSC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](CO)C(=O)NCCCOCCOCCOCCCNC(=O)COCC(N)=O)CC(=O)N1CCNC(=O)CCCCCN\1C2=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2CC/1=C/C=C/C=C/C1=[N+](CC)C2=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C2C1 UNILWMWFPHPYOR-KXEYIPSPSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZCRBVVKRZYTNFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)COC1=CC=C(F)C=C1Cl ZCRBVVKRZYTNFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPDJVDKYVQBDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(5-bromo-2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)acetonitrile Chemical compound BrC=1C(=CC(=C(OCC#N)C1)Cl)F NPDJVDKYVQBDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RAGVFPXNNBOQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Br[Fe] Chemical compound Br[Fe] RAGVFPXNNBOQQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon disulfide Chemical compound S=C=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940126657 Compound 17 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical class [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Cl] Chemical compound [Na].[Cl] DPDMMXDBJGCCQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPFIZJURHXINSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nitric acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O.O[N+]([O-])=O GPFIZJURHXINSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLIZFJSBNTXDBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl acetate;nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.CC(=O)OC(C)=O NLIZFJSBNTXDBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012346 acetyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001118 alkylidene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940058344 antitrematodals organophosphorous compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine monochloride Chemical compound BrCl CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OLVFZFJWXJHZMG-UHFFFAOYSA-K bromo(dichloro)alumane Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Br OLVFZFJWXJHZMG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorogallium Chemical compound [Ga]Cl XOYLJNJLGBYDTH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940126543 compound 14 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125782 compound 2 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940126214 compound 3 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007336 electrophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002140 halogenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000026030 halogenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005658 halogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229940059936 lithium bromide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLVVHAZWQMPYSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.OC(=O)C(F)(F)F KLVVHAZWQMPYSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZODDGFAZWTZOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;sulfuric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.OS(O)(=O)=O ZODDGFAZWTZOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002898 organic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002903 organophosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007348 radical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C205/27—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups
- C07C205/35—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
- C07C205/36—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring or to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same condensed ring system
- C07C205/37—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring or to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same condensed ring system the oxygen atom of at least one of the etherified hydroxy groups being further bound to an acyclic carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
- C07C51/363—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by introduction of halogen; by substitution of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
- C07C201/14—Preparation of nitro compounds by formation of nitro groups together with reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
- C07C231/06—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides from nitriles by transformation of cyano groups into carboxamide groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C235/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms
- C07C235/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C235/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
- C07C235/18—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having at least one of the singly-bound oxygen atoms further bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. phenoxyacetamides
- C07C235/20—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by oxygen atoms having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated having at least one of the singly-bound oxygen atoms further bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring, e.g. phenoxyacetamides having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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Abstract
公开了一种制备式(Ⅰ)芳族化合物的方法,该方法包括使亲电子试剂与下述式(Ⅱ)化合物反应:
(式中R、X1、X2和Y同说明书中定义),将取代基选择性导入芳环中及公开了由此制得的新化合物。
Description
本发明涉及通式(I)表示的芳族化合物的制备方法:〔式中X1和X2是卤原子,其可相同或不同;R为下式表示的基团:式中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,Z为腈基,-CO-OR3(式中R3是氢原子或低级烷基)或-CO-N(R4)R5(式中R4和R5是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,R4和R5可连在一起表示一个亚烷基);Y是硝基、卤原子、卤代烷基或下式表示的基团:式中R6,R7和R8是氢原子、卤原子或腈基,其可相同或不同〕,该方法包括使亲电子试剂与通式(II)表示的基团反应:〔式中X1,X2和R的含义同上),以及由此制得的芳族衍生物。
在苯环上进行亲电子取代反应早已为公众所知,但从本发明所采用的通式(II)化合物选择性地制备通式(I)的1,2,4,5-取代苯衍生物的方法尚不为公众所知。Rec.Trav.Chim.,75,190(1956)公开了下述方法:
当采用该方法时,取代基不能被导入所期望的取代位置上,并且甲氧基被转化为羟基。因此不可能制得在取代位置上选择性导入取代基所形成的相应于本发明中制得的通式(I)所表示的化合物。
本发明的发明人认真研究了在芳环上选择性导入取代基的方法后完成了本发明。用本发明制备方法制得的通式(I)的芳族化合物可被用做药物、杀虫剂、化学品等的中间体,其中的一些化合物是新的。
本发明中的术语“低级”烷基及其类似说法表示具有1~6个碳原子的基团。
用于制备通式(I)芳族化合物的本发明的方法具体解释如下:1.硝化反应
任何溶剂,只要其不明显阻抑反应进程,均可被用做本反应的惰性溶剂。例如有硝酸、硫酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸及三氟甲烷磺酸。这些惰性溶剂可被单独使用或以混合物形式使用。
可被用做硝化剂的例子有:硝酸、硝酸-硫酸、发烟硝酸、发烟硝酸-硫酸、硝酸-乙酸、硝酸-乙酸酐、硝酸-三氟乙酸及硝酸-三氟甲烷磺酸。
所使用的硝化试剂的量对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物可在1摩尔~过量摩尔数这一范围内选择。
可供选择的反应温度范围为-20℃~150℃,优选的为0℃~50℃。
反应时间依据反应温度、反应程度等因素而改变,可供选择的范围为几分钟~100小时。
反应结束后,用如溶剂萃取的常规方法从含该化合物的反应混合物中分离所期望的产物,如果有必要可用重结晶等方法提纯,藉此制得所期望的化合物。2.卤化反应
该方法采用存在于惰性溶剂中的卤化试剂选择性卤化通式(II)的化合物制得通式(I-2)的芳族化合物。式中X1,X2和R含义同上,Y1为卤原子。
任何溶剂,只要其不明显阻抑反应进程均可被用作本反应的惰性溶剂。例子有:卤代烃(如二氯甲烷、氯纺、四氯化碳和二氯乙烷)、硫酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸、三氟甲烷磺酸、二甲基甲酰胺、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮及四氢噻吩砜。这些惰性溶剂可单独使用或以混合物形式使用。
可被用做卤化试剂的例子有:氯、溴、氯-溴、溴-氯化铝、溴-铁、溴-硫酸银。
卤化试剂的用量,对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物在1摩尔~过量摩尔数(卤化试剂)这一范围内适当选择。
可供选择的反应温度范围为0℃~150℃,优选的为20℃~100℃。
反应时间依据反应温度、反应程度等因素变化,其可供选择的范围为几分钟~100小时。
反应结束后,用如溶剂萃取的常规方法从含该化合物的反应混合物中分离出所期望的化合物,如果有必要用重结晶等方法提纯,藉此制得所期望的化合物。3.弗瑞德—克莱福特(Friedel-Crafts)反应
本反应在有或没有惰性溶剂及盐存在的条件下,用路易斯(Lewis)酸及通式(III)、(IV)或(V)的化合物与通式(II)的化合物反应制得通式(I-3)的芳族化合物。式中X1、X2和R含义同上,Y1为卤代烷基或下式表示的基团:(式中R6、R7和R8是氢原子、卤原子或氰基,其可相同或不同),X3是卤原子,X4是卤原子,其可相同或不同。
反应在有或没有惰性溶剂的存在下进行。可被用做惰性溶剂的例子有:硝基烷烃如硝基甲烷等;卤代烃,如二氯甲烷、四氯化碳、四氯乙烷、二氯乙烷等;芳烃,如硝基苯等;酰胺,如N-甲基-吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等;尿素衍生物,如N,N,N′-四甲基尿素、N,N-二甲基咪唑啉酮等;有机碱,如吡啶、三乙胺等;有机硫化合物,如二硫化碳、二甲亚砜、四氢噻吩砜等;醇类,如乙醇,乙二醇等;腈类,如乙腈,苄腈等;和有机磷化合物,如磷酰氯、六甲基磷酰胺等。这些惰性溶剂可单独使用或以混合物形式使用。
尽管不是十分严格,但惰性溶剂的用量最好对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物为0.5~10摩尔。
本发明中使用的盐的例子有:氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化钙、氯化镁、氯化锂、溴化钠、溴化钾、溴化锂、铵盐(如氯化四甲基铵)及磺酸盐(如三氟甲烷磺酸钠)。这些盐可单独使用或以混合物的形式使用。
盐的用量,对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物在0.5~10摩尔(盐)这一范围内进行适当的选择。
可被用做路易斯酸的例子有:AlCl3、AlBr3、AlI3、FeCl3、FeBr3、TiCl4、SnCl4、ZnCl2、GaCl3等。
路易斯酸的用量,对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物可在1摩尔~过量摩尔数(路易斯酸)这一范围内进行选择,优选的是对每摩尔该化合物选择3~8摩尔路易斯酸。
通式(III)、(IV)或(V)化合物的用量可对于每摩尔通式(II)化合物在0.5~2摩尔这一范围内进行适当的选择。
通式(V)化合物既可用做反应物也可用做惰性溶剂,因此可大大过量地使用。
反应温度可从0℃~180℃、优选为60℃~100℃这一范围内选择。
反应时间依据反应温度,反应程度等因素而变化,其可从几分钟~100小时这一范围内进行选择。
反应结束后,用如溶剂萃取法的常规方法从含有该化合物的反应混合物中分离出所期望的化合物,如果有必要可用重结晶等方法提纯,藉此制得所期望的化合物。
如前所述,由此制得的某些化合物是新的。即通式(I)表示的芳族化合物,〔式中X1和X2是卤原子,其可相同或不同;R为下式表示的基团:(式中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,Z为氰基,-CO-OR3(式中R3是氢原子或低级烷基)或-CO-N(R4)R5(式中R4和R5是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,R4和R5可连在一起表示一个亚烷基));Y是硝基、卤原子、卤代烷基或下式表示的基团:(式中R6、R7和R8是氢原子、卤原子或氰基,其可相同或不同),倘若Y是硝基时,X1为氟原子,X2是氯原子及Z是氰基或-CONR4R5;若当Y是氟原子时,X1为氟原子,X2是氯原子及Z是氰基;若当Y是氯原子时,X1是氟原子,X2是氯原子及Z是-COOR3(式中R3为除氢外的基团)、-CONR4R5或氰基〕时是新的。
其中Y是(式中R6、R7和R8是氢原子、卤原子或氰基,其可相同或不同)时的那些化合物被用作制备公开在日本特许公开No.3-163063(JP-A-3-163063)中的除草剂的中间体。
特别是R为:式中R1和R2是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,Z是-CON(R4)R5(式中R4和R5是氢原子或低级烷基,其可相同或不同,R4和R5可连在一起表示亚烷基)时的那些化合物是(制备)所述除草剂的十分有用的中间体。
下面给出本发明的典型实施例,但不应将其视作对本发明范围的限定。
实施例1(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯氧基)乙酰胺(化合物1)的制备在8ml97%硫酸中溶解3.7g(0.02mole)(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈,并在10℃或更低的温度下向所得溶液中搅拌加入2.5ml60~62%硝酸和5.8ml97%硫酸的混和酸,此后使反应在室温下进行1.5小时。
反应结束后,将反应溶液倒入冰水中,过滤收集沉淀的晶体,水洗然后干燥,获得黄色粗晶体状的所期望化合物(产率68%)。
用乙酸乙酯将制得的粗晶体重结晶制得2.5g淡黄色晶体状的所期望化合物。
物理性能:熔点:182~182.5℃,产率:50.5%。NMR〔DMSO/TMS,δ值(ppm)〕。
4.75(s,2H),7.50(bd,2H,J=0.6Hz),
7.75(d,2H,J=7Hz),7.97(d,2H,J=11Hz)
实施例2(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯氧基)乙酰胺(化合物1)的制备用(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙酰胺4.1g(0.02mole)代替(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈,按与实施例1相同的方法反应5小时制得3.6g所期望的化合物,产率72.4%。
实施例3(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯氧基)乙酸(化合物2)的制备
用与实施例1相同的方法,使4.6g(0.02mole)(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙酸乙酯反应,然后在室温下放置过夜。
反应结束后,将含有所期望产物的反应溶液倒入冰水中,用乙酸乙酯萃取所期望的产物。
用水洗涤萃取液并用硫酸镁干燥,此后减压蒸出溶剂。用硅胶柱色谱(CH2Cl2-CH3OH)提纯所得剩余物制得所期望化合物的无定形(asocherous)晶体,产率30.2%。NMR〔DMSO/TMS,δ值(ppm)〕
4.57(s,2H),7.50(bd,2H,J=0.6Hz),
7.75(d,2H,J=7Hz),7.97(d,2H,J=11Hz),
13.90(bs,1H).实施例4(5-溴-2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈(化合物3)的制备
在10ml二氯甲烷中悬浮1.0g(7.5mmole)无水氯化铝,并将1.0g(5.4mmole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈加至该悬浮液中,此后回流下滴加0.95g(5.9mmole)的溴。滴加结束后使反应在回流下进行2小时。
反应结束后,使反应混合物冷却,然后将其倒入冰水中,用乙醚萃取所期望的化合物。
用水、10%硫代硫酸钠水溶液和饱和氯化钠水溶液依次洗涤萃取液,并用硫酸镁干燥。然后减压下蒸去溶剂,用正己烷重结晶所得残余物制得1.1g所期望的化合物。
物理性能:熔点:72.3℃,产率:77%。
实施例5(2-氯-5-氯乙酰基-4-氟苯氧基)乙酰胺(化合物6)的制备
将0.85g(7.5mmole)氯乙酰氯与2.0g(15.0mmoles)无水氯化铝混合,将所得混合物加热至80℃,然后加入1.0g(4.9mmoles)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙酰胺并使反应在90℃下进行9小时。
反应结束后,将反应混合物冷却至80℃并加入5ml乙酸。将由此制得的混合物倒入冰水中,过滤收集沉淀的结晶并用乙醇重结晶获得1.0g所期望的化合物。
物理性能:熔点:166.3℃,产率:73%。
将0.93g(6.3mmole)的二氯乙酰氯与2.0g(15.0mmoles)无水氯化铝混合,并将所得混合物加热至50℃。然后加入1.0g(4.9m-mole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙酰胺,并在70~80℃下使反应进行8小时。
反应结束后,使反应混合物冷却并加入冰水,然后搅拌2小时。用乙酸乙酯萃取出所期望的化合物,用水洗涤萃取液并用硫酸镁干燥。然后减压蒸去乙酸乙酯,用硅胶柱色谱提纯所得残余物,制得0.5g所期望的化合物。
物理性能:熔点:132.3℃,产率:33%。
实施例7(2-氯-5-氯乙酰基-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈(化合物11)的制备
将0.85g(7.5mmole)的氯乙酰氯与2.0g(15.0mmole)无水氯化铝混合,并将所得混合物加热至60℃。然后加入0.9g(4.0mmole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈并使反应在70℃下进行3小时。
反应结束后,将反应混合物倒入冰水中并搅拌1小时。过滤收集沉淀的结晶并用乙醇重结晶制得0.93g所期望的化合物。
物理性能:熔点:122.1℃,产率:73%。
实施例8(2-氯-5-二氯乙酰基-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈(化合物13)的制备
将0.93g(6.3mmole)的二氯乙酰氯和0.9g(4.9mmole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈与2.0g(15.0mmole)的无水氯化铝混合物,使反应在60℃下进行2小时。
反应结束后,将反应混合物冷却并加入5ml硝基甲烷。将所得混合物倒入冰水中,此后用乙酸乙酯萃取出所期望的化合物并用水洗涤萃取液、硫酸镁干燥。然后减压蒸去溶剂,用硅胶柱色谱纯化所得残余物,制得0.97g所期望化合物。
物理性能:熔点:98.7℃,产率:67%。
实施例9(2-氯-4-氟-5-三氯甲基苯氧基)乙腈(化合物14)的制备
将1.5g(11.2mmole)无水氯化铝悬浮在10ml四氯化碳中并滴加1.0g(5.4mmole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈。滴加结束后使反应在60℃下进行1小时。
反应结束后,使反应混合物冷却并加入冰水,然后搅拌1小时。用乙酸乙酯萃取出所期望的化合物并用水洗涤萃取液,硫酸镁干燥。然后在减压下蒸去溶剂,用硅胶柱色谱提纯所得残余物,制得1.2g油状的所期望化合物。
物理性能:油状,产率:72%。NMR〔CDCL3/TMS,δ值(ppm)〕
4.88(s,2H),7.09(d,1H,J=10.4Hz),
7.79(d,1H,J=7.1Hz).
向4.5g(33.6mmole)无水氯化铝中加入0.57g(7.8mmole)二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),然后向悬浮液中在室温下加入1.0g(5.6mmole)的(2-氯-4-氟苯氧基)乙腈。此后向所得混合物中缓慢滴入2.9g(28.0mmole)氰基乙酰氯。滴加结束后使反应在55℃进行3小时。
反应结束后,用薄层色谱和气相色谱(面积百分比:7.0%)分析反应混合物,所得分析结果与用标准物质所得结果一致,由此可以确认制得了所期望的化合物。
通式(I)的化合物列于表1(I)
表1
No | R | X1 | X2 | Y | 物质性质 |
123456 | H2NCOCH2HOOCCH2NCCH2H2NCOCH2H2NCOCH2H2NCOCH2 | FFFFClF | ClClClClClCl | NO2NO2BrCOCH3COCH2ClCOCH2Cl | m.p.182.0-182.5℃δ(DMSO)=4.57(s,2H),7.57(d,2H,J=7.0Hz),7.89(d,2H,J=11.0Hz),13.9(bs,1H).m.p.72.3℃δ(CDCl3)=2.64(d,3H,J=3.3Hz),4.51(s,2H),5.70(bs,1H),6.60(bs,1H),7.28(d,1H,J=7.9Hz),7.41(d,1H,J=5.9Hz).m.p.171.7℃m.p.166.3℃ |
Claims (7)
2.根据权利要求1的制备芳族化合物的方法,其中的亲电子试剂是硝化试剂。
3.根据权利要求1的制备芳族化合物的方法,其中的亲电子试剂是卤化试剂。
5.通式(I)所示的芳族化合物:式中X1和X2是卤原子,其可相同或不同,R是下式表示的基团:
式中R1和R2是氢原子或C1-6烷基,Z是氰基,-CO-OR3或-CO-N(R4)R5,其中R3是氢原子或C1-6烷基,R4和R5是氢原子或C1-6烷基,其可相同或不同,R4和R5也可连在一起代表C1-6亚烷基;Y是硝基、卤原子、C1-6卤代烷基或下式表示的基团:
其中R6,R7和R8是氢原子、卤原子或氰基,其可相同或不同;倘若当Y是硝基时,X1是氟原子,X2是氯原子和Z是氰基或-CONR4R5,若当Y是氟原子时,X1是氟原子,X2是氯原子和Z是氰基,若当Y是氯原子时,X1是氟原子,X2是氯原子和Z是-COOR3、-CONR4R5或氰基,其中R3是非氢基团。
7.根据权利要求6的化合物,其中所述化合物的R是
式中R1和R2是氢原子或C1-6烷基,其可相同或不同,Z是-CON(R4)R5,其中R4和R5是氢原子或C1-6烷基,其可相同或不同,R4和R5也可连在一起表示C1-6亚烷基。
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JP18185792 | 1992-06-16 | ||
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US4326882A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1982-04-27 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Trichlorophenoxy alkanoic acid free of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins |
EP0061741A2 (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-06 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Tetrahydrophthalimides, and their production and use |
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1993
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- 1993-06-09 CH CH1726/93A patent/CH685200A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-10 AU AU40161/93A patent/AU646201B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-06-11 CA CA 2098239 patent/CA2098239C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-14 TW TW82104718A patent/TW287152B/zh active
- 1993-06-15 FR FR9307180A patent/FR2692258B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-15 DE DE19934319820 patent/DE4319820A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1993-06-15 KR KR1019930010915A patent/KR0163206B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-15 IT IT93TO433 patent/IT1260853B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1993-06-16 CN CN93106974A patent/CN1041085C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4326882A (en) * | 1978-08-28 | 1982-04-27 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Trichlorophenoxy alkanoic acid free of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins |
EP0061741A2 (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-06 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Tetrahydrophthalimides, and their production and use |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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IT1260853B (it) | 1996-04-23 |
KR940005542A (ko) | 1994-03-21 |
CN1085545A (zh) | 1994-04-20 |
FR2692258A1 (fr) | 1993-12-17 |
ITTO930433A0 (it) | 1993-06-15 |
CA2098239A1 (en) | 1993-12-17 |
AU646201B2 (en) | 1994-02-10 |
TW287152B (zh) | 1996-10-01 |
FR2692258B1 (fr) | 1995-06-16 |
ITTO930433A1 (it) | 1994-12-15 |
CH685200A5 (de) | 1995-04-28 |
KR0163206B1 (ko) | 1999-01-15 |
GB2268175B (en) | 1995-10-04 |
GB2268175A (en) | 1994-01-05 |
AU4016193A (en) | 1993-12-23 |
DE4319820A1 (de) | 1994-02-24 |
ES2103163A1 (es) | 1997-08-16 |
ES2103163B1 (es) | 1998-04-01 |
CA2098239C (en) | 1999-11-02 |
GB9311623D0 (en) | 1993-07-21 |
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