CN104039484B - 金属粉末及其用途 - Google Patents

金属粉末及其用途 Download PDF

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CN104039484B
CN104039484B CN201380004881.8A CN201380004881A CN104039484B CN 104039484 B CN104039484 B CN 104039484B CN 201380004881 A CN201380004881 A CN 201380004881A CN 104039484 B CN104039484 B CN 104039484B
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C·绍博
S·迪兹达尔
O·贝格曼
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    • B22F3/12Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10Sintering only
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
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    • B22F1/06Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/10Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
    • B22F1/105Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing inorganic lubricating or binding agents, e.g. metal salts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/004Filling molds with powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02Compacting only
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10Sintering only
    • B22F3/1017Multiple heating or additional steps
    • B22F3/1028Controlled cooling
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/08Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of toothed articles, e.g. gear wheels; of cam discs
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C33/00Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0207Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C33/00Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0257Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02Compacting only
    • B22F2003/023Lubricant mixed with the metal powder

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Abstract

本发明提供了一种材料,其可用于制造表现出高强度和高耐磨性、同时具有合理的延展性的部件。该材料与其它潜在的金属粉末解决方案相比还具有成本优势。本发明提供了一种铁基粉末组合物,其在昂贵的合金成分(例如掺合元素Ni和铜)的含量降低的情况下实现了所需微结构/性质和相关的耐滑动磨损性。

Description

金属粉末及其用途
技术领域
本发明涉及粉末冶金领域和可由金属粉末制成的部件。此类部件可作为发动机部件。
背景技术
在工业中,通过压实和烧结金属粉末组合物制造的金属产品的应用变得越来越广泛。生产具有各种形状和厚度的许多不同产品,并在希望降低成本的同时,质量要求不断提高。由于通过铁粉组合物的压制和烧结在高材料利用度下获得净形部件或只需极少机械加工就可达到最终形状的近净形部件,这种技术大大优于传统的金属部件成形技术,例如由棒料或锻件模制或机械加工。
US 2009/0162241描述了可用于制造齿轮的金属粉末。
对许多用途而言,需要最终产品的高耐磨性和硬度。这些性质通常难与另一合意的性质(即延展性)兼具,在工业中需要可获得表现出与由锻铁或铸铁制成的部件相同或类似的机械性质的易制部件。
还希望在保持上述有益性质的同时使成本保持尽可能低。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种材料,其可用于制造表现出高强度和高耐磨性、同时具有合理的延展性的部件。该材料与其它潜在的金属粉末解决方案相比还具有成本优势。
本发明提供了一种铁基粉末组合物,其在昂贵的合金成分(例如掺合元素Ni和铜)的含量降低的情况下实现了所需微结构/性质和相关的耐滑 动磨损性。
组成成分表现出充足的淬硬性,以在常规炉中可达到的冷却速率下实现马氏体转变,由此利用现有的设备容量,并暂缓对专用炉的资本投资。通过使用本发明的粉末,还可以避免与借助油浴快淬和/或气压淬火相关的有时不利的尺寸变形。该材料表现出充足的可成形性,以实现净形烧结制品所需的高尺寸精确度。可以在没有补充的部件加热、工具加热、中间淬火的情况下进行成形,并由此避免温/热成形工艺的相关操作复杂性和成本。
发明详述
附图说明
图1.屈服强度。
图2.拉伸强度。
图3.伸长。
图4.由80%粉末A和20%粉末B构成的材料获得的微结构。
图5.Principal IRG磨损过渡图,其描绘了滑动润滑接触的一般磨损表征。
图6.交叉圆柱体试验装置。
图7.交叉圆柱体接触的线性磨损h的计算。
本发明提供了粉末混合物,其由铁基粉末A和铁基粉末B以90:10至50:50的比率构成,其中粉末A含有1.5-2.3重量%或优选1.7-1.9重量%预合金化的Cr、0-0.35重量%预合金化的Mo和不可避免的杂质,余量是Fe;粉末B含有2.4-3.6重量%或优选2.8-3.2重量%预合金化的Cr、0.30-0.70重量%或优选0.45-0.55重量%预合金化的Mo和不可避免的杂质,余量是Fe;所述粉末混合物进一步含有0.4-0.9重量%碳、0.1-1.2重量%润滑剂,例如(可获自AB,Sweden)或衍生自EBS类的蜡,例如酰胺蜡,0.1-1.5重量%的量的固体润滑剂,例如 CaF2、MgSiO3、MnS、MoS2或WS2,和不可避免的杂质。所述固体润滑剂优选是MnS。
铁基粉末A和铁基粉末B之间的所述比率优选为80:20至60:40,或70:30至60:40。所述比率优选为65:35。
在另一实施方案中,本发明提供了制造烧结部件的方法,其包括下述步骤:
a)提供如上文规定的粉末混合物;
b)将所述混合物置于模具中;
c)在20℃至130℃的温度下对所述模具中的所述粉末施以300至1200、或400至800、或600至800MPa的压力,以形成生坯;
d)在1100至1300℃的温度下烧结所述生坯,以形成烧结体;
e)以高于0.5℃/秒的速率冷却所述烧结体,以形成烧结部件。
步骤c)优选在75℃进行。
步骤d)和/或e)优选地在具有10-17atm的氧分压的气氛下、例如在90%N2:10%H2气氛中进行。
本发明进一步提供了通过所述方法制成的烧结部件。此类烧结部件含有具有至少280或优选至少340的微硬度(mhv0.1)的细珠光体。所述烧结部件可以由以高耐磨性为特征的细珠光体基体构成,马氏体以总横截面积的20-60%分散在其中。所述马氏体表现出至少650或更高、例如850至950的微观Vickers硬度(mhv),这主要取决于溶解的碳含量。
在一个实施方案中,该烧结部件是凸轮凸角。其它有益的用途是链轮、凸角、齿轮,例如油泵齿轮,或需要耐磨性、赫兹压力伸长与良好的机械性质的组合的任何其它结构部件。
实施例
实施例1
制备粉末混合物,其由铁基粉末A和铁基粉末B以根据表1的不同比率构成。向所有混合物中加入0.75重量%石墨UF4、0.6重量%润滑剂 和固体润滑剂0.50重量%MnS。
表1
样品 1 2 3 4 5
粉末A 90 85 80 75 70
粉末B 10 15 20 25 30
将各混合物置于模具中,并借助WDC在75℃下在700MPa下压实以制造试样。将试样在90/10N2H2中在1120℃下烧结30分钟,以0.8℃/秒或2.5℃/秒冷却。测试试样的屈服强度(YS)、极限拉伸强度(UTS)和伸长(A%)。结果显示在图1-3中。
从结果中可以看出,在提高或未提高冷却速率的情况下,将粉末B添加到粉末A中使得该材料的屈服强度增加、伸长有一些降低。粉末B的添加也在0,8C/s的较低冷却速率下表现出提高的极限拉伸强度。但是,在2,5C/s的较高冷却速率下,粉末B的添加对该材料的UTS没有任何作用,无论粉末B的添加量如何。
由80%粉末A和20%粉末B构成的材料3获得的微结构显示在图4中。该微结构由分散着大约25%马氏体的细珠光体基体构成。
实施例2
烧结钢的磨损行为的第一表征可以集中于滑动润滑接触中的磨损过渡,因为机械中的大多数结构部件具有依赖于滑动的功能。
图5显示了在此实施例中所用的试验速度下的principal IRG磨损过渡图。
该图是非常有用的工具,OECD在1970’赞助的International Research Group on Wear of Materials(IRG-WOEM)内的科技合作的主要成果提供了在CVT开发中的IRG磨损过渡图应用的可读实例。这一研究中的磨损测试在三种滑动速度0.1(低)、0.5(相对较高)和2.5m/s(高)下进 行,使用在90℃下的标准发动机油作为润滑剂。在2.5m/s下,预计与足够高的载荷结合的高滑动速度导致从轻微/安全磨损突变成严重磨损/拉缸。在此,通过逐步提高赫兹压力进行测试直至发生拉缸。在0.1m/s和0.5m/s下,预计磨损过程随载荷提高而逐渐增强并降低总试验运行数。
在试验开始时在500和800MPa的标称赫兹压力下在0.1和0.5m/s的滑动速度下进行测试。在2.5m/s下,通过逐渐提高载荷而进行测试。使用根据图6的商业摩擦计进行摩擦测试,所述摩擦计是带有交叉圆柱体试验装置的多用途摩擦和磨损测量机。
该摩擦计通过静重/负载臂在圆柱体试样架上施加垂直载荷,而AC可控硅控制的发动机驱动对立环。将该对立环浸在具有大约25毫升油和加热至150℃的选项的油浴中。PC控制该试验,并记录接触中的线性位移、磨损、摩擦力和油温。所得线性位移比磨损痕迹上的线性磨损大大约三倍,因为位移传感器并非位于受试圆柱体上而是位于负载臂杆上。记录的值因此是比例值,并需要根据圆柱体样品在试验运行结束时的线性磨损h(通过光学显微镜测定)反推计算,图7。
所进行的试验运行的结果列在表2中。铸铁材料的参比试样在试验开始时在1200MPa下失败。在1100MPa下,滑动被认为是磨损安全的(wear–safe)。
烧结试样在900至1100MPa经受安全磨损。超过1100MPa时,COF从0.11稳定降至0.06水平。其原因可能归因于MnS颗粒从表面迁移到润滑油中,在此该颗粒形成润滑悬浮液。MnS在此充当所谓的摩擦改进剂。
表2.磨损测试的结果

Claims (15)

1.粉末混合物,其由铁基粉末A和铁基粉末B以90:10至50:50的比率构成,其中粉末A含有1.5-2.3重量%预合金化的Cr、0-0.35重量%预合金化的Mo和不可避免的杂质,余量是Fe;粉末B含有2.4-3.6重量%预合金化的Cr、0.30-0.70重量%预合金化的Mo和不可避免的杂质,余量是Fe;所述粉末混合物进一步含有0.4-0.9重量%碳、0.1-1.2重量%润滑剂;0.1-1.5重量%的量的选自CaF2、MgSiO3、MnS、MoS2和WS2的至少一种物质;和不可避免的杂质。
2.根据权利要求1的粉末混合物,其中所述比率为80:20至60:40。
3.根据权利要求1的粉末混合物,其中所述比率为70:30至60:40。
4.根据权利要求1的粉末混合物,其中所述比率为65:35。
5.根据权利要求1的粉末混合物,其中粉末A中的预合金化的Cr的含量为1.7-1.9重量%。
6.根据权利要求2的粉末混合物,其中粉末A中的预合金化的Cr的含量为1.7-1.9重量%。
7.根据权利要求3的粉末混合物,其中粉末A中的预合金化的Cr的含量为1.7-1.9重量%。
8.根据权利要求4的粉末混合物,其中粉末A中的预合金化的Cr的含量为1.7-1.9重量%。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项的粉末混合物,其中粉末B中的预合金化的Cr的含量为2.8-3.2重量%。
10.制造烧结部件的方法,其包括下述步骤:
a)提供如权利要求1-9任一项中所述的粉末混合物;
b)将所述混合物置于模具中;
c)在20℃至130℃的温度下对所述模具中的所述粉末混合物施以300至1200MPa的压力以形成生坯;
d)在1100至1300℃的温度下烧结所述生坯以形成烧结体;
e)以高于0.5℃/秒的速率冷却所述烧结体以形成烧结部件。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中在步骤c)中对所述模具中的所述混合物施以400至800MPa的压力。
12.根据权利要求10的方法,其中在步骤c)中对所述模具中的所述混合物施以600至800MPa的压力。
13.根据权利要求10-12任一项的方法,其中步骤d)和/或e)在具有10-17atm的氧分压的气氛下进行。
14.烧结部件,其通过根据权利要求10-13任一项的方法制成。
15.根据权利要求14的烧结部件,其为齿轮或凸轮凸角。
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