CN104010750B - 用于粉末基增材制造的机器和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明特别涉及用于增材制造的机器(1),该机器(1)通过使用能量束(3)在工作区域(4)中的粉末层(23)上作用从而烧结或熔融粉末(2),该机器包括用于制备所述粉末的层的设备,该设备包括:用于储存粉末的装置(5);用于分配粉末的装置(6),所述装置能够在工作区域上方行进从而将粉末分配成具有适于增材制造的最终厚度(24)的层(23);进料装置(7),所述进料装置(7)能够从储存装置(5)输送粉末至分配装置(6);和计量装置(8),所述计量装置(8)能够控制从储存装置(5)输送至分配装置(6)的粉末的量,所述机器的特征在于:储存装置(5)位于工作区域(4)的上方;进料装置(7)为重力进料装置;和进料装置(7)和计量装置(8)能够与分配装置(6)移动。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于粉末基增材制造的机器和方法,所述机器和方法通过使用能量束例如电磁辐射(例如激光束)或粒子束(例如电子束)烧结或熔融所述粉末的颗粒。
更具体地,本发明涉及在使用能量束烧结或熔融所述层之前成层(亦即制备)粉末床的装置和方法。
背景技术
文献EP-1641580-B1特别公开了通过激光烧结粉末(金属或陶瓷)的成层设备。该设备包括进料塔盘,所述进料塔盘允许储存粉末并且以受控的量将粉末传送至槽纹滚筒,所述槽纹滚筒一方面能够在滚筒在工作区域上第一次经过的过程中将所述量的粉末输送和分配在存放塔盘上,另一方面能够在第二次经过的过程中通过滚筒的滚动移动压紧粉末。粉末然后经受激光束。该构造的一个缺点在于进料塔盘的尺寸和高昂的成本。另一个缺点源自如下事实:工作区域的长度受滚筒的可用周长的限制。
文献WO-2011/007087-A公开了通过激光熔融粉末的成层设备。该设备包括进料塔盘,所述进料塔盘允许储存粉末并且以受控的量将粉末传送至刮刀系统,所述刮刀系统能够向存放塔盘和滚筒进料,所述滚筒能够将所述量的粉末分配和压紧在存放塔盘上。粉末然后经受激光束。该构造的一个缺点在于进料塔盘的尺寸和高昂的成本,以及机器必须的复杂性,因为需要控制大量工具(刮刀、分配滚筒和/或压紧滚筒、用于塔盘的夯锤)。
文献US-2005/0263934-A1公开了通过激光烧结粉末的成层设备。该设备包括进料和计量装置,所述进料和计量装置允许在工作区域附近以受控的量传送粉末。进料通过重力从位于上方的粉末原料进行。刮刀允许调节粉末堆的厚度,然后粉末堆经受预热操作。然后旋转滚筒允许将所述量的经预热粉末输送和分配在工作区域上。一定量的粉末可以类似地存放在托架的盖子上,所述托架携带滚筒从工作区域的一侧到另一侧,因此一定量的粉末仅在滚筒返回的过程中施加。该构造的一个缺点在于部分(甚至极少部分)粉末被保留在盖子上因此在托架经过粉末床上方的过程中落入工作区域的风险。在工业应用方面该风险是不可接受的。
现有技术的不同提议所共有的另外的问题在于,很难(有时不可能)在工作区域的整个范围(长度、宽度)内实现粉末层的均匀的厚度和密度。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是克服上述缺点的至少一者。
为此目的,本发明提出用于增材制造的机器,所述机器通过使用能量束在工作区域中的粉末层上作用从而烧结或熔融粉末,所述机器包括用于制备所述粉末的层的设备,所述设备包括:
·用于储存粉末的装置,
·用于分配粉末的装置,所述装置能够在工作区域上方行进从而将粉末分配成具有适于增材制造的最终厚度的层,
·进料装置,所述进料装置能够从储存装置输送粉末至分配装置,
·计量装置,所述计量装置能够控制从储存装置输送至分配装置的粉末的量,
所述机器的特征在于:
·储存装置位于工作区域的上方,
·进料装置利用重力,和
·进料装置和计量装置能够与分配装置移动。
相比于现有技术中熟知的系统,通过与分配装置整合的计量装置经由工作区域的顶部以受控的量通过重力进料保证了显著改进粉末床的均匀性。
储存装置优选包括料斗,所述料斗能够与进料装置、计量装置和分配装置一起移动。
计量装置优选包括旋转计量滚筒,所述旋转计量滚筒具有能够限定计量过程中的粉末剂量的至少一个腔,优选凹槽。
替代性地,计量装置包括滑动活板门。
分配装置优选包括刮刀。
替代性地,分配装置包括分配滚筒,优选地,所述分配滚筒的高度可以根据其角位置进行调节。
根据本发明的一个优选的实施方案,分配装置和计量装置利用共用滚筒。
根据本发明的机器优选额外包括压紧辊子,所述压紧辊子在平移时的位移与分配装置的位移成一体。
本发明同样提出用于增材制造的方法,所述方法通过使用能量束在工作区域中的粉末层上作用从而烧结或熔融粉末,所述机器包括用于使所述粉末成层的设备,所述设备包括:
·用于储存粉末的装置,所述装置位于工作区域的上方,
·用于分配粉末的装置,所述装置能够在工作区域上方行进从而将粉末分配成具有适于增材制造的最终厚度的层,
·进料装置,所述进料装置能够从储存装置输送粉末至分配装置,
·计量装置,所述计量装置能够控制从储存装置输送至分配装置的粉末的量,
所述方法包括成层阶段,所述成层阶段相继由如下组成:
·计量一定量待从储存装置输送的粉末,
·通过重力向分配装置进料,
·使用分配装置在工作区域上分配所述量的粉末,
所述方法的特征在于,当所述分配装置在工作区域上方行进时,储存装置、进料装置和计量装置与分配装置成一体。
附图说明
通过基于如下附图的说明书的剩余部分,将更容易地理解本发明。
·图1为根据现有技术的机器的横截面示意图。
·图2为根据本发明的第一个实施方案的机器的横截面示意图。
·图3为图2中的机器的优选变体的成层设备的横截面示意图。
·图4为根据本发明的第二个实施方案的机器的成层设备的横截面示意图。
·图5为图4中的成层设备的优选变体的更详细的横截面示意图。
·图6为根据本发明的第三个实施方案的机器的成层设备的横截面示意图。
·图7为图6中的成层设备的优选变体的更详细的横截面示意图。
·图8为根据本发明的第四个实施方案的机器的成层设备的横截面示意图。
·图9至12为显示图8中的成层设备在成层过程的相继阶段中的示意图。
具体实施方式
在不同的附图中,相同或相似的元件带有相同的附图标记。然而不再系统地重复它们的结构和它们的功能的说明。
在图1中,示意性显示了根据现有技术的用于增材制造组件40的机器。能量源(在该情况下为激光源10)发射激光束3,所述激光束3的方向通过经受电流计20的镜子控制。光学透镜30允许束3在工作区域4的水平处聚焦从而根据精确模式加热粉末2的上层,因此以选择性方式使粉末熔融。在通过束处理粉末层之后,工作塔盘60被降低了单位厚度并且用新的粉末层覆盖,以该方式继续从而逐层地形成组件40。取决于能量束的类型和所使用的粉末,粉末层的厚度可能从数微米(例如10μm)变化至数百微米(例如500μm=0.5mm)。当组件40完成时,亦即当其构造所需的数百或数千个层相继凝固时,从工作区域中除去组件。
允许在工作区域上施加新的粉末层的机器的所有部件通常被称为“成层设备”。现有技术中熟知的成层设备包括储存装置5和分配装置6,所述分配装置6用于在工作区域4上分配粉末2。如上所述,现有技术中熟知的储存装置通常使用与工作塔盘60相似的竖直移动塔盘51。分配装置6(图1中未详细示出)的目的是在整个工作区域上分配薄的粉末层。进料装置7(图1中未详细示出)的目的是从储存装置输送粉末至分配装置6。现有技术中熟知的分配装置和进料装置通常使用由一个或多个托架携带的刮刀和/或辊子,所述托架可以在储存装置5和工作区域4之间移动。计量装置8(在该情况下为允许升高待精确控制的移动塔盘51的装置)允许控制成层设备的每次操作所使用的粉末的量。一旦分配装置移动穿过工作区域(在图1中朝向左侧),将剩余粉末推入回收容器21。
图2显示了根据本发明的机器1的第一个实施方案,特别显示了其成层设备的实施方案。能量束的来源和控制以与现有技术相同的方式显示。这只是一个实施例。如在本申请前文所述,本发明实际上可用于通过使用能量束例如电磁辐射(例如激光束)或粒子束(例如电子束)烧结或全部熔融所述粉末的颗粒的所有类型的粉末基增材制造。本说明书的剩余部分因此主要集中于方法和成层设备。
储存装置5具有料斗52的形状,所述料斗52位于工作区域4的平面上方。分配装置6使用刮刀61。刮刀与料斗成一体。进料装置7简单地使用料斗中的下方开口71从而通过重力朝向分配装置6输送粉末。以包括至少一个腔的旋转计量滚筒81的形式的计量装置允许控制被输送的粉末的量。所述腔,优选为凹槽82,限定了粉末的可复制剂量。一个或多个凹槽82基本上在计量滚筒81的整个可用长度上延伸,亦即基本上在工作区域4的整个宽度上延伸。凹槽82的横截面的尺寸和形状可以沿着滚筒81的长度变化从而进一步改进粉末在整个工作区域上的分配。
在图3中,显示在成层操作的过程中的图2中的设备。在本申请中通常高度放大地显示粉末的厚度,从而使读者易于观看,正如在与现有技术相关的文献中经常也是这种情况。事实上,不可能例如在相同的附图中显示50μm的厚度和500mm长的工作区域同时忠实地遵从比例。
在图3中,料斗52与刮刀61同时朝向附图的左侧位移。刮刀分配和刮平工作区域4上的粉末层。通过计量滚筒81计量位于刮刀之前的粉末堆22。对于每个层可以在单个时刻进行粉末的施加。然而剂量优选是渐进的,亦即在经过工作区域上方的过程中通过在多个时刻传送凹槽的内容物从而渐进地进行粉末的施加,这允许降低刮刀的工作条件的可变性,并且因此保证所得粉末床的厚度和紧密度的规则性得到改进。
此外,图3显示了本发明的第一个实施方案的优选变体,其中额外使用压紧辊子9。粉末层23的最终厚度24因此为两个相继操作的结果。第一厚度受分配装置6(在该情况下为刮刀61)的限制。该厚度然后减小并且通过压紧辊子9的作用变得更为均匀。辊子连同料斗和刮刀一起位移。更优选地,辊子为反向旋转的,亦即其以这样的方式实现机动化,以与其相对于粉末床的位移相反的方向旋转(如通过箭头显示,所述箭头显示了顺时针方向的旋转,而辊子朝向左侧移动)。
图4中显示了成层设备的第二个实施方案,其中分配装置6在第一个实施方案的刮刀的位置处使用分配滚筒62。分配滚筒62的位移与料斗51的位移关联,正如在第一个实施方案的刮刀61的情况下。滚筒62可以固定旋转或反向旋转。当分配滚筒固定时,其固定点63优选为偏心的,这允许精细调节其高度和因此调节所得粉末层23的最终厚度24。
如图5中所示,反向旋转的压紧辊子9可以有利地在如上文参考图3所述的条件相同的条件下与根据第二个实施方案的成层设备关联。
图6显示了第三个实施方案。其与第一个实施方案的不同之处原则上在于计量装置8使用滑动活板门84,所述滑动活板门84打开的持续时间和幅度影响输送至分配装置6的粉末的量。优选地,储存装置5使用由料斗支撑件54携带的柔性料斗53从而减少粉末阻塞的风险。取决于所使用的粉末的类型,可以设置补充的活动解阻塞装置(此处未示出)。
图7中显示了第三个实施方案的变体,其额外包括反向旋转的压紧辊子9,所述反向旋转的压紧辊子9的位移与刮刀和料斗成一体,正如上文参考图3所述。
图8显示了根据本发明的成层设备的第四个实施方案,其中计量装置8和分配装置6使用公共的旋转滚筒64。根据上文参考图2所述的原理,通过公共滚筒64中的凹槽82保证计量功能。根据上文参考图4所述的原理,通过公共滚筒64中的刮平扇区65保证分配功能。该实施方案的一个优点在于其允许进一步减轻根据本发明的机器的成层设备。公共滚筒64优选在其在工作区域上位移的过程中固定旋转。刮平扇区65(亦即公共滚筒旨在用于分配粉末的部分)在图8至12中通过虚线象征性限定。该扇区优选包括突起66。尽管其被放大,总体高度较低(例如至多一毫米的十分之几)的该突起在图中几乎不可察觉。
该实施方案的操作在图9至12中详细显示,图9至12显示了设备在成层周期的过程中的相继构造。
在图9中,成层设备处于等待构造,例如在两个相继的层之间。粉末2通过公共滚筒64的密封接触保持在关闭的料斗52中。凹槽82则能够为其自身装载粉末。
在图10中,公共滚筒64以逆时针方向旋转约半圈并且在工作区域4的附近存放一定剂量的粉末。
在图11中,公共滚筒64以顺时针方向旋转约四分之一圈从而使刮平扇区65与粉末堆22接触并且处于合适的高度下。刮平扇区包括突起66的事实允许通过选择公共滚筒64所采用的角度从而精细调节刮平厚度。
在图12中,成层设备经过工作区域4上方,如上所述,推动组件40上方的粉末堆22从而刮平具有最终厚度24的粉末层23。为了限制工作区域的整个长度上方的压力变化,图9和10中描述的进料阶段可以在单次经过工作区域上方的过程中在一个或多个时刻重复,在该情况下由凹槽82限定的剂量优选代表完整层所需的粉末量的一部分。
替代性地,粉末存放阶段可以相继进行数次而不存在任何刮平移动从而在图10中的构造中产生对应于多个由凹槽82限定的单位剂量的堆22。
应注意(如上文解释的)层的厚度、堆的体积、凹槽或突起66不在一致的比例上显示,正相反,层的厚度、堆的体积、凹槽或突起66被随意变形使得附图清晰。
当然,如上文对于本发明的其它实施方案所述(参见例如图7中的实施方案),图8至12中的成层设备可以优选地额外包括反向旋转的压紧辊子(此处未示出),所述反向旋转的压紧辊子的位移与进料装置和计量装置的位移成一体,亦即在该情况下与料斗52和公共滚筒64成一体。
替代性地,公共滚筒64的刮平扇区65可以在参考图9至12显示和描述的半径增加的点(突起66)处具有半径减小。无论涉及半径的增加还是半径的减小,正是该半径的变化允许通过选择公共滚筒64所采用的角度调节滚筒的高度(并且因此精细调节刮平厚度)。
将理解根据本发明可以在单次经过中(亦即在工作区域上方单次经过中)产生层。储存在料斗中的粉末的量优选足以产生数百,甚至是数千个层,亦即机器可以实现单个完整组件或甚至是多个完整组件的增材制造,而无需重新装载料斗。优选在当组件的制备完成的时刻进行料斗的重新装载,优选在开始新的制造之前除去完成的组件。
所使用的粉末优选为金属粉末或陶瓷粉末。取决于所使用的能量束的类型和取决于此处涉及的最终层的厚度,粉末颗粒的平均直径可以从数微米(例如5μm)变化至300或400μm。
本领域技术人员将理解此处描述和显示的不同的实施方案为根据本发明的装置的组合的具体实施例。不同装置的其它显而易见的组合或替代同样是本发明的一部分,例如用根据图4和5中的第二个实施方案的分配滚筒62来替代在第三个实施方案(图6和7)中的刮刀61。
Claims (10)
1.用于增材制造的机器(1),所述机器(1)通过使用能量束(3)在工作区域(4)中的粉末层(23)上作用从而烧结或熔融粉末(2),所述机器包括用于制备所述粉末的层的设备,所述设备包括:
·用于储存粉末的储存装置(5),
·用于分配粉末的分配装置(6),所述分配装置(6)能够在工作区域上方行进从而将粉末分配成具有适于增材制造的最终厚度(24)的粉末层(23),
·进料装置(7),所述进料装置(7)能够从储存装置(5)输送粉末至分配装置(6),
·计量装置(8),所述计量装置(8)能够控制从储存装置(5)输送至分配装置(6)的粉末的量,
所述机器的特征在于:
·储存装置(5)位于工作区域(4)的上方,
·进料装置(7)利用重力,
·储存装置(5)、进料装置(7)和计量装置(8)能够与分配装置(6)移动,并且
·所述设备额外包括压紧辊子(9),所述压紧辊子(9)在平移时的位移与分配装置的位移成一体,并且所述压紧辊子(9)为反向旋转的,且所述压紧辊子(9)以如下方式实现机动化,当所述压紧辊子(9)在水平方向上向左移动时所述压紧辊子(9)顺时针旋转,当所述压紧辊子(9)在水平方向上向右移动时所述压紧辊子(9)逆时针旋转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的机器,其中储存装置包括料斗(52;53),所述料斗能够与进料装置(7)、计量装置(8)和分配装置(6)移动。
3.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的机器,其中计量装置包括旋转计量滚筒(81),所述旋转计量滚筒(81)具有能够限定计量过程中的粉末剂量的至少一个腔。
4.根据权利要求3所述的机器,其中所述腔为凹槽(82)。
5.根据权利要求1或2任一项所述的机器,其中计量装置包括滑动活板门(84)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的机器,其中分配装置(6)包括刮刀(61)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的机器,其中分配装置(6)包括分配滚筒(62)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的机器,其中分配滚筒(62)的高度能够根据所述滚筒的角位置进行调节。
9.根据权利要求3所述的机器,其中分配装置(6)包括分配滚筒(62),并且分配装置和计量装置利用公共滚筒(64)。
10.用于增材制造的方法,所述方法通过使用能量束(3)在用于增材制造的机器(1)的工作区域(4)中的粉末层(23)上作用从而烧结或熔融粉末(2),所述机器包括用于使所述粉末成层的设备,所述设备包括:
·用于储存粉末的储存装置(5),所述储存装置(5)位于工作区域(4)的上方,
·用于分配粉末的分配装置(6),所述分配装置(6)能够在工作区域上方行进从而将粉末分配成具有适于增材制造的最终厚度(24)的粉末层(23),
·进料装置(7),所述进料装置(7)能够从储存装置(5)输送粉末至分配装置(6),
·计量装置(8),所述计量装置(8)能够控制从储存装置(5)输送至分配装置(6)的粉末的量,以及
·压紧辊子(9),
所述方法包括成层阶段,所述成层阶段相继由如下组成:
·计量一定量待从储存装置(5)输送的粉末,
·通过重力向分配装置(6)进料,
·使用分配装置(6)和压紧辊子(9)在工作区域上分配所述量的粉末,
其中,当所述分配装置在工作区域上方行进时,储存装置、进料装置、计量装置和压紧辊子(9)与分配装置成一体,
所述方法的特征在于,压紧辊子(9)为反向旋转的,所述压紧辊子(9)以如下方式实现机动化,当所述压紧辊子(9)在水平方向上向左移动时所述压紧辊子(9)顺时针旋转,当所述压紧辊子(9)在水平方向上向右移动时所述压紧辊子(9)逆时针旋转。
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CN104010750A (zh) | 2014-08-27 |
EP2794153B1 (fr) | 2020-07-01 |
US20140363585A1 (en) | 2014-12-11 |
FR2984191B1 (fr) | 2014-01-10 |
EP2794153A1 (fr) | 2014-10-29 |
WO2013092757A1 (fr) | 2013-06-27 |
FR2984191A1 (fr) | 2013-06-21 |
US20180229307A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
US10807308B2 (en) | 2020-10-20 |
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