CN103622950A - 抗疟疾药物组合物 - Google Patents
抗疟疾药物组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103622950A CN103622950A CN201310093313.1A CN201310093313A CN103622950A CN 103622950 A CN103622950 A CN 103622950A CN 201310093313 A CN201310093313 A CN 201310093313A CN 103622950 A CN103622950 A CN 103622950A
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- Prior art keywords
- artemether
- administration
- triglyceride
- pharmaceutical composition
- sublingual
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于治疗和预防疟疾的药物组合物,包括蒿甲醚和一种中链甘油三酸酯,配制成用于舌下粘膜、口腔或鼻腔给药,尤其是通过喷雾给药。还提供了一种包含所述组合物的给药装置。
Description
本申请是申请日为2008年10月27日、申请号为200880113338.0、发明名称为“抗疟疾药物组合物”的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗非并发性的和并发性的疟疾的药物组合物、给药方法、给药装置和治疗方法。
背景技术
疟疾是一种在许多热带和亚热带地区广泛传播的传染疾病,其由传染性寄生虫疟原虫(Plasmodium)引起,该寄生虫主要通过疟蚊属的雌性蚊子传播。疟疾每年导致一百万至三百万人死亡,大多数发生在撒哈拉以南的非洲。这些死亡的人当中,大约75%是五岁以下儿童。
已经开发出或检验出许多用于治疗或预防儿童和成人疟疾的药物。尽管存在着有效的药物,并且也已经很好的认识到传播疟疾的蚊子的寿命周期,但是实际的干预策略到目前为止未能控制这种疾病。与大多数传染病一样,始终存在抗药性问题。然而,对于疟疾,其他干扰因素包括难于对那些需要药物的人施用药物,尤其是对儿童。在最严重感染区域,儿童通常营养不良并且患有其它疾病。除了由疟疾感染本身所引起的症状外,在这些儿童中腹泻和呕吐的发作也是普遍的。结果,儿童不能吞咽片状形式的药物,并且极其难找到儿童的合适的静脉以用于通过静脉途径施药。即使存在着可能,在许多情况下,尤其是需要几天或几周的药物治疗的情况下,在场没有训练过的医护人员可以通过静脉给药。
治疗疟疾所使用的活性药物,是一些从青蒿素衍生出的化合物,青蒿素是从青蒿中分离出来的一种倍半萜烯内酯内过氧化物(Woodrow等Postgrad.Med.J.2005;81:71-78)。这些化合物包括半合成衍生物双氢青蒿素、青蒿琥酯、蒿甲醚和青蒿乙醚(蒿乙醚)。国际药典(Ph.Int.,世界卫生组织)列出 了若干用于治疗疟疾的药物,即:胶囊、片剂或者注射剂形式的蒿甲醚;胶囊或者片剂形式的青蒿素;注射剂形式的青蒿乙醚;片剂形式的双氢青蒿素和青蒿琥酯。
US6306896描述的药物活性组合物包括青蒿素和/或青蒿素衍生物。活性组分被配制成栓剂形式以便直肠给药。抗疟疾疗法的直肠给药由于下列原因而特别困难:第一,大多数患有疟疾的人腹泻,这使得给药困难;第二,为了直肠粘膜能有效吸收,病人需要具有良好的营养状态和良好的包含高脂肪含量的饮食,这样的饮食在撒哈拉以南的非洲非常难得;第三,在许多疟疾感染的国家,栓剂的使用和给药有很强的文化障碍。
可以看出这些制剂面临着上述的给药困难。因此,本发明的目的就在于解决这些问题以及其他问题。
发明内容
相应的,在第一个方面,本发明提供了一种药物组合物,包含:蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚;以及一种药学上可接受的赋形剂,该赋形剂选自如下组:中链三酸甘油酯、短链三酸甘油酯、Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯和富含Ω-3-酸的鱼油,所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药。
发明人发现蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚的舌下粘膜、口腔粘膜和鼻腔粘膜给药途径能有效将药物输送到体循环,例如用于疟疾的治疗。而且,它第一次提供了一种能被需要治疗的儿童接受的给药途径,并且可以通过非医学合格人员施药。因此,这在更遥远的乡村特别有利,例如,可以培训乡村老人进行诊断疟疾以及随后的施药。例如,组合物可以以液体丸药、或者更优选的喷雾舌下给药。
中链三酸甘油酯在欧洲药典(European Pharmacopoeia Monograph0868)中被定义为:一种饱和脂肪酸的三酸甘油酯的混合物,主要是辛酸(Octanoic acid,C8H16O2)和癸酸(Decanoic acid,C10H20O2)的三酸甘油酯。中链三酸甘油酯从油中获得,该油为从可可椰子(Cocos nucifera L.)的胚乳的硬的干燥部分或者从非洲油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq)的干燥胚乳中提取出。当中链三酸甘油酯为从可可椰子的胚乳中制备出来时,可以使用分馏椰子油(Fractionated Coconut Oil)。中链三酸甘油酯最低具有95.0%的8-10个碳原子的饱和脂肪 酸。更多的化学和物理性质被描述在欧洲药典(European Pharmacopoeia Monograph0868)及类似文件中。
短链三酸甘油酯为链长小于6个碳原子的三酸甘油酯。
Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯在欧洲药典(European Pharmacopoeia Monograph 0868)中被定义为Ω-3酸与甘油的一元、二元和三元酯的混合物,主要是三酯,并且通过浓缩精制的Ω-3酸与甘油的酯化、或者通过Ω-3酸乙酯与甘油的酯交换获得。Ω-3酸来源于脂质鱼类的鱼体油,该脂质鱼类来自于类似于如下族:鳀科、鲹科、鲱科、胡瓜鱼科、鲑科和鲭科。Ω-3酸被鉴定为如下酸:α-亚麻酸(C18:3n-3)、十八碳四烯酸(C18:4n-3)、二十碳四烯酸(C20:4n-3)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n-3;EPA)、二十一烯五烯酸(C21:5n-3)、二十二烯五烯酸(C25:5n-3)、二十二烯六烯酸(C22:6n-3;DHA)。Ω-3酸的EPA和DHA的总含量表示成三酸甘油酯为至少45%,总的Ω-3酸表示成三酸甘油酯为至少60%。可以添加生育酚作为抗氧化剂。
富含Ω-3酸的鱼油也在欧洲药典(European Pharmacopeia)中被定义为从鱼族鳀科、鲹科、鲱科、胡瓜鱼科、鲭科和玉筋鱼科中获得的经过纯化、冷凝和除臭的脂肪油。Ω-3酸被定义为如下酸:α-亚麻酸(C18:3n-3)、十八碳四烯酸(C18:4n-3)、二十碳四烯酸(C20:4n-3)、二十碳五烯酸(C20:5n-3;EPA)、二十一烯五烯酸(C21:5n-3)、二十二烯五烯酸(C25:5n-3)、二十二烯六烯酸(C22:6n-3;DHA)。
富含Ω-3酸的鱼油含量如下:
EPA,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少13.0%;
DHA,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少9.0%;
总的Ω-3酸,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少28.0%。
可以添加不超过官方规定的量的官方许可的抗氧化剂。
虽然这些定义用于限定所述赋形剂的特别优选的组合物,本领域熟练技术人员将认识到合适的替代赋形剂的组合物将不在这些精确组合限制之内。选择的赋形剂展现出类似的化学特性,例如在必须在需要的浓度下溶解蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚的能力、不降解药学活性成分的能力和无毒。这些赋形剂还可以具有类似的物理性质,例如至少在体温下为液体、并且优选具有合适的粘度以便可以将赋形剂使用在优选的下文中所述的喷射制剂中。用于这些应用的粘度应当足够低以便当用在泵式喷雾器中时能够如下文所述雾化。
例如,组合物可以主要由蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚,以及一种药学上可接受的赋形剂组成,该赋形剂主要由37℃下液态的三酸甘油酯和中链三酸甘油酯(如本文所定义)组成。
特别优选的本发明的组合物主要包括:蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚,以及一种或多种药学上可接受的赋形剂,该赋形剂选自如下组:中链三酸甘油酯、短链三酸甘油酯、Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯,所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药。不含有显著量的其他材料(例如高分子量脂质)使得组合物适合于鼻腔、口腔特别是舌下粘膜给药。
更优选的组合物包括:蒿甲醚以及一种药学上可接受的赋形剂,该赋形剂选自如下组:中链三酸甘油酯、短链三酸甘油酯、Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯,所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药,并且特别的,组合物主要由蒿甲醚以及一种药学上可接受的赋形剂组成,该赋形剂选自如下组:中链三酸甘油酯、短链三酸甘油酯、Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯,所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药。
这些组合物的任意一个中,特别优选的是组合物基本上不含水,发明人发现,与已有观点相反,水能显著降低组合物的贮存期限,特别是贮存在环境温度下。优选的组合物包含小于1%(w/w)的水,更优选的是小于0.5%(w/w)的水,最优选的是小于0.1%(w/w)的水。
还在这些组合物的任意一个中,特别优选的是组合物基本上不含乙醇。再一次,发明人发现乙醇导致药物活性成分降解。优选的组合物特别包含小于1%(w/w)的乙醇,更优选的是小于0.5%(w/w)的乙醇,最优选的是小于0.1%(w/w)的乙醇。
还在这些组合物中的任意一个中,优选的是蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚的浓度为2-250毫克每克赋形剂。这一浓度为用于所述粘膜给药所需要的体积的合适的含量。更优选的,组合物包括:蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚,以2-200毫克每克赋形剂的浓度溶解在赋形剂中。其他优选的浓度为2-100毫克每克赋形剂;2-50毫克每克赋形剂。较低的浓度使得组合物特别适用于儿科,也更能保证在一宽温度范围内药物活性组分能保留在溶液中,而不是使得一部分例如悬浮。这对于保证将药物通过所述的粘膜途径给药特别重要。如果显著量的活性成分不在溶液中,那么很可能使得一部分被吞下,因此降低下文所述的粘膜给药的有益效果。
在特别优选的组合物中,所述赋形剂包含一中链三酸甘油酯,所述三酸甘油酯包含至少95.0%的6-12个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。更优选的,所述赋形剂包含一中链三酸甘油酯,所述三酸甘油酯包含至少95.0%的8-10个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。
还是在任一这样的组合物中,特别优选的是该组合物还包括一种精油,例如薄荷醇、香草醛或橙油、柠檬油、丁香油、薄荷油、留兰香油。这一用作一种溶剂的精油、特别是薄荷醇的特殊技术优势将在下文中进一步描述。
在第二个方面,本发明提供一种包含本文所描述的组合物的给药装置,所述装置适合于输送单个的或连续的剂量的所述组合物,每个单个的或连续的剂量的体积小于1000微升。使用小剂量体积降低了组合物被病人吞咽或吐出的可能性。通过使用更小体积进一步降低了这种可能性(特别是对于儿科或者鼻腔给药),因此,在更优选的具体实施方式中,每个连续剂量的体积小于600微升;小于400微升;小于200微升;或者甚至小于100微升。更小的体积特别优选用于儿科或者鼻腔给药。
在第三个方面,本发明提供一种包含本文所描述的组合物的给药装置,所述装置和组合物适合于输送单个的或连续的剂量的所述组合物,每个单个的或连续的剂量包含不超过80mg的蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚。所述装置优选适合于协助舌下给药,特别是通过非医学训练过的人员。限制每个剂量输送的活性药物的量将确保避免过量给药,这对于通过非熟练人员治疗疟疾特别重要。优选的,所述装置和组合物适合于输送单个剂量或连续剂量的所述组合物,每个单个的剂量或连续的剂量包含不超过10mg的蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚。这为儿科使用提供一种合适的装置。
优选的,根据这些方面的给药装置包括一喷雾器,特别是一泵式喷雾器。泵式喷雾器的使用增加了组合物施加到的粘膜的面积,因此增加了吸收,并将吞咽药物的可能性降到了最低。更优选的,所述装置适合于产生平均微滴尺寸大于20微米的组合物的喷雾,或者甚至大于50微米,或者优选的大于75微米。通过这种方式,避免或减少了无意中将药物输送到肺。
在第四个方面,本发明还提供了一种用于提供药物剂量的装置,包含一容纳本文所描述的药物组合物的容器和用于将所述药物组合物的剂量输送到容器外部的阀装置。所述装置可以连接到例如一单独的口腔、鼻腔或舌下粘膜给药装置,例如一个喷雾器。
在第五个方面,本发明提供了一种用于治疗或预防疟疾的套件,包含本文所述的组合物和将所述组合物通过舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜途径对一个需要该组合物的病人给药的说明。优选的,所述套件具有将所述组合物通过舌下途径对一需要该组合物的病人给药的说明。
在第六个方面,本发明提供了一种治疗对蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚(优选为蒿甲醚)应答的疾病的方法,包括将临床上有效的剂量的蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚通过舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜途径对一个需要蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚的病人给药。更优选的,所述给药通过舌下途径给药,最优选的所述疾病为疟疾。
本发明提供了一种用于治疗疟疾的套件,包含本文所述的组合物和将所述组合物通过口腔或鼻腔粘膜途径、或者更优选的是通过舌下途径对一个需要该组合物的病人给药的说明。
还包括在本发明的范围内的是蒿甲醚在制备上文所描述的用于治疗或预防疟疾的根据本发明的任一方面、或者优选方面的药物组合物的用途。
还包括在本发明范围之内的是一种治疗疟疾的方法,包括将临床上有效剂量的蒿甲醚以本文所述的组合物的形式通过舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜途径对疟疾病人给药,优选的采用喷雾的形式给药。
优选的,本发明所提供的任一药物组合物或装置是用于预防或特别是治疗疟疾。
本文参考附图实质上所描述的、以及附图的任何可能结合所阐述的药物组合物、给药装置、套件和方法,都包含在本发明的范围内。
具体实施方式
提供一种临床上有用的疟疾疗法的最重要的一个方面在于提供一种能禁得起那些疟疾问题特别严重的地区挑战的制剂和任何活性组分的给药途径,例如在撒哈拉以南的非洲。例如,任何制剂需要长时间并且在相对的高温下稳定。药物经常需要(毫不迟延的)对虚弱、营养不良并且可能罹患呕吐和腹泻的儿童给药。在许多情况下,药物也需要通过非医学训练的人士施药。还重要的是任何活性组分需要具有良好的(和一致的)生物利用度,以保证药物能到达作用位点并没有不利的副作用。
为了解决这些问题,发明人发现蒿甲醚的舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药途径与口服(即吞咽)或肌肉途径相比提供了一种更高和更可再现的生物活性。 Navaratnam等(Clin Pharmacokinet,2000,Oct;39(4):255-270)报道动物中口服的蒿甲醚的生物活性低至19-35%,当通过肌肉注射时仅为54%。在人类中,蒿甲醚的生物活性在肌内途径(25%)和直肠途径(35%)都很低,并且吸收的变化相当大。作者报道“对脑部疟疾的儿童的初步研究表明肌内蒿甲醚的生物活性非常易变,并且可能影响大多数重症病人的疗效”。
舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药途径的方法避免了口服和直肠给药中发生的首过效应。尽管成人可能能忍受蒿甲醚的大口服剂量以克服药物的低生物利用度,但这不适用于儿童,因此本文所公开的组合物特别适合于儿童疟疾的治疗,即儿童制剂。
最初的可信剂量范围研究结果如下,通过舌下喷雾给药与采用片剂口服给药相比,令人惊奇的提高了药物的生物利用度。
发明人还发现与现有观点相反,蒿甲醚与水、乙醇或者可能用于喷雾制剂的推进剂接触时不稳定。
表1和2表明蒿甲醚API中存在着的杂质和三种溶剂系统中的蒿甲醚:20%乙醇+80%推进剂;50%乙醇+50%推进剂;100%乙醇;和一种中链三酸甘油酯,在这个例子中,三酸甘油酯的注册商标为810。是一种包含饱和C8和C10脂肪酸的中链三酸甘油酯,典型的为65-80%辛酸(C8:0)和20-35%的癸酸(C10:0)。
表1所示为组合物在30℃下储存8周后的杂质(蒿甲醚的HPLC色谱中的峰面积的百分比)。表2所示为40℃下储存8周后相应的杂质。
表1:30℃下储存
表2:40℃下储存
典型的色谱图如图13所示,可以看出810制剂中的杂质含量并不显著高于初始的Artemether API中的杂质含量。在所有其它例子中,杂质的含量超过了哪些ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guidelines for Impurities in New Drug Products中允许的含量,没有进行具体的鉴定或者进一步的毒性测试。
中链三酸甘油酯中的溶液,尤其是一种饱和三酸甘油酯例如810中的溶液,因此为活性组分的稳定制剂。作为一种饱和三酸甘油酯,可以相信这使得蒿甲醚稳定。考虑到其化学结构,蒿甲醚降解的主要路线可能是通过还原机理,这可以解释通过这样的包含三酸甘油酯的饱和脂肪酸所提供的保护。
当用于喷雾输送系统,即用于手动泵式喷雾器中,三酸甘油酯还担当泵和阀的润滑剂,因此不需要向制剂中添加额外的润滑剂。所述中链三酸甘油酯的使用还提供了一种可用于泵式喷雾输送系统中的具有合适的粘度和表面张力的制剂。
使用中链三酸甘油酯还有进一步的优势:疏水性、三酸甘油酯粘附到口腔粘膜并因此获得蒿甲醚被粘膜吸收的时间。组合物的疏水性质能防止组合物由于唾液的作用而被口腔中洗掉,否则将导致活性组分被吞咽。
本发明的一个特别优选的实施方式中,蒿甲醚-三酸甘油酯溶液中还带有薄荷醇,或者用橙油或者香子兰代替。发明人发现如下若干优势:
(1)对于儿童的抗疟疾药物的施药过程中,用作气味掩蔽剂的功能特别重要;药物常常要给药若干天,例如3-4天,儿童第一次剂量时所感受到的药物的任何坏味道都将使得难于进行接下来的给药。
(2)香精油还担当一种渗透增强剂以改善活性组分穿过口腔粘膜而吸收。
(3)添加香味还使得施药人第一可以检查药物是否已经被分配(病人可以品味或者闻到),第二可以检查药是否分配到了合适的位置,例如如果药物意外的直接分配进入了喉咙,那里是没有味觉的。
(4)一个令人惊讶的特性是香精油(特别是左旋薄荷醇)还能帮助蒿甲醚溶液化。在一溶解度试验中,当在添加蒿甲醚前先添加薄荷醇,蒿甲醚4分30秒后溶解在miglyol中,而当在添加薄荷醇前先添加蒿甲醚,溶解需要5分55秒。
优选的制剂如表3和表4所示(用于舌下或口腔儿科使用)。给出了适合于在喷雾输送系统中使用的两个不同的剂量浓度。根据要治疗的儿童的体重,给出了若干个喷雾剂(即单个喷雾动作100ml)。
表3:3mg蒿甲醚每动作
表4:6mg蒿甲醚每动作
表5概说了用于儿科的一个优选剂量实施例。设想可替代的剂量范围,例3mg/kg体重的剂量。
表5:儿科剂量
成人用制剂可以使用更高浓度的蒿甲醚,例如150-200mg/ml。对于成人使用,单个喷雾体积可以大于上文所述的儿科使用的100ml。
蒿甲醚的生物利用度
申请人已经进行了可信实验以评价本发明的包含蒿甲醚的组合物通过舌下途径给药与通过片剂的口服途径给药相对比的吸收量。
实验对健康的男性成人志愿者进行(每群16人),并遵守正常的伦理。对根据本发明的三个单剂量进行了研究,并与使用口服剂量药片进行对比,结果如下:
舌下喷雾
蒿甲醚的喷雾制剂如上所述进行制备,并在单个场合通过舌下途径对志愿者组给药。如下表6所述进行若干连续喷雾动作给药。
表6:舌下喷雾制剂的单次量剂量研究
实验 | 制剂 | 每动作剂量(mg) | 动作次数 | 总剂量(mg) |
T1 | 如表3所示 | 3 | 5 | 15 |
T2 | 如表3所示 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
T3 | 如表4所示 | 6 | 5 | 30 |
参考口服剂量
作为参考,对第四组志愿者单独施用包含青蒿乙醚的药片,如下表7所示。
表7:口服药片制剂的单次量剂量研究
实验 | 制剂 | 每药片剂量(mg) | 药片数 | 总剂量(mg) |
T4 | 药片 | 10 | 3 | 30 |
接下来以每个剂量给药,从主体中取血样,检测蒿甲醚及其直接代谢物二氢青蒿素的血液浓度,以便比较两个途径的生物利用度。
图1-6所示为两个比较剂量的蒿甲醚平均血液浓度。图7-12所示为相应的二氢青蒿素的平均血液浓度。
图1和7比较T1(方块)和T4(圆点):15mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由药片给药。
图2和8比较T2(方块)和T4(圆点):30mg蒿甲醚经由10次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由药片给药。
图3和9比较T2(方块)和T4(圆点):30mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由药片给药。
图4和10比较T1(方块)和T2(圆点):15mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由10次舌下喷雾剂量。
图5和11比较T2(方块)和T3(圆点):30mg蒿甲醚经由10次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量。
图6和12比较T1(方块)和T3(圆点):15mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量对比30mg蒿甲醚经由5次舌下喷雾剂量。
四个剂量中的每个的药代动力学数据如表8-11所示:
表8:实验组Tl
15mg蒿甲醚舌下喷雾的单独舌下给药:3mg每动作
*说明:
AUC0-12(ng.h/mL)0-12小时之间浓度曲线下的面积
Cmax(ng/mL)血液浓度最大值
Tmax(h)观测到最大值的时间
t1/2(h)消除半衰期
λz(h-1)消除速率常数
CL/F(ng/h)表观清除率
V/F(L)表观分布容积
表9:实验组T2
30mg蒿甲醚舌下喷雾的单独舌下给药:3mg每动作
说明如表8
表10:实验组T3
30mg蒿甲醚舌下喷雾的单独舌下给药:6mg每动作
说明如表8
表11:实验组T4
单独口服给药30mg蒿甲醚药片:10mg每药片
说明如表8
从这些初步结果可以看出,作为一种广为接受的吸收测量方式,下列剂量的12个小时内的血液浓度曲线下的面积(AUC0-12)的比较表明与口服药片剂量相比,本文所描述的喷雾制剂的舌下给药显示出显著的和令人惊奇的蒿甲醚的高吸收。
通过本文所描述的舌下喷雾途径与口服药片给药的蒿甲醚的生物利用度的比较,我们计算出通常用于比较两个剂量的蒿甲醚数据的F值如下,两个剂量分别A和B表示:
FT1-T4=1.67±0.60(S.D.)
FT2-T4=2.24±0.92(S.D.)
FT3-T4=2.09±0.69(S.D.)
这表明通过本文的舌下喷雾给药与药片口服给药相比,吸收了大约1.7-2.2倍多的蒿甲醚,尽管口服剂量两倍于舌下喷雾给药。因此舌下给药途径的生物利用度是等量剂量的口服途径的至少两倍。
表8-11和图1-12的数据证实了蒿甲醚的初步活性代谢产物(二氢青蒿素)也有这一规律。
自身诱导的避免
已知的是青蒿素的口服和直肠给药与个体的药物代谢的自身诱导相关(参见例如Ashton M,Hai TN,Sy ND,Huong DX,Van Huong N,Nieu NT,Cong LD."Artemisinin pharmacokinetics is time-dependent during repeated oral administration in healthy male adults.",Drug Metab Dispos.1998;26:25-7',和"Retrospective analysis of artemisinin pharmacokinetics:application of a semiphysiological autoinduction model",Asimus and Gordi,Br.J Clin Pharmacol.2007June;63(6):758-762).结果是系统循环青蒿素随着每个连续剂量下降,因此降低了药物剂量的有效性。
在可信测试中,发明人发现通过舌下粘膜施用青蒿素避免了这样的自身诱导,并且活性药物代谢产物二氢青蒿素的吸收和累积系统浓度始终如一,因此通过舌下途径给药具有显著的优势。通过口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药也可以预期类似的避免自身诱导。
在可信测试中,对志愿者进行如下治疗:在第1天和第5天进行30mg蒿甲醚的单独6mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药,接下来一夜禁食,在第2、3、和4天进行两次每日30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药,接下来是早晨或晚餐。在下列时间点取血样急性药代动力学分析:
第1天:给药前,给药后0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8和12h。
第2、3、4天:早晨给药前,早晨给药后0.5、1、2和4小时,傍晚给药前,傍晚给药后1小时。
第5天:给药前,给药后0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、6、8、12和24小时。
第1天和第5天的血液二氢青蒿素的药代动力学分析显示出有效的一致的反应,表明没有发生自身诱导。血液含量曲线如图14所示。
附图说明
图1:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度相对于时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,Tl)
图2:单独30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,T2)
图3:单独30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T3)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,T3)
图4:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T2,□=测试,Tl)
图5:单独30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T2)
图6:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液蒿甲醚浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T1)
图7:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作(T1)的舌下喷雾给药和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,Tl)
图8:单独30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,T2)
图9:单独30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T3)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚10mg/药片口服给药(T4)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T4,□=测试,T3)
图10:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T2,□=测试,Tl)
图11:单独30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T2)
图12:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T1)
图11A:单独30mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T2)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T2)
图12B:单独15mg蒿甲醚3mg/动作的舌下喷雾给药(T1)和单独的30mg蒿甲醚6mg/动作舌下喷雾给药(T3)的平均血液二氢青蒿素浓度与时间的标准差图。平均值±SD(●=参考,T3,□=测试,T1)
图13:四种溶剂系统(20%乙醇+80%推进剂;50%乙醇+50%推进剂;乙醇溶剂;Miglyol溶剂)中的蒿甲醚的不同制剂的典型色谱图
图14:3mg/动作的第1天和第5天的二氢青蒿素平均浓度(ng/mL)与时间图的对比(●=第1天,□=第5天)
Claims (19)
1.一种药物组合物,包括:
蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚;以及
一种药学上可接受的赋形剂,该赋形剂选自如下组:
中链三酸甘油酯,所述三酸甘油酯包含至少95.0%的6-12个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸;
短链三酸甘油酯,其为链长小于6个碳原子的三酸甘油酯;
Ω-3-海产三酸甘油酯,其为Ω-3酸与甘油的一元、二元和三元酯的混合物;和
富含Ω-3-酸的鱼油,其中富含Ω-3酸的鱼油含量如下:
EPA,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少13.0%,
DHA,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少9.0%,
总的Ω-3酸,表示成三酸甘油酯:至少28.0%;
所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药。
2.一种药物组合物,基本上由下述组分组成:
蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚;以及
一种药学上可接受的赋形剂,该赋形剂基本上由下述组分组成:
37℃下为液态的三酸甘油酯;和
中链三酸甘油酯,所述三酸甘油酯包含至少95.0%的6-12个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸,
所述组合物被配置成用于舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜给药。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,包含小于1%(w/w)的水。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,包含小于1%(w/w)的乙醇。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,其中蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚的浓度为2-250毫克每克赋形剂。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,其中所述赋形剂包含一中链三酸甘油酯,所述三酸甘油酯包含至少95%的8-10个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,还包括一种精油。
8.根据权利要求7所述的药物组合物,其中所述精油为薄荷醇、香草醛或橙油、柠檬油、丁香油、薄荷油或留兰香油。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的药物组合物,所述组合物被配制成用于舌下给药。
10.一种包含根据前述任一权利要求所述的组合物的给药装置,所述装置适合于输送单个的或连续的剂量的所述组合物,每个单个的或连续的剂量的体积小于1000微升。
11.一种包含根据权利要求1-9中任一所述的组合物的给药装置,所述装置适合于输送单个的或连续的剂量的所述组合物,每个单个的或连续的剂量包含至多80mg的蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚。
12.一种根据权利要求11所述的给药装置,所述每个单个的或连续的剂量包含不超过10mg的蒿甲醚或青蒿乙醚。
13.根据权利要求10-12中任一所述的给药装置,其中所述装置还包括一泵式喷雾器。
14.根据权利要求13所述的给药装置,其中所述装置适合于产生平均微滴直径大于20微米的组合物的喷雾。
15.一种用于提供药物剂量的装置,包括一个容纳根据权利要求1-9中任一所述的药物组合物的容器,和用于将所述药物组合物的剂量输送到容器外部的阀装置。
16.一种用于治疗或预防疟疾的套件,包含根据权利要求1-9中任一所述的组合物,和将所述组合物通过舌下、口腔或鼻腔粘膜途径对一个需要该组合物的病人给药的说明。
17.一种用于治疗或预防疟疾的套件,包含根据权利要求1-9中任一所述的组合物,和将所述组合物通过舌下途径对一个需要该组合物的病人给药的说明。
18.根据权利要求1-9中任一所述的组合物在制备用于治疗疟疾的药物中的用途。
19.根据权利要求18所述的用途,其中所述药物用于通过舌下途径给药。
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