CN103553781B - Eucalptus fertilizer additive and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Eucalptus fertilizer additive and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Eucalptus fertilizer additive, it is characterized in that, comprise the raw material of following parts by weight: humic acids 3 ~ 6 parts; Trace element 3 ~ 10 parts; 3 ~ 9 parts, rare earth element; Sustained release dosage 2 ~ 4 parts; Water-holding agent 3 ~ 6 parts; Organic 6 ~ 12 parts.The addition of Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention in eucalyptus base manure is 5%, and the addition in eucalyptus is topdressed is 7%, and it can meet the Eucalyptus cycle demand a large amount of to various nutritive element, improve utilization rate of fertilizer, improve the volume of timber of eucalyptus, reduce production cost, increase self-employed tree cultivator's income.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of fertilizer additive, especially for the fertilizer additive of eucalyptus, and relate to its production method.
Background technology
Along with national forestry " expansion to the east, west controls, Nan Yong, north stops " implementation, the engineering construction of commercial timber forest base obtains swift and violent development, and eucalyptus has become the strategic seeds of south China fast growing.According to incompletely statistics, whole world eucalyptus artificial growth area is 1,800 ten thousand h ㎡, China about 2,600,000 h ㎡, and existing 20 provinces and cities of current China plantation eucalyptus, the total area is only second to Brazil and India, occupies third place in the world.Mainly be distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi etc. and economize (district).
Eucalyptus is the general name of Myrtaceae Pterostyrax seeds, is the excellent fast-growing commerical tree species of a class, is called the large quick growing species of trees in the world three together with willow, pine tree.Therefore, the demand of the trace element such as the nitrogen absorbed from soil, phosphorus, potassium and boron, zinc, Calcium Magnesium Sulphur is just a lot, and in soil, these nutritive elements are very limited.In order to ensure the normal growth of eucalyptus, maintain the equilibrium of supply and demand of nutrition, some fertiliser production producers produce eucalyptus compound fertilizer special for this market, are 25% ~ 30% as the base manure of eucalyptus using nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium total nutrient content; Using nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium total nutrient content using as topdressing of eucalyptus at 30-35%.This Chemical Mixed Fertilizer is more comprehensive than the urea of traditional single fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer nutritive ingredient, has stronger scientific matching reasonableness.But from the reality with fertilizer, also there is certain defect, be mainly manifested in and lack the necessary trace element of Eucalyptus and plant adjustment element.For Guangxi, Eucalyptus In Guangxi forest land is generally in acid, soil nitrogen level is medium, soil phosphorus famine, potassium element nutrient deficiency, the medium level on the low side of organic genus, micronutrient boron, copper, zinc comparatively lack, especially the content of boron is in extreme poverty situation, therefore, even if used the special Chemical Mixed Fertilizer of eucalyptus, be also limited to the volume of timber contribution of raising eucalyptus.Meanwhile, in acid soil, nutritive element is usually hardened in soil, can not absorb for eucalyptus, or can be run off by a large amount of rains.
Chinese patent CN200510078471.5 discloses a kind of Eucalptus fertilizer, and the phase, except containing except N, P, K three elements, also comprises Mn, Mo, Zn, Cu, Fe, B element, and eucalyptus Seedling height can be made on average to increase by 20%, and individual volume on average increases production 25%.But this eucalyptus fertilizer is easily washed away by rainwater, loss is very large, and fertilizer efficiency is shorter, and fertilizer application frequency is many, and cost is high.
Chinese patent CN201210027546.7 discloses a kind of eucalyptus controlled release fertilizer, and its fertiliser granulates is wrapped up by one deck rumen-undegraded fat, and described fertiliser granulates comprises N, P, K, Zn, Cu, B element and yellow humic acid.This eucalyptus controlled release fertilizer is only used once every year, and the eucalyptus height of tree is fertile higher by 121% than not having the eucalyptus of controlled release.
Summary of the invention
An object of the present invention is open a kind of Eucalptus fertilizer additive, the activity of plant enzyme can be improved, improve eucalyptus leaf chlorophyll content, coordinate growing of eucalyptus, improve the output of eucalyptus, and fertilizer efficiency long action time, materials are few.
The solution of the present invention is:
Eucalptus fertilizer additive, is characterized in that, comprises the raw material of following parts by weight:
Humic acids 3 ~ 6 parts; Trace element 3 ~ 10 parts; 3 ~ 9 parts, rare earth element;
Sustained release dosage 2 ~ 4 parts; Water-holding agent 3 ~ 6 parts; Organic 6 ~ 12 parts.
Above-mentioned humic acids: be the active substance that a class contains hydroxy-acid group, it is present in the waste mantle of coal, be organism through several ten thousand years differentiation of even 100000000 years and the active substance (its molecular weight is how many, and molecular radical is existing muchly not yet to be determined at present) that comes.Its effect is:
1. can activated plant enzymic activity, with after can improve more than 36%.
2. can the stomatal movement of regulating plant.
3. can chessom, build up fertility.
4. can penetrate into inside plants, activated plant cell, invigorates, and improves plant stress-resistance ability, growth promoting effects.
5. can alleviate plant by the murder by poisoning of other medicines.
Rare earth element: the general name of 17 lanthanide elements, it is one group of active extra-high metallic element, and had rare earth element, material performance changes completely.Agriculturally reputation be called " super-active calcium ", its effect is:
1. the activity of activated plant reductase enzyme, enzymic activity improves more than 40%.
2. moisture, nutrient in enriching plant root system Soil Surrounding, form nutrition library source, greatly improves the anti-adversity ability of plant.
3. rare earth is transport point, plant there nutritional deficiency it just nutrition is transported to that and goes to supplement.Split or shedding as pericarp, after using rare earth, it is very effective with regard to extra-nutrition anti-crack anti-falling, and amount of increase in production is large.
The present invention adopts more common, the muriate of the cerium of relative low price, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, europium and these light rare earthss of samarium or oxide compound;
Trace element: be often referred to the chemical element that content in biological organism is less than 0.01%.Essential trace element has iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) etc.Iron (Fe) is that chlorophyll formation is indispensable, and in plant body, be difficult to transfer, so blade " chlorosis " is the performance of plant iron deficiency, and first this chlorosis shows on young leaflet tablet.In addition, iron has impact to the photosynthesis of plant, respiration.Manganese (Mn) can promote seed germination and seedling growth in period, containing violent in plant chloroplast, affects the accumulation in vivo of the photosynthesis of crop, respiration, nitric nitrogen during manganese deficiency.To show as between blade arteries and veins chlorosis Huang words, have brown spot, and increase gradually and intersperse among full leaf, make blade become cervinus, leaf-shrinkage.
Zinc (Zn) can promote that crop carries out photosynthesis, and it is the moiety of multiple enzyme, and during scarce zinc, stagnating appears in crop growth.
Copper (Cu) participates in the resistance of the photosynthesis of plant, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, enhancing plant.When lacking copper, plant strain growth is thin and weak, and young leaves turns to be yellow, and wilting withered, blade tip is curling to turn white, and has necrotic spot.Boron (B) compares and concentrates in stem apex, the tip of a root, blade and floral organ in plant materials, and the content in dicotyledons is usually higher than monocotyledons.Boron can promote thus affect the harvest of crop, the normal development of reproductive organ, an important symptom of boron deficiency is that the period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m can not normal development, even can not be formed, thus affect the harvest of crop, boron has promoter action to the synthesis and transport of making sugar in object, and during boron deficiency, chloroplast(id) is degenerated, and affects photosynthesis.Boron can improve the nitrogenase activity of leguminous crop root nodule bacterium, and increase amount of nitrogen fixation, during boron deficiency, root stays undeveloped, affects amount of nitrogen fixation.Boron can also strengthen crop anti-adversity.Molybdenum (Mo) is nitrogen-fixing microorganism, necessary when particularly fixing air nitrogen with the root nodule bacterium of leguminous crop symbiosis.Leaf photosynthesis intensity can be promoted again simultaneously.During scarce molybdenum, plant is short and small, chlorosis between blade arteries and veins, and leaf margin is dried-up, inwardly curling, becomes wilting state.
Fe element of the present invention is selected from ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate or iron(ic) chloride; Mn element is selected from manganous sulfate; Zn element is selected from zinc sulfate, zinc acetate or zinc naphthenate; Cu element is selected from copper sulfate or copper naphthenate; B element is selected from boric acid or borax; Mo element is selected from Sodium orthomolybdate, potassium molybdate or ammonium molybdate.
Sustained release dosage generally selects slightly water-soluble high molecular polymer, and the principle of its slowly-releasing wants the material of slowly-releasing to be cross-linked by slightly water-soluble high molecular polymer and institute, reduction want the water-soluble of the material of slowly-releasing, make it be released slowly in solution.What sustained release dosage of the present invention adopted is polyacrylic resin, polyvinyl-maleic anhydride resin or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and these polymkeric substance have hydrophilic radical, are easily degraded by microorganisms.
The water-holding agent that the present invention adopts is the material that after a kind of water suction, volume may be expanded to own vol 10 ~ 2000 times, this material is generally high molecular weight water soluble polymer, the present invention adopts less expensive gelatin, gum arabic, polyacrylamide or sodium polyacrylate, particularly polyacrylamide or sodium polyacrylate, after water suction, volume may be expanded to thousands of times of own vol, Water-saving effect highly significant.
To be the mud that produces of municipal sewage treatment to become thoroughly decomposed the product that the product that obtains or agricultural by-products obtain by fermentation as stalk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, Ramulus Mori, leaf etc. through heap fermentation described organic matter.Organic matter can provide carbon source for the growth of Soil Microorganism, make the micropopulation bulk-growth in soil vigorous, raising acyl state nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen are converted into the nitric nitrogen that plant easily absorbs, make the inorganic phosphorus in chemical fertilizer, inorganic potassium is converted into activated state phosphorus, the potassium that plant easily absorbs, improve the utilization ratio of chemical fertilizer.
The preparation method of Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention: first humic acids and rare earth element add in reactor, add suitable quantity of water, at 85 ~ 95 DEG C of stirring reaction 1 ~ 3h; Then the material in reactor is transferred in homogeneous still, add trace element, stir 20 ~ 30min, add sustained release dosage, water-holding agent and organic matter, stir 30 ~ 60min, dry, pulverize, cross 80 eye mesh screens, obtain Eucalptus fertilizer additive.
The using method of Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention is: the addition in eucalyptus base manure is 5%, addition in eucalyptus is topdressed is 7%, namely add 5kg Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention in eucalyptus base manure Zhong Mei 100kg composite fertilizer, mix and rear eucalyptus to be applied fertilizer; Add 7kg Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention in eucalyptus Zhong Mei 100kg composite fertilizer of topdressing, mix and rear eucalyptus to be applied fertilizer.
The positively effect that the present invention produces is:
1. Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention contains humic acid and rare earth element, driving source in eucalyptus can be strengthened, activated plant enzymic activity, improve chlorophyll content, make eucalyptus metabolism vigorous, eucalyptus well developed root system, promote the absorption to nutrient, coordinate growing of eucalyptus, Eucalyptus speed is fast, and output is high.
2. Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention contains humic acid and rare earth element, the stomatal movement of eucalyptus can be regulated, impel eucalyptus well developed root system, and moisture, the nutrient in enrichment root system Soil Surrounding, form nutrition library source, fully meet the needs of the rapid-result rich length of eucalyptus, comprehensively balanced in nutrition, greatly improve drought resisting and the anti-adversity ability of eucalyptus.
3. Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention contains the usefulness that humic acid and rare earth element be rich in various trace elements and is greatly played: the fixed nitrogen function of iron-sulphur protein under microbial process of formation is not fully exerted, and the nitrogen in urea is converted into rapidly the ammonium salt that eucalyptus easily absorbs; There is fixed nitrogen, molten phosphorus, potassium decomposing function; Improve soil aggregate, reach ventilative, fertilizer conservation, water conservation, insulation, drought resisting, cold-resistant special efficacy, thus reach and improve effect of effect of fertilizer.
4. Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention contains humic acid and rare earth element can promote eucalyptus absorbing nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus potassium, first humic acid and rare earth element generation chelatropic reaction is made in production process, form stable inner complex, add sustained release dosage after adding trace element, can effectively prevent element and trace element from being washed away by rainwater, had good sustained release effect, the supply nutrient time is long, fertilizer efficiency period is long, improves fertilizer efficiency more than 25%, economizes on resources dramatically.
5. Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention contains humic acid and rare earth element and contains the abundant water conservation factor of loosening the soil, improve soil physical chemistry biological activity, make soil more loose, regulate the balance of soil states of matter, strengthen preserve moisture and fertility ability, effectively alleviate the environmental issue that eucalyptus worsens soil.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
3 parts of humic acidss and 0.5 part of cerous compounds, 0.5 part of lanthanum trichloride, 0.5 part of praseodymium trichloride, 0.5 part of neodymium trichloride, 0.5 part of europium chloride and 0.5 part of Samarium chloride add in reactor, add suitable quantity of water, at 85 ~ 95 DEG C of stirring reaction 1 ~ 3h; Material in reactor is transferred in homogeneous still, adds 1.5 parts of ferrous sulfate, 0.6 part of manganous sulfate, 0.3 part of zinc acetate, 0.3 part of copper sulfate, 0.15 part of boric acid, 0.15 part of Sodium orthomolybdate, stir 20 ~ 30min, add 2 parts of polyacrylic resins, 3 parts of polyacrylamides and 12 parts of organic matters, stir 30 ~ 60min, dry, pulverize, cross 80 eye mesh screens, obtain Eucalptus fertilizer additive.
Embodiment 2
5 parts of humic acidss and 1 part of cerous compounds, 1 part of lanthanum trichloride, 1 part of praseodymium trichloride, 1 part of neodymium trichloride, 1 part of europium chloride and 1 part of Samarium chloride add in reactor, add suitable quantity of water, at 85 ~ 95 DEG C of stirring reaction 1 ~ 3h; Material in reactor is transferred in homogeneous still, adds 4 parts of ferric sulfate, 1.2 parts of manganous sulfates, 0.6 part of zinc naphthenate, 0.6 part of copper naphthenate, 0.3 part of borax, 0.3 part of potassium molybdate, stir 20 ~ 30min, add 3 parts of polyvinyl-maleic anhydride resins, 4.5 parts of sodium polyacrylates and 8 parts of organic matters, stir 30 ~ 60min, dry, pulverize, cross 80 eye mesh screens, obtain Eucalptus fertilizer additive.
Embodiment 3
6 parts of humic acidss and 1.5 parts of cerium oxide, 1.5 parts of lanthanum trioxides, 1.5 parts of Praseodymium trioxides, 1.5 parts of Neodymium trioxide, 1.5 parts of europium sesquioxides and 1.5 parts of Samarium trioxides add in reactor, add suitable quantity of water, at 85 ~ 95 DEG C of stirring reaction 1 ~ 3h; Material in reactor is transferred in homogeneous still, adds 5 parts of iron(ic) chloride, 2 parts of manganous sulfates, 1 part of zinc sulfate, 1 part of copper naphthenate, 0.5 part of boric acid, 0.5 part of ammonium molybdate, stir 20 ~ 30min, add 4 parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, 6 parts of gum arabics and 6 parts of organic matters, stir 30 ~ 60min, dry, pulverize, cross 80 eye mesh screens, obtain Eucalptus fertilizer additive.
For verifying the result of use of Eucalptus fertilizer additive of the present invention, in contriver and Guangxi District, test of many times is crossed in some large forest farms, process of the test and result as follows:
test one: Binyang County, Guangxi
1, the design of this test point is, fixing active fertilizer amount of application 30g/ strain, and discharge Chemical Mixed Fertilizer 500g in every strain respectively, 375g, 250g, 125g, combined administration, if two contrasts, 6 process are as follows:
(1) A-30g active fertilizer/strain+500g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain;
(2) B-30g active fertilizer/strain+375g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain;
(3) C-30g active fertilizer/strain+250g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain;
(4) D-30g active fertilizer/strain+125g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain;
(5) CK1-30g active fertilizer/strain;
(6) CK2-500g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain;
6 process altogether, randomized block design, repeat for 5 times, 6 strain communities, add up to 30 communities, amount to 180 strain trees, arrange along level line.
2. experimental field select: select the basic uniform forest land of eucalyptus height, breast diameter growth, divided community according to design requirements, in the breastheight position of every strain tree 1.3m, finish chromosphere with the paint of different colours.The height of tree and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground of every strain forest is surveyed before fertilising, 29d(after fertilising first piece is experimental field), 120d(second piece experimental field) survey again every strain tree the height of tree and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground, before and after the difference of twice be the increasing value of the height of tree, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground, compare calculating effect with increasing value with contrasting.
3. fertilizing operation: be accustomed to according to the fertilising of eucalyptus, the dressing furrow of dig with a hoe between Liang Shu long about 20cm, dark 20 ~ 30cm,
Quantitatively discharge active fertilizer and Chemical Mixed Fertilizer with plastic cup, every strain one glass, to guarantee the accurate of rate of fertilizer application, earthing after fertilising, avoids volatilization and outflows with water.
4. test point, Binyang eucalyptus height of tree, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground, the volume of timber increase effect analysis
Table 1: after eucalyptus fertilizer, the 120d height of tree increases effect table
Table 1
As can be seen from the table, A, B, C, D these 4 process and CK2(500g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain) compared with, all have growth, A process rate of increase is up to 16.6%, B process and also reaches 15.9%, illustrates that the process executing active fertilizer+Chemical Mixed Fertilizer is all good than the process singly executing Chemical Mixed Fertilizer.A, B, C, D these 4 process and CK1(30g active fertilizer/strain) compared with, then the growth effectiveness comparison of A, B process is good, and rate of increase reaches 15.4% and 14.6% respectively.
Table 2: after eucalyptus fertilizer, the 120d diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground increases effect table
Table 2
This shows to illustrate, to the breast diameter growth of eucalyptus, and A process (30g active fertilizer/strain+500g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain) and C process (30g active fertilizer
/ strain+250g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain) be combined as good, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground increases and contrasts (CK2) and compare, and rate of increase reaches 9.7% and 9.1% respectively.But Analysis of variance, between process, difference does not reach significant difference.
Table 3: after eucalyptus fertilizer, the 120d volume of timber increases effect table
Table 3
As can be seen from the table, after fertile, 120dA, B, C, D these 4 processes increasing value and the CK2(500g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain of the volume of timber) compared with all have growth, B process (30g active fertilizer/strain+375g Chemical Mixed Fertilizer/strain) rate of increase the best is 35.5%, after fertile, the 120d volume of timber reaches 0.03411m3, adds than the basic number before fertilizer.
test two: Qi Po forest farm, Guangxi
Qi Po forest farm, Guangxi in Na Dan, new bridge two branches, carries out revision test with eucalyptus active fertilizer to the eucalyptus of afforesting 15 months respectively.Active fertilizer 50 grams is executed in every strain, if blank group.
Fertilizing operation method is: process fertilizer dedicated to eucalyptus time, by eucalyptus active fertilizer by 10% ratio interpolation.Amount of application corresponding increase by 10% during fertilising.Measure the pilot forest growing 31 months after 16 months, result is as following table 4:
Table 4:
Test proves, uses eucalyptus active fertilizer mean stand height and increases 9.5% than blank group; Mean DBH increment increases 7.1% than blank group.Meanwhile, use the forest growing way after eucalyptus active fertilizer vigorous, leaf look dark green, naturally whole skill time lengthening, and tree growth reserve strength foot, significantly improves increment.Exactly because containing humic acids, rare-earth and minor elemnts in eucalyptus active fertilizer, (this is that the fertilizer dedicated to eucalyptus used on the market does not at present possess) adds it in fertilizer dedicated to eucalyptus, the Eucalyptus cycle demand a large amount of to various nutritive element can be met, improve utilization rate of fertilizer, improve the volume of timber of eucalyptus, reduce production cost, increase self-employed tree cultivator's income, market application foreground is wide.
Claims (4)
1. Eucalptus fertilizer additive, is characterized in that, is made up of the raw material of following parts by weight:
Humic acids 3 ~ 6 parts; Trace element 3 ~ 10 parts; 3 ~ 9 parts, rare earth element;
Sustained release dosage 2 ~ 4 parts; Water-holding agent 3 ~ 6 parts; Organic 6 ~ 12 parts;
Described sustained release dosage is polyacrylic resin, polyvinyl-maleic anhydride resin or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer;
Described rare earth element is selected from rare earth chloride or rare earth oxide;
Described water-holding agent is the composition of any one or they in gum arabic or polyacrylamide;
To be the mud that produces of municipal sewage treatment to become thoroughly decomposed the product that the product that obtains or agricultural by-products stalk, Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, Ramulus Mori and leaf obtain by fermentation through heap fermentation described organic matter.
2. Eucalptus fertilizer additive as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described trace element is made up of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo, and wherein Fe is selected from ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate or iron(ic) chloride; Mn is selected from manganous sulfate; Zn is selected from zinc sulfate, zinc acetate or zinc naphthenate; Cu is selected from copper sulfate or copper naphthenate; B is selected from boric acid or borax; Mo is selected from Sodium orthomolybdate, potassium molybdate or ammonium molybdate.
3. Eucalptus fertilizer additive as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described rare earth chloride is cerous compounds, lanthanum trichloride, praseodymium trichloride, neodymium trichloride, europium chloride and the Samarium chloride that parts by weight are identical; Described rare earth oxide is cerium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, Praseodymium trioxide, Neodymium trioxide, europium sesquioxide and the Samarium trioxide that parts by weight are identical.
4. the preparation method of Eucalptus fertilizer additive as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, first add in reactor by humic acids and rare earth element, add suitable quantity of water, at 85 ~ 95 DEG C of stirring reaction 1 ~ 3h; Then the material in reactor is transferred in homogeneous still, add trace element, stir 20 ~ 30min, add sustained release dosage, water-holding agent and organic matter, stir 30 ~ 60min, dry, pulverize, cross 80 eye mesh screens, obtain Eucalptus fertilizer additive.
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| CN106316671A (en) * | 2016-08-17 | 2017-01-11 | 周金全 | Fertilizer |
| CN109588196A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-04-09 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | The implantation methods of eucalyptus high yield, fertilizer used and its preparation method |
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| CN101591208A (en) * | 2009-04-29 | 2009-12-02 | 新疆满疆红农资化肥科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of organic sustained release fertilizer synergist |
| CN101774850A (en) * | 2010-01-21 | 2010-07-14 | 甘肃中瑞盛邦农资有限公司 | Multifunctional compound fertilizer additive and preparation method thereof |
| CN102344325A (en) * | 2011-07-19 | 2012-02-08 | 天津三农金科技有限公司 | Composite water-retaining agent containing trace elements |
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