CN1037185C - 聚酯聚合物组合物 - Google Patents

聚酯聚合物组合物 Download PDF

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CN1037185C
CN1037185C CN94115799A CN94115799A CN1037185C CN 1037185 C CN1037185 C CN 1037185C CN 94115799 A CN94115799 A CN 94115799A CN 94115799 A CN94115799 A CN 94115799A CN 1037185 C CN1037185 C CN 1037185C
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bottle
polymkeric substance
polymer
powder grain
pet
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K·M·琼斯
G·P·克尔
N·廷代尔
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种聚合物组合物,此组合物包括一种有机聚合物和一种金属粉粒的混合物,其中此聚合物是一种改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物,它是一种无规改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1~6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而制取的,其特性粘度至少为0.75,它含有3~300ppm(以聚合物重量为准)的细金属粉粒它用于制造特殊的适于再装的瓶产品。

Description

聚酯聚合物组合物
本发明涉及聚酯的使用,尤其是改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物用于制造特殊的适于再装的瓶产品。
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)广泛用于充了碳酸气的饮料的压力瓶。目前这种瓶子几乎都是一次使用的瓶子,即:一般确定为制造、充填饮料、饮料消耗及瓶子废弃。这个运行模式与一次使用的玻璃瓶相比证明是有竞争力的,但总的说来,它没有有效地使用资源并产生很大的浪费和废物。为了增进环境,一些企业已领先研究适于再装的瓶子。在本发明范围内,所说的适于再装的瓶子是这样确定的,即制造充饮料、消耗饮料,在瓶子废弃前至少将瓶子返回再装数次的瓶子。
目前由PET制造的瓶子尚未确实证明满足这种要求。这并不足为怪,因为这种瓶子所需求的性能比一次使用的瓶子的性能要严格得多。适于再装的瓶子必须满足能够经受最少20次,最好更多的再装周期。对于充碳酸气的饮料,每个灌装周期,在向饮料中灌装高速CO2溶液之前,要对瓶子施加高达120lb·in-2的CO2压力(表压)(大约0.83MPa表压)。然后向瓶子中灌入充了碳酸气的饮料并将瓶子封盖。储存期间在环境温度为20~25℃时的平衡压力一般为大约55lb·in-2(表压)(大约0.38MPa表压)。每次灌满之前,都要将瓶子在十分严格的条件下进行洗涤,即在3.5%W/W温度为一般约60℃的NaOH水溶液中洗涤大约15分钟。因此制瓶材料必须具有耐洗涤介质的耐化学性质,还必须耐得住洗涤过程所引起的应力龟裂。避免应力龟裂对于适于再装的压力瓶子尤其重要,因为灌装充入碳酸气的饮料的过程经常在瓶子上出现高峰压力,它比充瓶后储存和使用期间的平均压力要高。最不希望在灌装阶段出现事故,尤其是由此引起的污秽。进一步的要求是瓶子在使用过程中必须不改变其尺寸或形状。在(再)灌装和消耗饮料之间的储存期,特别不希望瓶子的材料在压力下因蠕变而出现外形尺寸的变化。蠕变尤其出现在瓶子园柱体主壁上,造成轴向延长从而增加了瓶子的容积。由于瓶子的灌装线一般依容积灌装,因此如果瓶子蠕变了,那么这种再次使用的瓶子中所灌装的饮料的液位所表示的外观份量值就少了。毫不奇怪,顾客更喜欢外观充满的瓶子而不喜欢看起来″未充满″的瓶子。
本发明探求解决这一问题,通过使用一种特殊类型的改性PET聚合物结合瓶子成型的注射拉伸吹塑成型技术以及制造这种瓶子的设计特性生产出实用上令人满意的适于再装的PET瓶。
因此,本发明主要是指在注射拉伸吹塑成型的适于再装的压力瓶中使用改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物,它是无规改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1至6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而制得的,并且其特性粘度至少为0.75,瓶子包括:
i、一个改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物带螺纹的瓶颈部分,它是透明的、非晶态的并且基本上未取向的;
ii、一个改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物的基本上呈园柱形的瓶体部分,它是透明的并且是双轴取向的,厚度从0.4至0.9mm,面积膨胀比至少为7;以及
iii、一个改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物的透明非晶态的基本上未取向或部分取向的底部分。
本发明包括用改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物制造的注射拉伸吹塑成型适于再装的压力瓶,它包括:
i、一个透明的非晶态的基本上未取向的改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物的带螺纹瓶颈部分;
ii、一个透明的双轴取向非晶态改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物的基本呈园柱形的瓶体部分,其厚度从0.4至0.9mm,面积膨胀比至少为7;以及,
iii、一个透明非晶态的基本上未取向或部分取向的改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物的底部分;其中改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物是一无规改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1至6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而制取的,其特性粘度至少为0.75。
本发明进一步包括一种制造本发明适于再装瓶的方法,它包括:A、注射成型一件吹塑成型型坯;
i、它包括基本上完全非晶态的改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的一个带螺纹瓶颈部分,一个器壁部分和一个底部分;
ii、其壁厚至少为5mm,并且
iii、其中改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物是一无规改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,它是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1至6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而制取的,聚合物的特性粘度至少为0.75,以及B、吹塑型坯形成瓶子以致:
i、瓶颈部分基本上未拉伸或取向而保持基本上非晶态的聚合物;
ii、器壁部分以至少为7的面积比进行拉伸得到透明的双轴取向的非晶态聚合物的瓶壁,以及
iii、底部以不大于3的面积比进行拉伸,这一部分是透明的非晶态基本上未取向或部分取向的聚合物。
我们所用的″压力瓶″一词是指瓶子能贮有压力,尤其是能灌充并能用在充碳酸气饮料工业的瓶子,它可令人满意地循环使用许多次,尤其是它基本上不丧失强度,不变形或尺寸不变化。
用于本发明的改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物是无规改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,包括用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代一些对苯二酸酯单元。作为链取向断裂单元来源的芳族二羧酸,其两个羧化物官能基是明显非共线的,要获得芳族二羧酸可以用二酸(其中两个羧化物官能基之间的角明显不等于180°或羧基官能基几乎平行但不共线)环绕萘环系统以1,5和2,6的形式取代。适用的芳族二羧酸的例子包括间苯二甲酸(苯1,3-二羧酸)(它是特别有用的)、萘2,6-二羧酸、2,2-二苯基丙烷4,4′-二羧酸、2,2-二苯甲烷4,4′-二羧酸,联苯3,4′-二羧酸和二苯甲酮4,4′-二甲酸。
所用的二羧酸是芳族的,其中羧基官能基直接键合到芳族,尤其是苯环或萘环上。脂族二羧酸不适用,因为用它们制出的聚酯所生产的产品缺乏尺寸稳定性。二羧酸残基最好是不使多碳脂族残基进入聚合物链,因为这将降低断裂链取向的效果,并可能使聚合物稳定程度降低一点。与此相反,单个脂族碳原子可以包括在整个链上(携带二酸的羧基的芳族残基之间)以构成非线性化合物的来源,如2,2-二苯基丙烷4,4′-二羧酸和2,2-二苯甲烷4,4′-二羧酸。
所用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元的比例要足以减少PET趋于结晶的倾向,但也不能太大,以致降低PET的强度从而使瓶子在使用中易于蠕变。要依据所使用的特定的二羧酸来决定特定的量,但我们发现由二羧酸衍生的单元的比率(作为所用聚合物中全部酸单元的百分比)在1至6摩尔%范围内,要获得特别好的结果最好使用1.5至4的比率范围,尤其是1.8至3摩尔%的范围以及链取向断裂芳族二羧酸是间苯二甲酸。
我们还发现用一定比例的二甘醇残基来代替某些通常的单乙二醇残基可在制造令人满意的适于再装的瓶子时取得特别的优越性。一般的PET聚合过程会形成某些二甘醇和三甘醇单元并入到聚合物中。其有代表性的比例(其中聚合物是用现代连续聚合方法生产的)为总甘醇残基的2至2.5摩尔%之间,三甘醇的含量一般比这些数字低得多(可以通过甘醇残基对链终端的键合以及甘醇单体的醚化作用形成二甘醇和三甘醇单元,因此在反应过程中不需要形成任何游离的二甘醇或三甘醇)。要使本发明取得最好结果,二甘醇残基的比例就要稍微大于上述目前通常的PET连续聚合过程所产生的结果比例。我们已用3至5,尤其是大约3.5摩尔%的二甘醇残基比例(以全部甘醇残基为基础)获得了好结果。根据本发明的这种情况,将一定数量的二甘醇作为单体加入来增加二甘醇残基的当量含量至所希望的含量。要不然就使PET聚合反应产生较高含量的这种残基。由于由甘醇(残基)形成的二甘醇残基具有酸性催化作用,而且酸的浓缩效果较高,因此如果最初的PET聚合反应是分批进行的,所得聚合物就会具有较高含量的二甘醇残基。在这些总量中二甘醇夹杂物的影响是使聚合物在常用的瓶子吹塑成型条件下易于流动,并降低聚合物从瓶子底部边缘和拐点部位凹陷的趋向(此处的重要性见下文)。
要使适于再装瓶达到好性能,选择适当分子量的聚合物是重要的。在此技术领域的一般实践中是选择粘度数据而不是分子量本身。由相似聚合物的适当标准的粘度值可以反映出聚合物的相对分子量。这里所引用的粘度数据是特性粘度(IV)值,它是在25℃的邻-氯酚中测定的。为了对PET聚合物进行改性使之足以阻止结晶,瓶产品中的聚合物IV值至少为0.75,而至少为0.78是非常合乎需要的。对于产品的改性PET的IV值没有特别的上限,但加工聚合物的实际要求设定了一个有效的上限值。一般来说在加工过程中(注射拉伸吹塑成型),聚合物的分子量和IV值趋于下降。因此改性PET聚合物在加工前的最小IV值应为0.75,而IV值几乎总是至少为0.78。IV值的上限是由加工改性PET所需条件确定的,IV值越高(分子量也越高),所需温度也越高。对于IV值大大高于0.9的改性PET所需要的加工温度是如此之高,以致使聚合物开始非常快地热降解,尤其是产生极不希望的乙醛,因为它倾向于使随后装在瓶中的食品腐败,因此目前IV的实际最大值是大约0.9。IV特别有用的范围是从0.8至0.85。
将聚合物在DSC(差示扫描量热计)中进行测定可以得到聚合物结晶趋向的有用测量值。从超过或接近聚合物熔融温度的温度控制冷却速度所测得的冷却焓就得出此聚合物结晶趋向的测量值。在Perkin Elmer Mark7 DSC设备上(冷却速度为20℃·min-1)我们发现具有优良性能的用来制造适于再装压力瓶的改性PET聚合物,其所测得的焓值小于-10J·g-1,而这种聚合物的使用就构成了本发明的一个特征。
用于本发明的改性PET聚合物可用本技术领域内行人通常知道的方法制造。我们已经成功地制取了这利聚合物,第一步将甘醇与二羧酸或二甲酯反应产生预聚物化合物,再将此产物缩聚形成聚酯。如果需要,聚酯的分子量可以通过进一步固态聚合而提高。
制造本发明的瓶子包括高温处理聚合物,热处理的条件易于因水解作用而引起分子量降低以及上面所说的聚合物降解。改性PET聚合物作为原料使用时,其中存在的水一般将加速这种水解反应,因此很希望聚合物是充分干燥的,尤其是在使用前水含量不能大于20ppm(百万分之重量份)。使瓶子的聚合物维持高分子量有进一步的好处,即瓶子在用热的苛性介质水溶液进行反复洗涤的过程中(为了满足再装程序的要求)对水解降解的敏感程度稍小一点。
在本发明中,瓶子的设计,尤其是聚合物的分布,以及瓶子中聚合物的取向度和结晶度也是重要的。根据本发明,瓶子是用注射拉伸吹塑成型方法制成的,而且本发明包括了这一成型方法。注射拉伸吹塑成型瓶子分两步成型。第一步,用注射成型法制取型坯,第二步将型坯拉伸吹塑成型为最终瓶产品,在这两步之间,即使时间很短,也要将型坯冷却和储存,直到需要进行第二步,拉伸吹塑阶段。
型坯的形状是个″微型″瓶,一般为园柱状,一端封闭,长度约为最终瓶子长度的1/3,外径约为最终瓶子外径的1/4。在第二阶段,型坯被加热至一适宜的温度(即在所谓的″再加热″阶段),然后进行轴向拉伸和吹塑成型。例如容量为1.5升的瓶子(很普通的尺寸)大约为30cm长,外径约为8至12cm。这种瓶子的中间型坯一般约为10至15cm长,外径约为3至4cm。型坯是最终产品聚合物的来源。根据本发明的瓶子的瓶壁和瓶底比一般的PET瓶厚,因此对于相同尺寸的瓶子,本发明所用的型坯比一般型坯的壁厚。本发明所用型坯的壁厚一般为5至9mm,比一般瓶子型坯壁厚的3至4mm厚许多。
一般的型坯是用模具注射成型的,浇口在型坯封闭端(通常为半球形)的中心,此端构成瓶底的聚合物。由于本发明所用型坯比一般的型坯壁厚许多,因此在注射成型后要注意快速进行冷却,确保型坯大体上是完全无定形(非晶态)材料。尤其需要注意模具浇口周围的区域,一般是瓶底的中心,因为这部分冷却得最慢,尤其是模具用滑动浇口闭合而不用注道闭合(注道需除去)时更是如此,这就使这部分的聚合物比型坯别处的聚合物有更多结晶的机会。可以容许该区域有很轻微的结晶,因为(见下文)该部分的聚合物在吹塑成型瓶子时拉伸并不很大,但应使其减至最低程度。与通常的瓶子相反,通常的瓶子在这部分有明显的结晶,制成的瓶子底部的中心区域可看到无光泽的条纹。对于传统使用的瓶子,对此要求不太严格,因为它不需承受再使用过程中洗涤条件的侵蚀。本发明中希望避免或至少使型坯中的结晶降至最低并小心地予以实现。型坯中的结晶影响应保持在最低限度,在吹塑成型瓶产品的过程中要避免型坯的这部分延伸至较大的程度。型坯的瓶颈部分按最终产品的比例完全成型并且是完全非晶态的聚合物。
在本发明中,适宜再装的瓶子可用与传统基本生产程序相同的方法生产,但聚合物的分布及它的取向却不同于传统的一次性瓶子,而要达到商品化的再装瓶所要求的性能。简单来说可把瓶子看作有五个部分,颈、肩、主壁、边缘和底、主要部分是颈、主壁和底,肩和边缘分别在颈和主壁之间及底和主壁之间的过渡部位。
本发明的瓶颈部分与传统的一次性PET压力瓶很相似。因此它是非晶态聚合物并成型有(外)螺纹,通常是在充碳酸气饮料瓶上开槽,灌装后以便与瓶盖拧紧,在螺纹下方通常还有一外凸的环形圆环,以使瓶子在灌装和再灌装过程中能被牢固地固定。
在肩部,聚合物的取向由连接颈部的基本非晶态逐渐变化到连接主壁的完全双轴取向,相应地,聚合物的厚度从颈部到主壁降低,因此颈部厚度的增加补偿了因降低取向而造成的强度下降(与主壁相比)。
主壁是瓶子的园柱体部分,比传统的一次使用的压力瓶厚,一般为0.4至0.9mm,一次用瓶厚约为0.3mm。最通常的主壁厚约为6mm。在注射拉伸吹塑成型瓶中,主壁的面积拉伸比至少为7,通常至少为10,希望至少为12。其作用是使瓶子园柱形主壁双轴取向(轴向和环向)拉伸,使之能耐得住内部带压物质所产生的内压,并提供必要的强度使之经得住多次循环使用。一般轴向拉伸比至少约为2,尤其是约为2.5,环向拉伸比至少为3,尤其是约为4。希望主壁部分的面积拉伸比不大于约16,特别是不大于约14,避免因过度取向导致减弱聚合物而出现应力龟裂和/或出现主壁分层,尤其是作为型坯和瓶子的主壁比传统的一次性瓶厚许多。
根据本发明制造的再装瓶的底部不同于传统的一次性瓶的底部,在本发明中,瓶底一般是向内凸的(平底)以改进底部材料的保护性能抵抗冲击破坏。根据本发明的瓶子,底部一般为平底形,底部高度与底径之比从4∶1至8∶1,尤其是大约6∶1。一般说来,传统PET压力瓶的底部具有向外凸出的半球形形状,并带有分别成型的底座,或制成向外凸出的花瓣形(此瓶底的中心部分稍平,但作为一个整体,瓶底一般是从瓶子向外凸出的),其中花瓣形状的作用是提供一个底座。在传统底部成型中,聚合物的拉伸将取向和/或减弱聚合物,例如引发结晶和/增加了对应力开裂的敏感度,因此这种延伸程度对于再装瓶来说是不令人满意的。
为了防止在制造过程中底部产生明显的结晶,本发明的瓶底比传统的瓶底取向小。要在长期使用中保持优良性能,这是重要的,假如瓶底聚合物明显结晶或显著取向,则由于在强碱水溶液中反复循环的洗涤很可能产生应力开裂。瓶底和边缘之间的边界部分和瓶底的中心部分都和模具浇口邻近,它们都对此关注之点极为敏感。降低取向等级将会相对减弱瓶底,要达到本发明所要求的高等级强度,瓶底就要比传统的一次瓶厚许多,而且瓶底一般是厚度不均匀或取向不均匀的。
总而言之,从瓶底中部的非取向非晶态聚合物穿越底部和边缘到完全双轴拉伸的主壁有一过渡区。总的来说,瓶底中部一般直径约为2~3cm,厚度3~6mm,几乎在整个吹塑过程中都在进行拉伸,拉伸比一般从1(不拉伸)至大约1.5倍,最通常约为1.2倍,在瓶底中心部分和边沿(″弯曲处″)之间的底部环形主区域一般比中心部分稍微薄一点,一般平均值约为2.5mm,通常在接近弯曲处较薄。离中心最近处厚度为2~4mm,一般约3mm,离弯曲处最近处为1.5至3mm,一般约2mm,离中心部最近处的拉伸度一般也从1.5倍变化至2倍,离弯曲处最近的拉伸度为2.5~3倍。在环形区域是环绕底部以环形方向较大单轴取向的。
弯曲处厚度一般为1~2mm,尤其是大约1.5mm,通常它还要延伸到瓶底的总平面以下形成瓶子的支承缘。环绕弯曲处的曲率一般意味着聚合物的拉伸,主要是在环绕弯曲处的轴向方向上的单方向拉伸。拉伸度一般为3倍。对于整个底部,聚合物的厚度可以指拉伸度及取向度随聚合物厚度的变化。这可能在弯曲处最引人注意,因为弯曲处实际上是聚合物内表面自身折回来的一个折,因此它比环绕弯曲处外面拉伸的聚合物的取向低得多。
边缘形成一个由底边、弯曲处至主壁的过渡部分,聚合物的拉伸程度从弯曲处到边缘在2~5cm,尤其是4cm的距离内连续上升。边缘处的聚合物一般都逐渐将厚度减至瓶底的厚度,并朝完全双轴取向的主壁方向拉伸,增加取向度。
在第二步进行吹塑成型的开始,型坯通常处于或接近环境温度,因此需要进行再加热至适宜的温度,一般为90~110℃,尤其是95℃,以便进行吹塑。再加热步骤通常限定了该方法第二步的速度。减少本发明的这段时间有利于尽量提高生产能力,并可避免导致型坯局部过热的再加热不均匀,并在第二步过程中减少聚合物(再)结晶的机会。关于最后一点的重要性从前面的讨论就可理解。在本发明的方法中,它是特别重要的,因为所用的型坯壁很厚,换句话说需要很长的再加热时间,并且比制造传统的一次性PET瓶对不均匀加热更敏感。
再加热步骤一般用红外线(IR)加热器进行,例如石英红外灯,它在500~2000nm波长范围内最强烈地放射热量。在此区域PET固有的吸收作用很低,所观察到的吸热通常来自悬浮的杂质,如催化剂残余物和夹杂物。悬浮物质耗散的和固有的吸收热结合,使吸热提高。这样PET型坯的再加热速率通常就极大地取决于混合物的干净程度,脏的混合物,即由于存在污垢物而有相当高的雾度,再加热比干净的混合物快,加颜料的PET比未加颜料的要求是清晰的(即最低雾度的)PET再加热时间短。对于清晰的PET,为使混合物明显降低再加热时间而要求的杂质含量将导致不合格的雾度。
我们发现在保持合格的雾度的同时,聚合物含有少量还原的细金属粉粒可以明显降低聚合物的再加热时间。特别是,所用聚合物含有一定量的金属粉粒,其本身吸收500nm~2000nm波长范围的热辐射,那么该聚合物的再加热时间就比没有那些数量粉粒的聚合物的再加热时间短。本发明方法中以及瓶子中所用聚合物里适量的这种细金属粉粒的夹杂物,下面还要特别详细叙述,并构成了本发明的一个特殊的、非常合乎需要的特征。
金属粉粒一般是锑、锡、铜或这些金属的混合物,特别是锑。希望这些金属粉粒足够地细,肉眼都看不见,其尺寸范围应使辐射热的吸收出现在相当宽的波长范围,而不是正好在一个特定的波长或在一个窄的波段范围内。金属粉粒既能以细微的金属粉粒的形式加入,另一方面也能以金属的可还原的化合物形式出现在聚合物中,并在聚合物中加入适当的还原剂。
金属粉粒在组合物中的比例以使用者的观点看是在所希望的减少聚合物再加热时间以及对给定的应用具有合格的雾度之间的平衡。简单地说,金属粉粒的比例介于聚合物重量的3至300ppm之间,更一般是在5~150ppm之间,尤其是在10~100ppm之间。当使用可还原的金属化合物时,还原剂的用量通常为相对应的当量数,如果需要,即考虑到由于净化作用会减少还原剂,例如还原剂与溶解在聚合物等中的氧的相互作用,可用过量的还原剂,适用的还原剂包括磷(III)化合物如磷酸或亚磷酸三苯酯。
锑是特别优选的金属,因为三氧化锑是制备聚酯所用单体聚合的催化剂。由于聚酯周围的熔融单体会轻微地还原聚酯,因此聚合物自然会含有很少比例的锑金属,例如1~2ppm。然而这些少量的锑金属不能明显地改变再加热时间。因此需要把聚合物中锑金属的含量增加到高于这些基础含量的数量。
如上所述,需要尽量减少将制瓶的聚合物曝露于高温下。因此,本发明的瓶子一般是在不高于110℃,具体地是从80至110℃,特别是95至100℃的温度下从型胚吹塑而成。
如上所述,在聚合物中使用金属粉粒,不仅可以减少再加热时间,还可以改善再加热的均匀性,也就减少了整个暴露于加热的时间,从而减少了聚合物出现不希望有的结晶的机会,还可以减少因型坯再加热不均匀产生的里面和外面有显著不同的温度而在吹塑中可能发生的聚合物分层现象。
在本发明所用的聚合物中使用金属粉粒构成了本发明的一个特殊特征。实际上,含有金属粉粒的聚合物本身也是本发明的一个方面。在这方面,本发明包括一种改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物,它是一种无规改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1至6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而形成的,其特性粘度至少为0.75,该聚合物含有聚合物重量的3~300ppm,尤其是10~100ppm的很细的金属粉粒,一般是锑、铜、锡或其混合物。当然本发明的这种聚合物还可以特别希望的比例含有特别的链取向断裂芳族二羧酸,它可以含有特别是按上述所特别希望的范围和比例的二甘醇残基(该聚合物含有以全部甘醇残基为基准的大约2.6摩尔%的二甘醇残基),它可具有一般特别希望的IV范围和数值,它可以具有热焓性能,它可以含有已在上面详细叙述的金属粉粒并且可以含有下面所述的其它添加剂。
本发明瓶子所用的PET聚合物还可以含有对聚合物无有害影响的其它添加剂,例如催化剂、稳定剂、操作助剂、填料、抗氧剂、增塑剂和润滑剂。可以含有颜料和/或染料以制取带色的瓶子,  尤其是制取绿色,琥珀色和棕色瓶。因为瓶子是基本非结晶聚合物,因此促进结晶的添加剂,尤其是成核剂不能使用。
瓶子在使用中可能要经受一定程度的高温,特别是在再使用的洗涤过程中,可通过热定形给聚合物主壁改进的热强度性能。这可以用已知的各种手段来进行,例如采用加热,或不充分冷却吹塑成型瓶子的模具,或接着用热模处理方法来进行。
本发明用以下实施例加以说明。所有份数和百分数除非另作规定均指重量。例1
将对苯二酸(98份),间苯二酸(2份)和1,2-亚乙基二醇(45份)以及作为缓冲剂的氢氧化钠(4.6×10-3份)放入一个压力容器中,在40psig(大约0.28MPa表压)及温度范围在235°~245℃的条件下进行反应,并连续蒸馏除去水。在85%理论数量的水排出后,反应器排空至环境压力。将作为稳定剂的磷酸(1.94×10-2份)和作为催化剂的三氧化锑(2.89×10-2份)以及作为还原剂的亚磷酸(0.37×10-2份)(可在聚合物中产生大约30ppm锑金属,亚磷酸则被氧化成磷酸,加到稳定剂中)加到反应混合物中。将混合物加热至290℃经过30分钟并把压力降至大约0.1KPa继续进行聚合。当达到目标分子量(通过测量熔融粘度及相应的IV值达0.62)时,将压力升至环境压力,然后将聚合物作为带状物挤出并切成粒料。然后将粒料在一个单独的容器中经受固相聚合步骤(干燥氮气条件下大约220℃)。此反应一直延续到聚合物分子量达到目标值(通过测量熔融粘度及相应的IV值达0.82dl·g-1)。
将此改性的PET聚合物在一空气干燥器中干燥6小时(185℃),所用空气露点为-60℃。干燥聚合物然后在Husky XL225 32腔注射成型机上形成瓶子型坯,机筒温度为295℃,机筒头部温度为290℃,注射料室(储料段)的温度为290℃,支管温度为290℃,热流道温度为285℃,注射压力1600psig(大约11MPa),注射时间6秒,模具温度10℃,整个周期时间60秒。型坯152mm长(从底部至颈部支托),外径31mm,每个重量大约108克。
接着将型坯用拉伸吹塑成型制成瓶子。首先在一台krupp LBO1机器内用红外线辐射再加热85秒(保持时间30秒),型坯表面温度为95℃(用红外线高温计测量)。然后将再加热过的型坯进行拉伸吹塑成型得到315mm长(从底部至颈部支托)外径为83mm的瓶子。
将这些瓶子的样品进行加速老化测试,即重复灌装、倒空、洗涤(在60℃的3.5%W/WNaOH水溶液中大约15分钟),再灌装,这些瓶子样品经测试完好。所做的测试比″真正寿命″多少更严格一些,因为灌装包括瓶子预增压以及用碳酸氢钠水溶液灌装并加入一定量的硫酸以产生足够的二氧化碳加压于瓶子。对瓶子增压较快,并使瓶子经受比商业灌装方法更高的峰值压力,商业灌装通常是用充碳酸气的饮料在低于环境温度(与一般储存温度相称)条件下很慢地进行。例2
用与例1所述相似的方法制取改性PET聚合物,但有以下不同之处。所用对苯二酸和间苯二酸的量分别为98.1和1.9份,在所用催化剂和稳定剂的混合物中,三氧化锑(2.89×10-2份)和乙酸钴四水合物(1.85×10-2份)作为催化剂,磷酸(1.73×10-2份)作为稳定剂,亚磷酸(0.35×10-2份)作为还原剂(在聚合物中产生大约30ppm锑金属,亚磷酸被氧化成磷酸,加到稳定剂中去)。继续进行固相聚合直到聚合物的分子量达到目标值(测定熔融粘度及相应的IV值达到0.835dl·g-1)。
将这种聚合物的样品按大致与例1所述相同的挤出吹塑成型方法制成与例1所述大体相同的瓶子。将这些瓶子的4个样品经受下述加速的再灌装循环测试。该测试模拟瓶子作为适于再装瓶的使用,尤其是测试其在再灌装循环中耐特殊洗涤条件的性能。瓶子的总体积在测试前进行了测量,即将瓶子用水灌至充满,再用量筒(大约1.6l)测量水的体积。然后将瓶子浸入58.5℃的水溶液中洗涤15分钟,水溶液为3%W/WNaOH溶液和0.15%W/W工业洗涤添加剂[据认为含有洗涤剂、消泡剂和磷酸(由Henkel生产的Stabilon PA A1 Fleussig)]的水溶液,然后用水彻底漂洗除去全部NaOH。使用Lancaster型碳酸盐法设备(由英格兰Hale sowen的Whiilenge生产),用大约60psig(414kPa)的标称供料压力(由二氧化碳气筒控制器控制)将充碳酸气的水在22℃灌至瓶子的标称容量(1.5t),得到充入4体积的二氧化碳,相当于顶部空间压力大约为57psig(393KPa),然后将瓶子盖上盖。将瓶子在37.8℃(标称的100°F)和30%相对湿度条件下储存18小时。然后将瓶子倒空,重复洗涤、漂洗、灌装、储存的循环。在1、5和25次循环后分别测量瓶子的容积。测试结果列于下面表1,其中给出每组4个瓶子的平均体积作为循环数的一个函数。表1中还包括有相似瓶子进行对比的测试结果,制取这些瓶子的PET聚合物是用1,4-双(羟甲基)环己烷(环己烷二甲醇)代替1,2-亚乙基二醇(由Eastman kodak制造的PET,牌号为EK9921W)。这些结果表明本发明的瓶子在重复循环使用时具有良好的耐蠕变性能,而且和所用的对比瓶相比是明显优胜者。更进一步,这些瓶子在高达25次循环的测试中无一失败,并且在测试结果时,所有的瓶子都被评定为能有效地作为充碳酸气饮料的瓶子。所有测试的瓶子都在底部的外底边缘显示出龟裂的迹象,但裂纹一般较细,在碳酸化作用和储存过程中不会引破裂。就龟裂而言,在本发明的瓶子和对比的瓶子之间看不出明显的区别。
                           表1
例号   最初体积(ml) 经循环使用后体积增加百分比
1次循环 10次循环 25次循环
 22C     15951590     00     0.92.1     0.91.2
例3
用例2所述的一般方法制备改性的PET聚合物,但分批进行酯化作用。分批酯化操作在比连续操作(如例1所用)相对高的酸性条件下进行。其结果是具有较高比例的二甘醇残基。将所得聚合物进行固相聚合反应直到聚合物的分子量提高到目标值(测量其熔融粘度以及相应的IV值达到0.855dl·g-1)。二甘醇残基在聚合物产品中的含量约为3.4摩尔%。按例1所述方法将这种聚合物制成瓶子,对瓶子的测试表明,此聚合物从瓶子底部弯曲处离开的趋势比含较低比例二甘醇残基的聚合物小。按例2所述的加速再灌装循环测试显示出具有良好的耐蠕变性。例4
按例1所述的一般方法制备改性的PET聚合物,只是所用对苯二酸和间苯二酸的量分别为97份和3份。用这种聚合物按例1所述方法制成的瓶子按例2所述的加速再灌装循环测试方法进和测试,显示出具有良好的耐蠕变性。例5
按例2所述的一般方法制备改性的PET聚合物,只是将二甘醇作为单体算入,从而使最终的全部二甘醇残基含量约为3.5摩尔%。用这种聚合物按例1所述方法制成的瓶子按例2所述的加速再灌装循环测试方法进行测试,显示出具有良好的耐蠕变性。

Claims (7)

1.一种适用于通过注射拉伸吹塑成型法制造各种瓶子的聚合物组合物,此组合物包括:一种特性粘度值为0.75-0.90的无规改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合物,它是用链取向断裂芳族二羧酸单元取代1~6摩尔%的对苯二酸酯单元而制取的;和细金属粉粒,该细金属粉粒细到用眼睛不能看见,并且能吸收波长为500mm-2000mm的射线,按所述聚合物重量计,所述细金属粉粒存在的量为3-300ppm(重量),以使所述聚合物的再加热时间短于没有所述细金属粉粒存在的聚合物的再加热时间。
2.权利要求1所述的聚合物组合物,其中细金属粉粒的含量为聚合物重量的10-100ppm。
3.权利要求1或2所述的聚合物组合物,其中金属粉粒是锑、锡、铜或这些金属的混合物。
4.权利要求1所述的聚合物组合物,其中金属粉粒是锑粉粒,其数量为聚合物重量的10~100ppm。
5.权利要求1或2的聚合物组合物,其中金属粉粒是在制造聚合物过程中用还原剂将可还原的金属化合物还原而形成的。
6.权利要求5所述的聚合物组合物,其中金属粉粒是用磷(III)化合物还原三氧化锑而形成的锑粉粒。
7.权利要求1或2所述的聚合物组合物,其中改性聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯包括3~5摩尔%由二甘醇衍生的单元按总甘醇单元为基准计算。
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CN1059503A (zh) 1992-03-18
BR9102471A (pt) 1992-01-21
EP0465040B1 (en) 1997-01-15
CA2044683A1 (en) 1991-12-16
TW202464B (zh) 1993-03-21
IE990678A1 (en) 2000-11-15
EP0465040A1 (en) 1992-01-08
ZM2391A1 (en) 1992-03-27
GB9013481D0 (en) 1990-08-08
DE69124151T2 (de) 1997-04-24
US5409983A (en) 1995-04-25
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EP0693356A2 (en) 1996-01-24
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JPH04232722A (ja) 1992-08-21
CN1105681A (zh) 1995-07-26
MW2191A1 (en) 1992-02-12
ATE147676T1 (de) 1997-02-15
KR920000461A (ko) 1992-01-29
CN1034719C (zh) 1997-04-30
ES2095912T3 (es) 1997-03-01

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