CN103547212A - 评估心脏内激活模式和电不同步 - Google Patents

评估心脏内激活模式和电不同步 Download PDF

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CN103547212A
CN103547212A CN201280024669.3A CN201280024669A CN103547212A CN 103547212 A CN103547212 A CN 103547212A CN 201280024669 A CN201280024669 A CN 201280024669A CN 103547212 A CN103547212 A CN 103547212A
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S·戈什
J·M·吉尔伯格
R·W·斯塔德勒
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Abstract

本发明描述了用于评估心脏电不同步的技术。在某些实例中,对多个躯干表面电势信号中的每个确定激活时间。可分析或呈现这些激活时间的分散或次序以提供患者心脏电不同步的各种指示。在某些实例中,可将该组电极中各电极的位置,且因此将躯干表面电势信号被感测到的位置投射到包括模型心脏的模型躯干的表面上。可求解心电图的逆算问题以基于从患者感测的躯干表面电势信号对模型心脏的各区域确定电激活时间。

Description

评估心脏内激活模式和电不同步
技术领域
本发明涉及电生理学,且更具体涉及评估心脏的电激活模式。
背景技术
心脏的跳动受窦房节点、即位于上静脉腔入口附近右心房内的一组传导细胞的控制。由窦房节点产生的去极化信号激活房室节点。房室节点暂时地延迟去极化信号的传播,允许在去极化信号传递到心脏的心室之前心房进行引流。两心室的协调收缩驱动血液流过患者躯干。在某些情况下,从房室节点到左右心室的去极化信号传导可能被中断或减慢。这可致使左右心室收缩不同步,并最终致使心脏衰竭或死亡。
心脏再同步治疗(CRT)可通过对一个或两个心室或心房提供起搏治疗、例如通过提供起搏来促进左心室或右心室的较早激活来纠正电不同步的症状。通过起搏心室的收缩,心室可被控制使心室收缩同步。经受CRT的某些患者体验到了改进的射血分数、增加的锻炼能力、和改善的健康感觉。
向患者提供CRT可包括在植入心律装置之前确定患者是否会受益于CRT、确定放置一个或多个心室起搏引线的最佳部位、对装置参数编程,诸如多极右心室或左心室引线上电极的选择、以及递送到电极的起搏脉冲的定时的选择,诸如房室(A-V)和心室内(V-V)延迟。用于这些目的的电不同步的评估通常设计临床评估QRS持续期间。尽管通常对患者推荐具有宽QRS期间的CRT,但据报道在窄QRS心脏衰竭患者中通过CRT有血流动力学改善。因此,基于目前的电不同步评价技术,可能受益于CRT的某些患者可能未被处方以CRT。
发明内容
总地来说,本发明涉及用于评估患者心脏的电不同步的技术。电不同步的评估可便于CRT的患者选择。电不同步的评估还便于放置可植入的引线(例如一根或多根左心室引线)、以及在植入过程期间对CRT进行装置参数的编程,或者在随访期间对CRT进行装置参数的重新编程。
一组电极可围绕患者的躯干空间分布。各电极可各感测身体表面电势信号,更具体地是躯干表面电势信号,该信号指示信号传播穿过患者躯干之后患者心脏的去极化信号。由于各电极的空间分布,由每个电极记录的躯干表面电势信号可指示心脏的不同空间区域的去极化。
在某些实例中,对于每个躯干表面电势信号,即对所述组的每个电极确定激活时间。可分析或呈现这些激活时间的分散或次序以提供患者心脏电不同步的各种指示。例如,可将示出激活时间的躯干表面的等时线或其它激活图呈现给用户以示出心脏的电不同步。在某些实例中,可确定指示激活时间的时间和/或空间分布的一个或多个统计指数的值。这些图和指数,或基于躯干表面激活时间确定的其他的不同步指示可向用户指示心脏的电不同步,并便于为CRT进行患者的评估以及对患者配置CRT。
在某些实例中,可将全部电极或电极的子集的位置,且因此可将所感测的躯干表面电势信号的位置,投射到包括模型心脏的模型躯干的表面上。可求解心电图的逆算问题以基于从患者感测的躯干表面电势信号对模型心脏的各区域确定电激活时间。这样,可估算患者心脏的电活动。可基于在患者躯干的表面上感测的躯干表面电势信号生成模型心脏的表面的各等时线或其它激活时间图。此外,可确定模型心脏上指示激活时间的时间和/或空间分布的一个或多个指数的值。电不同步的这些测量值和表示可用于评估患者对CRT的适合性、在植入期间调整CRT引线的定位、并确定一根或多跟多级引线中那些电极应该用于递送CRT、以及起搏脉冲的定时,诸如CRT递送到患者的房室(A-V)和心室内(V-V)延迟。
例如,可基于内在传导期间或CRT期间收集的数据确定或生成不同步的一个或多个指示。可比较内在传导和CRT期间的不同步程度,例如用以确定患者是否适合CRT。类似地,可基于在采用不同引线位置、不同电极配置和/或例如A-V或V-V延迟的不同CRT参数的CRT期间所收集的数据来确定或生成不同步的一个或多个指示。可评估由于这些不同引线位置、不同电极配置、和/或不同CRT参数造成的不同步的变化。
在一实例中,一种方法包括用处理单元从分布在患者躯干上多个电极中的每个接收躯干表面电势信号。该方法还包括对于所述多个电极的至少一个子集用处理单元基于从电极感测的信号计算躯干表面激活时间;以及通过处理单元经由显示器向用户呈现躯干表面激活时间的不同步程度的指示。
在另一实例中,一种系统包括分布在患者躯干上的多个电极和处理单元。处理单元配置成从多个电极中的每个接收躯干表面电势信号,并对多个电极中的至少一个子集基于从电极感测的信号计算躯干表面激活时间,并经由显示器向用户呈现躯干表面激活时间的不同步程度的指示。
在另一实例中,计算机可读存储介质包括指令,这些指令在执行时使处理器从分布在患者躯干上多个电极中的每个接收躯干电势信号,并对于多个电极的至少一个子集基于从电极感测的信号计算躯干表面激活时间;以及经由显示器向用户呈现躯干表面激活时间的不同步程度的指示。
在以下的附图和说明中阐述一个或多个方面的细节。从说明书和附图以及权利要求书中可显示出其它特征、目标和优点。
附图说明
图1是示出可用于向患者的心脏提供CRT的示例系统的概念示意图。
图2是示出两次健康心脏跳动的示例ECG描图的时序图。
图3是示出患左束支阻滞的患者的示例ECG描图的时序图。
图4A和4B是示出用于测量躯干表面电势的示例系统的概念图。
图5是示出用于测量躯干表面电势的示例系统的框图。
图6是典型的左束支阻滞内在节律和CRT起搏的躯干表面激活时间的一系列模拟等时线图。
图7是示出系统的示例操作以基于躯干表面激活时间提供患者的心脏电不同步的指示的流程图。
图8是示出根据经由躯干表面激活时间对患者的心脏电不同步作出的评估来处方和配置CRT的示例技术的流程图。
图9是使用来自同一患者的身体表面ECG数据用两个不同的心脏-躯干模型构造的心脏激活时间的一系列等时线图。
图10是示出经由激活时间测量患者的心脏电不同步的系统的示例操作的流程图。
图11是示出根据经由心脏激活时间对患者的心脏电不同步作出的评估来配置CRT的示例技术的流程图。
具体实施方式
图1是示出可用于向患者1的心脏10提供CRT的示例系统的概念示意图。该系统可包括可植入医疗装置(IMD)100。IMD100可为CRT起搏器或CRT除颤器。IMD100可装备有一根或多跟引线;引线102、104和106,这些引线插入心脏10的左心室12、右心室14或右心房16内或插在其表面上。引线102、104和106可装备有一个或多个电极108、110和112。
心脏10可能经受电不同步。当启动心室12和14的收缩的去极化信号未以协调方式到达心室时可能发生电不同步,并致使心脏10的低效泵送作用。患者1可能经受心脏衰竭的症状。电不同步可能是由对心脏10的电系统的损坏(例如束支阻滞或心脏10肌束的损伤)所造成的。替代的传导通路可形成于心脏10内,但这些通路可能减慢电去极化信号的进度并致使心室12和14的不同步收缩。
IMD100可向患者1的心脏10提供CRT刺激。IMD100示出为配置成向心脏10的右心房16、右心室14和左心室12递送刺激。在其它实例中,IMD100可配置成根据患者1的情况向心脏10的其它部分递送刺激。IMD可与外部编程器(未示出)交互以调节由IMD100递送的治疗的操作特性,诸如A-V和V-V延迟。在某些实例中,IMD100还可配置成通过一根或多根引线102、104和106上的电极感测心脏10的电活动。
如图1所示,引线102、104、106可延伸到患者1的心脏10内以向心脏10递送电刺激并使心室12和14的收缩同步。右心室引线106延伸穿过一个或多个静脉(未示出)、上腔静脉(未示出)、以及右心房16并进入右心室14。左心室冠状窦引线102延伸穿过一个或多个静脉(未示出)、腔静脉、右心房16并进入冠状窦(未示出)到达与心脏10的左心室12的自由壁相邻的区域。右心房引线104延伸穿过一个或多个静脉和静脉腔并进入心脏10的右心房16。
在其它配置中,根据为患者1提供的治疗的要求,IMD100可装备有更多或更少的引线。例如,IMD100可装备有延伸到心脏10的更多或更少腔室的引线。在某些实例中,IMD100可装备有延伸到心脏的公共腔室的多根引线,例如延伸到左心室12的多根引线。IMD100也可装备有通过提供到心脏组织通路的其它方式放置在心脏上的一根或多跟引线,其它方式诸如外科心外膜引线放置或其它心包接近方法。在某些实例中,IMD100可装备有从心脏内放置在心脏上的左心室引线。此外,尽管在图1中示出为在患者1的右侧上植入,但在其它实例中,IMD100可植入在患者胸肌区域的左侧上,或在患者的腹部内。
电极108、110和112可附连到心脏10的各部分以提供电刺激或感测心脏10的电去极化和复极化信号。右心室14内的电极108可经由基于螺钉的机构附连到心脏10的壁。电极110可包括安装在同一引线上的多个电极,允许引线102传递治疗震荡以及由电极110检测到的电感测数据。电极110和112可经由胶粘、倒钩或其它永久性或半永久性附连机构附连到心脏10的表面。
图2是与机械心脏循环的某些时期或阶段结合的示例ECG描图200的时序图。图2的图示和相关描述是概括性的,因为电和机械事件的时序之间的关系并不一定对于所有的对象或对任何给定对象的所有时间都是如所述那样。
ECG描图200示出两个示例健康心脏循环的电信号。健康心脏的电信号包括一系列5个特征波:P-波、Q-波、R-波、S-波、和T-波。这些波中的每个以及这些波之间的间隔对应于健康心脏工作时的离散事件。
一般来说,在从P-波的峰部到随后R-波峰部划出的时段202期间的某时点,发生心房收缩,即心房的驱动血液从心房进入心室的收缩。从R-波的峰部到主动脉瓣膜打开的时段204通常标志着一段等容收缩。房室和主动脉瓣膜关闭,此举防止血液流动并导致心室内但不是主动脉内的压力增加。由主动脉瓣膜打开和关闭所界定的时段206通常是心脏循环期间发生射血的时间。在射血时段206期间,心室收缩和血液排空驱动血液进入心血管系统。当心室的收缩完成时,心血管系统内血液的压力关闭主动脉瓣膜。由主动脉瓣膜的关闭和房室瓣膜的打开所界定的时段208是心室的等容舒张。时段210和212统称为晚期心脏舒张,其中整个心脏舒张且心房充满血液。时段210对应于血液的快速流入,而时段212对应于心舒张后期,在再次发生心房收缩202之前较慢的血液流入心房的时段。
P-波标记心房刺激和心脏循环的开始。心房在该刺激下收缩,迫使血液进入心室。PR段标记当去极化信号从房室节点行进到浦肯耶(Purkinje)纤维时的延迟。Q-波标记作为心室去极化的初始部分的室间隔膜的去极化。R-波跟随Q-波并表示心室的去极化。S-波跟随R-波并表示心室的之后去极化。T-波标记心室恢复和复极化以准备下一次心脏跳动。
从Q-波开始跨越到S-波结束的QRS波群表示心肌的电激活。左心室和右心室二者的心室收缩是响应于电激活的。QRS波群通常持续80至120ms。QRS波群的相对大的幅值是由于心室的大肌肉质量。QRS波群的变形可能证明影响心室收缩的同步性的问题。例如,心室收缩的电不同步可加宽R-波或产生两个R-波峰值,通常标为r-波和R’-波,其对应于每个心室的去极化。S-波和T-波可能与健康心脏的ECG描图在形态上不同。
图3是示出ECG描图300的时序图。ECG描图300示出患有左束支阻滞的患者的电信号。该症状的标志是存在rS波群与典型的QRS波群,但Q、R和S波的其它变型形成患有左束支阻滞、右束支阻滞或其它心室传导情况的患者内可能存在的组合。rS波群的延长时段指示可能由于电不同步造成的延长的心室收缩时间。
对左或右束支阻滞,或总体而言对心脏电不同步的诊断通常涉及测量QRS波群的时段(或标记心室去极化的其它波群)。持续100ms或更久的QRS波群可指示局部束支阻滞,且120ms或更久指示完全束支阻滞。在图3中,初始Q-波是不可见的,代而是描图显示对应于右心室的初始去极化的初始r-波,接着是S-波,其标记在心脏信号行进穿过心脏的心肌(而不是穿过束支)后到达左心室之后的两心室快速去极化的。因为心肌比束支更慢地导电,所以整个波群在较长时段内分散。
在没有束支阻滞的情况下-诸如图3中所示的情况-或其它情况,诊断可能更具挑战。可能存在隐藏的不同步,这种不同步在响应于CRT的同时可能不易于从典型的12-引线ECG检查中识别到。这些隐藏的不同步可能体现在心脏产生并在躯干表面上测得的电信号中,并可通过替代分析装置、诸如通过根据本文所述技术在多个空间分布位置确定心脏激活时间而可诊断。
图4A和4B是示出用于测量身体表面电势、且更具体是躯干表面电势的示例系统的概念图。在图4A所示一实例中,包括一组电极404A-F(统称“电极404”)和条带408的感测装置400A围绕患者1的躯干缠绕,使得电极围绕心脏10。
如图4A所示,电极404可围绕患者1的外周定位,包括患者1躯干的后表面、侧表面和前表面。在其它实例中,各电极404可定位在躯干的后表面、侧表面和前表面中的任一个或多个上。各电极404可经由有线连接406电连接到处理单元500。某些配置可使用无线连接来将电极404感测到的信号例如作为数据通道而传递到处理单元500.
尽管在图4A的实例中,感测装置400A包括条带408,但在其它实施例中,可采用例如带或粘结剂的各种机构中的任一种来辅助电极404的间隔和放置。在某些实例中,条带408可包括弹性带、带条或布。在某些实例中,各电极404可分别放置在患者1的躯干上。
各电极404可围绕患者1的心脏10,并在信号传播穿过患者1的躯干之后记录与心脏10的去极化和复极化相关的电信号。每个电极404可按单极配置使用以感测反应心脏信号的躯干表面电势。处理单元500也可耦合到可与用于单极感测的每个电极404相组合使用的返回或无关电极(未示出)。在某些实例中,可能有围绕患者1的躯干空间分布的12至16个电极404。其它配置可具有更多或更少的电极404。
处理单元500可记录和分析由各电极404感测的躯干表面电势信号。如本文所述,处理单元500可配置成向用户提供指示患者1的心脏10内电不同步的输出。基于所指示的电不同步,用户可进行诊断、处方CRT、定位例如引线的治疗装置、或调整或选择处理参数。
在某些实例中,处理单元500对躯干表面电势信号的分析可考虑电极404在患者1躯干表面上的位置。在这些实例中,处理单元500可通信地耦合到成像装置501,该成像装置501可提供图像,该图像允许处理单元500确定每个电极400在患者1的表面上的坐标位置。在成像系统501提供的图像中,各电极404可以是可见的,并通过包括或去除某些材料或元素而做成透明的。
图4B示出可用于评估患者1的心脏10的电不同步的系统的示例配置。该系统包括感测装置400B,该感测装置400B可包括背心410和电极404A-ZZ(总称为“电极404”)、处理单元500以及成像系统501。处理单元500和成像系统501可基本上如上文参照图4A描述的那样工作。如图4B所示,电极404分布于患者1的躯干上,包括患者1躯干的前表面、侧表面和后表面。
感测装置400B可包括织物背心410,电极404附连到织物上。感测装置400B可保持各电极404在患者1的躯干上的位置和间隔。感测装置400B可标记成辅助确定各电极404在患者1的躯干表面上的定位。在某些实例中,使用感测装置400B时可有围绕患者1的躯干分布的150至256个电极404,但其它配置可具有更多或更少的电极404。
图5是示出用于测量躯干表面电势并提供电不同步的指示的示例系统的框图。该示例系统可包括处理单元500和感测装置400上的一组电极404,例如示例感测装置400A或400B中的一个(图4A和图4B)。该系统也可包括成像系统501。
如图5所示,处理单元500可包括处理器502、信号处理器504、存储器506、显示器508和用户输入装置509。处理单元500还可包括电极位置记录模块524。在所示实例中,处理器502包括多个模块,且更具体地包括投射模块514、逆算问题模块516、激活时间模块518、索引模块520以及等时线映射模块522。存储器506可存储记录的数据510和模块512。
处理单元500可包括一个或多个计算装置,该一个或多个计算装置可共同定位或分散在各个位置。处理单元500的各模块,例如处理器502、投射模块514、逆算问题模块516、激活时间模块518、统计模块520、等时线映射模块522、信号处理器504、电极位置记录模块524、显示器508、存储器506、记录数据510和躯干模块512可实现在一个或多个计算装置内,该一个或多个计算装置可共同定位或分散在各个位置。处理器502以及处理器502的各模块可实现在一个或多个计算装置的一个或多个处理器(例如微处理器)中,作为处理器所执行的软件模块。在某些实例中,电极位置记录模块524可实现在成像系统501中。
除了本文所述的各数据之外,存储器506可包括程序指令,当例如处理器502的可编程处理器执行该程序指令时,使处理器和其任何部件提供归于本文的处理器和处理单元的功能。存储器506可包括任何易失性、非易失性、磁性、光学、或电介质,诸如硬盘、磁带、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、CD-ROM/非易失性RAM(NVRAM)、电可擦除可编程ROM(EEPROM)、闪速存储器、或任何其它数字或模拟介质。存储器506可包括一个或多个共同定位或分布的存储器。存储器506可包括用作数据和程序指令的非临时存储介质的有形制品。
由感测装置400的电极404感测到的躯干表面电势信号可由处理单元500的信号处理器504接收。信号处理器504可包括模拟-数字转换器以将躯干-表面电势信号数字化。信号处理器504也可包括各其它部件来过滤以其它方式调节由处理器502接收的数字信号。
电极位置记录模块524可从成像系统501接收成像数据。电极位置记录模块524分析成像数据。具体来说,电极记录位置模块524识别图像中经由成像模块更清楚可见的电极404或与电极共同定位的元件。电极位置记录模块524还可识别患者表面上和/或三维坐标系内每个电极的位置。在某些示例中,各电极404的位置可被手动识别,并例如由用户经由电极记录模块524记录于处理单元500。
成像数据可包括表示佩戴着电极404(例如感测装置400的电极)的患者1的一个或多个图像的数据。在某些示例中,可在医疗过程之前或期间获得各图像,医疗过程例如为植入心律装置或递送CRT的引线系统的外科手术。
在某些示例中,处理器502可将躯干表面电势信号、来自成像系统的成像数据、来自电极位置记录模块的电极位置数据、或本文揭示的通过处理器502处理这些信号和数据得到的任何值作为记录的数据510存储在存储器506内。每个记录的躯干表面电势信号或从其得出的其它值可与感测躯干表面电势信号的电极404的位置关联。这样,可将躯干表面电势数据与患者1的躯干上或三维坐标系中电极404的位置相互关联,使数据空间映射到躯干表面上或坐标系内的特定位置。在某些实例中,本文所述技术的各方面可在获取躯干表面电势信号和位置数据之后的某时刻,基于所记录的数据510而执行。
处理器502可配置成基于躯干表面电势信号,某些实例中还基于电极位置数据,提供电不同步的一个或多个指示。电不同步的示例指示包括示出围绕躯干或心脏分布的每个电极/位置、或者位于公共区域内(例如位于左后区域、左前区域、右后区域或右前区域内)的一个或多个电极子集的激活时间的指数。在某些实例中,处理器502可配置成对躯干或心脏的两个或多个不同区域(例如若干个不同区域)提供一组两个或多个不同指示(例如若干个不同指示)。
不同步的某些指示可包括源自一个或多个区域内每个电极位置或一个或多个电极子集的激活时间的统计值或其它指标。可基于各电极/位置的激活时间确定的电不同步的其它示例指示包括图形指示,诸如等时线图或其它激活图,或者电激活的动画。基于各电极/位置处的激活时间确定的电不同步的其它示例指示包括经由例如文本或颜色(例如红、黄、绿)来标识预定数量的不同步程度,例如高、中、或低中的一个。
在某些实例中,用于一个或多个区域的不同步的各指示可基于在两个或多个不同时间和/或在两个或多个不同情况下收集的数据来确定。例如,不同步的各指示可基于心脏10的内在传导期间的躯干电势信号确定,并还可基于CRT期间收集的躯干电势信号确定。这样,可通过比较源自内在传导和CRT的不同的值、图形表示等等对患者评估CRT的减轻电势不同步的益处。又例如,可在多个不同时间中的每个时间基于用不同引线位置、电极配置或CRT参数(例如A-V或V-V间隔值)递送CRT期间收集的躯干电势信号确定不同步的各指示。这样,可通过比较不同的值、图形表示或类似物对患者评估不同引线位置、电极配置或CRT参数的减轻不同步的相对益处。
模型512可包括人体躯干或心脏的多个不同模型,例如三维模型。模型躯干或模型心脏可使用市售软件通过从多个对象(例如不同于患者1的心肌病患者)先前获取的医疗图像(CT/MRI)的可用数据库进行手动或半自动图像分割而构建。每个模型可使用边界元方法进行离散。可生成多个不同的躯干模型。不同的模型可表示不同的对象特征,诸如不同性别、疾病状态、体态特征(例如、大骨架、中骨架和小骨架)和心脏大小(例如特大、大、中、小)。通过经由用户输入509提供输入,用户可从可作为模型512存储在存储器506内的各种模型躯干和模型心脏中选择,使得用户可使患者1的实际躯干和心脏10与模型躯干和模型心脏的尺寸和几何形状紧密匹配。在某些实例中,可将例如CT或MRI图像的患者的医疗图像进行手动或半自动分割、记录,并与模型512比较,以便从模型512中进行选择。此外,单视图或多视图2-D医疗装置(例如x-射线、荧光)可被分割或测量以确定专用于患者的大致心脏和躯干尺寸,从而选择最适合的模型躯干和心脏。
投射模块可以将例如作为记录数据510存储在存储器506内各电极404的位置投射到适当的、例如用户选择的包含在存储器506的模型数据模块512内的模型躯干上。通过将各电极404的位置投射到模型躯干上,投射模块514也可将由各电极404感测到的患者1的躯干表面电势信号投射到模型躯干上。在其它实例中,测得的电势可在模型给出的电极位置处内插并重新采样。在某些实例中,将躯干表面电势投射到模型躯干上可允许处理器502经由逆算问题模块516估算在模型心脏中的,和产生测得的躯干表面电势的患者1的心脏10所对应的各位置或区域的电活动。
逆算问题模块516可配置成基于电极404所记录的测得的躯干表面电势在模型躯干上的投射而求解心电图的逆算问题。求解心电图的逆算问题可涉及基于躯干与心脏电势之间的关系评估心脏10内的电势或激活时间。在一示例方法中,假定模型心脏与模型躯干之间是无源的(source-less)容积导体,在拉普拉斯方程的逆柯西问题中从模型躯干电势而计算出模型心外膜电势。在另一示例方法中,假定躯干表面电势与跨膜电势之间有解析关系。可基于该关系模拟躯干表面电势。在某些实例中,逆算问题模块516可利用Ghosh等人在Annals of Biomedical Engineering2005年9月第9期第33卷的“Accuracy ofQuadratic Versus Linear Interpolation in Non-Invasive ElectrocardiographicImaging(ECGI)”或Annals of Biomedical Engineering2009年第5期第37卷的“Application of the L1-Norm Regularization to Epicardial Potential Solution of theInverse Electrocardiography Problem”中描述的技术。在其它实例中,逆算问题模块516可采用求解心电图的逆算问题的任何已知技术。
激活时间模块518可直接从测得的躯干表面电势或通过估算模型跨膜电势来计算激活时间。在两种情况下,用于每个电极/位置的激活时间可确定为两次事件之间、诸如在QRS波群开始与感测的躯干电势信号或估算心外膜电势信号的最小导数(或最陡负斜率)之间的时段。因此,在一个实例中,从模型心外膜心电图的最陡负斜率估算心脏激活时间。在其它配置中,心脏激活时间(躯干表面电势与心脏跨膜电势之间解析关系中的参数)可基于使测得的躯干表面电势与模拟的躯干表面电势之间的最小方差最小来计算。心室、心外膜、或躯干表面激活时间的颜色编码等时线图可由显示器308示出。在其它实例中,显示器308可示出遍布于整个模型心脏的表面或躯干表面的激活波阵面传播的双色动画。
指数模块520可配置成从躯干表面或心脏激活时间计算电不同步的一个或多个指数。这些指数可辅助确定患者是否是适合CRT、CRT引线放置、以及选择CRT参数。例如,LV引线102(图1)可定位在从一个或多个指标降低不同步的部位,或替代地定位在指数表现出最大电复同步的部位。相同的指数也可用于在随访期间对A-V和/或V-V延迟进行编程。如上文所指出的,可基于对所有电极/位置或对一个或多个区域内的一个或多个电极子集的激活时间确定各指数,例如以便于诸如后部和/或左前或左心室区域的区域的比较和隔离。
电不同步的指数之一是作为患者1的躯干表面上某些或所有电极404的激活时间(SDAT)的标准偏差而计算出的标准偏差指数。在某些实例中,可使用在模型心脏的表面上估算的心脏激活时间计算SDAT。
电不同步的第二示例指数在可作为最大与最小例如总体或区域躯干表面或心脏激活时间之差计算的激活时间(RAT)的范围内。RAT反映激活时间的跨度,而SDAT从平均值给出激活时间的分散度的估计。该SDAT还提供激活时间的异质性的估计,因为如果激活时间空间异质,则各个激活时间将更偏离平均激活时间,指示心脏10的一个或多个区域延迟激活。在某些实例中,可使用在模型心脏的表面上估算的心脏激活时间计算RAT。
电不同步的第三示例指数定位于估计躯干或心脏的所关注特定区域内的电极404的百分比,所述电极的相关激活时间大于测得的QRS波群时段或电极404的经确定激活时间的一定百分位,例如70%。所关注区域可为例如后部、左前和/或左心室区域。该指数,即延迟激活的百分比(PLAT),提供所关注区域(例如,与延迟激活的心脏10的左心室区域相关的后部和左前区域)的百分比的估算。PLAT的大值可能意味着所述区域(例如左心室12(图1))的主要部分的延迟激活,以及通过CRT(CRT通过预激励例如左心室12的延迟区域进行)的电复同步的潜在益处进行。在其它实例中,可对其它区域、诸如右前区域内的其它电极子集确定PLAT以评估右心室内的延迟激活。此外,在某些实例中,可对整个心脏或对心脏的例如左心室或右心室的特定区域在模型心脏的表面上使用估算的心脏激活时间计算PLAT。
等时线模块522可配置成生成描绘激活时间在患者1的躯干或模型心脏的表面上的激活时间的分布的等时线图。等时线模块522可包含近乎实时的躯干表面或心脏激活时间的变化,在用户调节CRT装置或监测患者1以确定CRT是否适当时这可允许近瞬时反馈。由等时线模块522生成的等时线图可经由显示器508呈现给用户。
一般而言,处理器502可基于测得的躯干表面电势、计算的躯干表面或估算的心脏激活时间、或者电不同步的变化程度生成用于经由显示器508向用户显示的各种图像和信号。例如,双心室起搏或单心室融合起搏期间反映LV引线102的特定部位的功效的分级响应可以红、黄、绿信号提供给医师。如果CRT起搏期间电不同步减小与内在节律相比为负(电不同步增加)或极小,例如小于5%,则可示出红色信号。如果与内在节律相比CRT起搏期间有电不同步的些许减小,例如5%至15%之间,则可能触发黄色信号,但可能有用于引线放置的可能更好的部位。如果CRT起搏期间电不同步的减小与内在节律相比是显著的,例如大于15%,则可触发绿色信号,向医师指示该部位提供同步的有效变化。来自该系统的反馈与其它标准(像起搏阈值、阻抗、电池寿命、膈神经刺激的大小)也可用来选择用于一个或多个多极引线的最佳起搏矢量。来自该系统的反馈也可用于选择影响用来自单个或多个心室部位的起搏激活的内在激活的融合程度的最佳装置定时(A-V延迟、V-V延迟等),或用于辨别单个部位融合起搏相比多部位起搏和选择适当起搏类型的敏锐优点。
显示器508也可显示患者1的躯干表面上或模型心脏上电活动的三维图。这些图可以是将同步电活动的区域示出为行进通过患者1的心脏10的去极化进展的等时线图。该信息可用于医生诊断不同步电活动并制定适当的治疗以及评估治疗的有效性。
图6是在用CRT装置治疗之前和期间,患有左心室电不同步的患者躯干上躯干表面激活时间的一系列模拟等时线图600。治疗之前(内在)和之后的等时线图分成两个视图:前部和后部。线602表示电极404的子集(例如感测装置400B的电极404的子集)的位置,其可用于计算电不同步的一个或多个指标。在某些实例中,线602可表示感测装置400A上的各电极404。
可使用在患者躯干的表面上分布的多个电极404(例如使用感测装置400B)生成天然和CRT辅助躯干表面激活时间的等时线图600。等时线图600的生成可包括确定各电极404的位置,并用各电极感测躯干表面电势信号。等时线图600的生成还可包括通过确定电极感测的信号的QRS波群中的对应于最大负斜率的点位来计算每个电极或电极位置的躯干表面激活时间。在另一些实例中,可通过识别QRS波群的最小导数来确定躯干表面激活时间。然后可将测得的躯干表面激活时间标准化并生成患者躯干表面的等时线图。
由于电不同步所致的、与电极404中的某些相关的某些部位的延迟激活在内在躯干表面激活时间的后视图中是显见的。各区域604指示下面心脏激活的增加的延迟。用CRT装置治疗期间相应的后部视图指示内在躯干表面激活时间图上的区域606(与区域604相同的位置)呈现出电心室活动的增加的同步性。CRT图呈现躯干表面激活时间的减小的范围和较低的标准偏差。此外,后部区域不再呈现延迟的激活时间。内在和CRT起搏期间躯干表面激活时间以及从内在到CRT起搏的激活时间分布的变化的等时线图可用于诊断目的或调整CRT装置。
电不同步的一个或多个指标也可从用于生成等时线图600的躯干表面激活时间计算得到。例如,使用完整电极404集合对患者的内在心脏节律的的SDAT(激活时间传播的指示)为64。使用由线602标记的缩减的引线组导致62的SDAT。用于内在心脏节律和完整引线组的RAT为166.5,而缩减的引线组具有160的RAT。使用缩减和完整引线组的内在心脏节律的PLAT分别为56.15%和66.67%。这表示使用环绕患者心脏的缩减引线组、例如感测装置400A和相关电极404,与使用诸如感测电极400B的覆盖患者躯干的电极组相比,可提供相媲美的(comparable)电不同步的指数。
电不同步的指数还提供CRT装置的有效性的指示,对于缩减的电极组,SDAT下降到24,RAT下降到70,且PLAT下降到36%。这表示CRT治疗期间躯干表面激活时间和在正常心脏节律下相比更窄地分布且在更小范围内,且位于患者躯干左前表面上的电极404的百分比记录了延迟激活时间显著下降。
图7是示出经由躯干表面激活时间评估患者的心脏电不同步的系统的示例操作的流程图。可确定分布在患者躯干表面上例如电极404(图4A和4B)的各电极的位置(700)。例如去极化的心脏事件可生成电信号,其传播通过例如患者1(图1)的患者躯干的并被记录在各电极上。由各电极感测的信号可通过例如处理单元500(图5)接收(702)。该处理单元可计算躯干表面激活时间(704)。在某些实例中,处理单元也可构建躯干表面激活时间等时线图(706)。处理单元也可计算心脏电不同步的至少一个指数(708)。这些指数可包括SDAT(710)、RAT(712)和PLAT(714)中的一个或多个。
诸如去极化的心脏事件生成传播通过躯干的电信号。电信号可包括QRS波群或由诸如左束支阻滞或右束支阻滞的心脏相关状况引起的变化。由于躯干和心脏内导电率的变化,电信号可能无法均匀地传播穿过患者的躯干。这些延迟可表现在分布在患者躯干表面上的各电极中,这些电极及时记录不同位置处的相同电信号。
由心脏事件生成的电信号可记录在分布在患者躯干表面上的多个电极上。各电极可分布在躯干的前表面、侧表面和/或后表面上,允许生成发生在躯干内的电活动的三维图片。在某些实例中,各电极可放置成通过使用感测装置400B(图4B)提供心脏上方和下方的广泛覆盖。在其它实例中,缩减的电极组可例如使用感测装置400A(图4A)围绕躯干的周围布置,包围患者的心脏。各电极可接收由心脏事件生成的电信号的完整波形并将信号传递到处理单元。
可确定分布在患者躯干表面上各电极的位置(700)。可通过例如处理单元500的成像系统501和电极位置记录模块524(图5)自动进行各电极的定位。各电极可通过分析患者躯干的一个或多个图像并执行图案匹配例程、例如识别抵靠患者躯干的电极的形状并将电极在患者躯干上的位置存储在处理单元存储器内来进行定位。在其它实例中,可确定感测装置400A或400B的位置,并基于感测装置的位置确定各电极的位置,例如电极在患者身上的位置基于电极在感测装置上的已知位置。在另一实例中,可手动测量各电极的位置。
处理单元可从各电极接收电信号并将输出记录在存储器内(702)。处理单元可记录原始输出、例如来自每个电极的原始ECG描图以及各电极的位置数据,允许由各电极探测的电信号映射到患者躯干表面上。
该处理单元可计算躯干表面激活时间(704)。处理器,例如处理单元500的处理器502(图5),可获取存储在处理单元存储器内存储的ECG描图数据,并分析该描图以探测心脏心室的极化,该极化通常在描图中由QRS波群标记。在某些实例中,该处理器可通过确定相对于QRS波群开始时测得的QRS波群内的最小导数(或最陡负斜率)的时间来探测心室去极化。可对每个电极进行激活时间的确定并存储在处理单元存储器内。
在某些配置中,处理单元可构建躯干表面激活时间的等时线图,允许用户视觉检查电信号在行进穿过患者躯干之后在心脏的传播。可通过将测得的躯干表面激活时间范围分成一系列子范围来构建等时线图。可图形化地表示患者躯干表面上每个电极的位置。其测得的激活时间落入同一子范围内的诸电极的区域在图形表示中可用相同的颜色表示。
处理单元还可基于躯干表面激活时间计算电不同步的一个或多个指数(708)。这些指数可包括SDAT(710)、RAT(712)和PLAT(714)。在某些实例中,PLAT可确定为在QRS波群时段的一定百分数之后激活的后部电极的百分比。
如上所述,在某些实例中,可基于这些区域内从各电极(702)接收的信号对躯干的特定区域进行躯干表面激活时间等时线图的构建(706)、或不同步的其它图形表示、以及电不同步的指数的计算(708)。可基于来自这些区域的各电极接收的信号对多个区域中的每个确定图形表示和电不同步的指数。在某些实例中,可将各区域的表示和指数呈现在一起或比较。
图8是示出经由测得的躯干表面激活时间测量患者的心脏电不同步的示例技术的流程图。处理单元500可从从多个电极(800)(诸如从诸电极404(图4A和4B))接收躯干表面电势信号。处理单元500可对多个电极(802)中的每个计算躯干表面激活时间。处理单元500可提供心脏电不同步的至少一个指示(804)。
用户可基于电不同步的至少一个指示评估患者是否适合CRT(806)。用户还可监测电不同步的至少一个指示(808),并使用所述至少一个指示的变化来辅助在例如IMD100(图1)的CRT装置的植入(810)期间调整例如电极108、110和112(图1)的各电极的定位,或者植入或随访期间CRT装置(812)的诸如电极组合和A-V或V-V起搏间隔的各种可编程参数的选择。
诸如激活时间的统计或其它指示、或图形表示的本文所述的心脏电不同步的各种指示可指示对患者的心脏的导电性存在损害,例如存在左束支阻滞或右束支阻滞,这无法从标准12引线ECG读出器的检查中显现出来。例如,大SDAT指示在大时间跨度内发生心室的激活,指示心室的去极化没有同时发生。大RAT还指示激活时间的宽范围和心室的不同步收缩。高PLAT指示心脏的特定区域,例如与左心室相关的后部区域可能未能与测得的QRS波群一致激活。此外,通过监测心脏电不同步的至少一个指示,用户可探测由不同治疗或治疗配置引起的心脏电活动的变化。
如上所述,对例如后部、左前等的多个区域中的每个区域,可基于来自该区域的躯干表面激活时间计算诸如统计指数的电不同步的各种指示。此外,基于电不同步的至少一个指示评估患者是否适合CRT(806)可包括基于心脏内在传导期间和CRT期间躯干表面激活时间确定电不同步的一个或多个指示。内在传导与CRT期间指示之差可指示CRT可为患者提供益处,例如患者适合CRT。如上所述,用户也可根据仅基于内在节律的电不同步的至少一个指示评估患者是否适合CRT。此外,植入或随访期间监测电不同步的至少一个指示(808)可包括基于各位置处CRT的递送产生的躯干表面激活时间,或用各电极配置或参数值,对多个引线位置、电极配置或其它参数值中的每个的确定电不同步的一个或多个指示。这样,可将与各位置、电极配置或参数值相关的不同步指示之差比较以确定较佳位置、配置或值。
图9是一系列心脏激活时间的等时线图。使用在患者的躯干表面上测得的躯干表面电势构建视图900、902和904并投射到患者的躯干和心脏的三维模型上。使用投射到不同模型躯干和模型心脏上测得的相同患者的躯干表面电势构建视图910、912和914。
使用从先前获取的心胸图像的数据库得到的心脏的计算机断层扫描(CT)图像构建视图900、902、904、910、912和914中示出的心脏的三维表示。患者躯干上各电极(例如感测装置400的电极404(图4B))的位置可绘制到模型躯干上的大致位置。可使用计算机来求解心电图的逆算问题,这包括确定心脏表面上会产生测得的躯干表面电势的电活动。视图900、902、904、910、912和914中所示的等时线图基于两个不同患者的心脏的图像,这也用于确定心脏的几何形状和与相应躯干的关系以求解心电图的逆算问题。
可通过使用市售软件从心肌病患者的先前获取的医疗图像(CT/MRI)的可用数据库进行手动或半自动图像分割来构建出模型躯干和心脏。每个模型可使用边界元法进行离散化,并可进一步操纵以考虑具有不同身体特征(例如大骨架、中骨架和小骨架)和心脏大小(例如超大、大、中、小)的患者。
用户可选择适当的模型躯干和心脏来相配于患者,例如具有大身躯的患者可用大骨架模型躯干进行模拟。在某些实例中,可将例如CT或MRI图像的患者的医疗图像进行手动或半自动分割、记录、并与从模型选择的各种可用模型比较。也可使用2-D医疗图像(例如X-射线或荧光)的一个或多个视图。用户可将从患者躯干测得的躯干表面电势投射到模型躯干上的相应位置。然后可求解将电信号从模型躯干传播到模型心脏的逆算问题,并可估算出模型心脏的激活时间。
在应用本发明技术的一实例中,从图像数据库获取用于其它对象的人类胸部CT图像。在图像上进行半自动图像分割以生成心脏和躯干的不同模型的三维表示。在某些实例中,可用来自加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥的面貌成像公司(Visage Imaging,Inc.)出售的AMIRA软件包进行图像分割。
例如,患者躯干上的电极位置到模型躯干的投射是近似的。具体来说,患者躯干到模型躯干上电极的位置,将患者躯干上各电极的位置基于各电极安装在患者身上的次序投射到模型躯干的表面上。为了该投射的目的,患者和模型躯干使用胸骨(前)和脊柱(后)作为参考分成右前、左前、右后和左后区域。各电极按垂直条布置,且三个条应用到躯干的每个区域。这些区域内的各电极投射到模型躯干的相应段上。所述方法是可用于记录或描绘测得的电势的几何分布的多种技术中的一种。例如,测得的电势。例如,可将测得的电势在模型给出的电极位置处进行内插或复采样。各电极位置以正确次序从患者躯干的各段投射到模型躯干的相应段上使得激活图案和模型心脏上激活的空间分散相对精确地反应实际患者心脏上的激活图案和激活的空间分散。在一实例中,使用Matlab正则化工具可求解心电图的逆算问题(汉森PC,正则化工具:AMatlab package for analysis and solution of discrete ill-posed problems,NumericalAlgorithms(数值算法),6(1994),第1-35页)。
与该实例一致的用于求解逆算问题的输入数据集可包括多电极表面ECG测量、模型心脏和躯干表面的3-D直角坐标系、以及指定每个表面上不同点的连接的每个模型表面上的网格。与本发明的技术一致的输出可包括可使用视觉软件和计算机图形工具可视化的3-D模型心脏表面上的激活时间。在某些实例中,3-D模型心脏表面可使用Matlab(马萨诸塞州内蒂克的Mathworks公司)或诸如Tecplot(华盛顿州贝尔维尤的Tecplot公司)的更先进可视化软件来可视化。
比较两个不同的心脏激活时间上的估算心脏激活时间(该估算心脏激活时间根据对一个对象的相同躯干表面电势信号而确定),显示类似的图案和分布。例如,视图902和904的区域906在大小和激活时间上对应于视图912和914的区域916。视图902和904的区域908对应于视图912和914的区域918。此外,两个模型的激活时间的标准偏差都源自一个对象的相同躯干表面电势,且类似(17.6和15.5ms)。因此心脏激活的总体图案和心脏激活时间的分散的测量值不依赖于特定的心脏-躯干模型。使用通用心脏-躯干模型可允许用户创建适于诊断和观察的心脏激活时间的等时线模型,同时避免形成患者的心脏的患者专用模型所可使用的CT扫描或其它成像会造成的花费、不便和辐射暴露。
图10是示出经由激活时间测量患者的心脏电不同步的系统的示例操作的流程图。处理单元500通过电极定位记录模块524例如基于成像数据的分析确定各电极404的位置。处理单元将各电极的位置投射到例如所选模型躯干的模型躯干上(1002)。
发生例如去极化的心脏事件致使电信号传播穿过患者的躯干,并记录在分布在患者躯干表面上的各电极上。由各电极感测的躯干表面电势信号可由处理单元500接收(1004)。处理单元可基于各电极的确定的位置将信号投射到模型躯干的表面上(1006)。
处理单元可求解基于躯干表面电势确定心外膜电势的逆算问题(1008)。然后处理单元可基于投射的躯干表面电势计算模型心脏的各位置的心脏激活时间(1010)。可通过例如确定心外膜电图电势的最大负斜率(1016)或逆算问题解的最小二乘最小化来计算心脏激活时间(1018)。可显示心脏激活时间(1012)。显示心脏激活时间的可能方法的实例包括等时线图(1014)和描绘模型心脏上波阵面进展的影片(1016)。处理单元可配置成允许用户在包括波阵面影片和等时线图在内的各种显示模式之间选择或同时显示各显示模式。此外,可计算心脏电不同步的一个或多个指数(1018),包括SDAT(1020)、RAT(1022)、以及PLAT(1024)。
为了求解逆算问题(1008),在拉普拉斯方程的逆Cauchy问题中,可假定心脏与躯干之间是无源(source-less)的容积导体,从投射的躯干表面电势计算心外膜电势。或者,可以假设躯干-表面电势与心脏跨膜电势之间有解析关系。此外,可从根据躯干-表面电势/心外膜电势转换的逆解确定的心外膜电图的最陡负斜率确定心脏激活时间(1010)。在其它实例中,可基于解析关系方法模拟模型躯干-表面电势,从而从躯干-表面电势确定心脏跨膜电势。可基于使投射的模型躯干-表面电势与模拟的躯干-表面电势之间的最小方差最小化来计算心脏激活时间(解析关系中的参数)。
在某些实例中,可基于这些区域内计算的心脏激活时间,对模型心脏的特定区域进行躯干表面激活时间等时线图的构建(1014)、波阵面动画(1016)或心脏电不同步的其它图形表示、以及心脏电不同步的指数的计算(1018)。可基于在这些区域内计算的心脏激活时间对多个区域中的每个确定心脏电不同步的图形表示和指数。在某些实例中,可将各区域的表示和指数呈现在一起或比较。
图11是示出经由确定的心脏激活时间测量患者的心脏电不同步的示例技术的流程图。这些技术可包括确定多个电极的位置(1100)、将各电极的位置投射到模型躯干的表面上(1102)、记录多个电极的输出(1104)、将多个电极的输出投射到模型躯干的表面上(1106)、求解逆算问题(1108)并从投射的躯干表面电势对模型心脏确定心脏激活时间(1110)。可显示心脏激活时间(1112)。可计算电不同步的一个或多个指数(1114)。可监测该输出、心脏电不同步的指数以及心脏激活时间图,允许用户对患者进行诊断、在植入期间调整CRT电极的位置(1118)或调整CRT装置的A-V或V-V起搏间隔(1120)。
用户可监测计算的输出(1116),例如心脏电不同步的至少一个指数或心脏激活时间的显示。监测这些值可允许用户诊断可能受益于CRT的状况或评估CRT的有效性。例如,心脏电不同步的至少一个指数可指示对患者心脏导电性的损害的存在、例如左束支阻滞或右束支阻滞的存在,这从标准12ECG读取器的检查中不能显现。大SDAT指示在大时间跨度内发生心室的激活,指示心室的去极化不是同时发生。大RAT还指示激活时间的宽范围和心室的不同步收缩。高PLAT可指示心脏的特定区域,例如与左心室更相关的后部区域未能与测得的QRS波群一致激活。
用户可根据显示的心脏激活时间或心脏电不同步的指数调整CRT电极(例如IMD100的电极108、110和112(图1))的定位。例如,处理单元经由显示器可实施基于心脏电不同步的指数的百分比变化而显示变换颜色的系统。当调整CRT电极的位置(1118)时,显示的颜色可基于心脏电不同步的指数的百分比改进从红色变换成黄色变换成绿色。这可允许用户快速确定CRT电极的调整是否对患者的症状具有积极效果。在另一实例中,用户可调整植入的CRT装置的A-V或V-V起搏间隔(118)。心脏电不同步的指数的最小值可指示足够的起搏间隔。等时线图或波阵面传播影片也可用于辅助CRT调整或诊断可应答于CRT治疗的状况。
如上所述,为了便于基于监测的输出评估患者是否适合CRT(1116),心脏电不同步的一个或多个指示,例如指数或图形指示,可基于心脏的内在传导期间和CRT期间的躯干表面激活时间来确定。内在传导与CRT期间指示之差可指示CRT可为患者提供益处,例如患者适合CRT。此外,植入或随访期间,基于各位置处CRT的递送产生的躯干表面激活时间,或用各电极配置或参数值,对多个引线位置、电极配置或其它参数值中的每个确定心脏电不同步的一个或多个指示。这样,可将与各位置、电极配置或参数值相关的心脏电不同步指示之差比较以确定较佳位置、配置或值。
已经描述了本发明的各实例。但,本领域的普通技术人员会理解可对所述实施例作出各种更改而不偏离权利要求书的范围。例如,尽管讨论了SDAT、RAT和PLAT作为激活时间分散的统计指数的实例,但也可根据本发明的技术确定去极化定时分散的其它指数或指标。例如,可确定例如前部和后部的两个特定区域之间的激活时间范围。又例如,可根据本发明的技术确定排除特定位置或区域之后激活时间的范围和变化。排除的位置或区域可以为认为是疤痕组织的位置或区域(例如,通过低幅电信号而辨识出),或者延伸超出远场QRS波群范围的位置或区域。一般而言,指数的计算可包括基于躯干表面或心脏激活时间或其某些子集来确定任何统计或其它值。

Claims (15)

1.一种方法,包括:
用处理单元从分布在患者躯干上多个电极中的每个接收躯干表面电势信号;
对于所述多个电极的至少一个子集,用所述处理单元基于从所述电极感测的信号计算躯干表面激活时间;以及
通过所述处理单元经由显示器向用户呈现所述躯干表面激活时间的不同步程度的指示。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,
其中接收所述躯干表面电势信号并计算所述躯干表面激活时间包括:接收第一躯干表面电势信号并在患者心脏的内在传导期间首次计算第一躯干表面激活时间,以及接收第二躯干表面电势信号并在所述心脏的CRT起搏期间计算第二躯干表面激活时间;以及
其中呈现不同步程度的指示包括:呈现从所述内在传导到所述心脏的CRT起搏的不同步变化的指示。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,呈现不同步程度的指示包括:
基于所述躯干表面激活时间计算至少一个不同步指数;以及
将所述计算的指数呈现给用户。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,
接收所述躯干表面电势信号并计算所述躯干表面激活时间包括:接收第一躯干表面电势信号并在患者心脏的内在传导期间首次计算第一躯干表面激活时间,以及接收第二躯干表面电势信号并在所述心脏的CRT起搏期间计算第二躯干表面激活时间;
其中计算所述至少一个不同步的指数包括:至少基于将心脏内在传导期间的所述第一躯干表面激活时间与心脏的CRT起搏期间的第二躯干表面激活时间比较来计算所述至少一个不同步的指数。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,计算所述至少一个不同步的指数包括:
基于来自躯干的第一区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第一区域的第一指数;以及
基于来自躯干的第二区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第二区域的第二指数。
6.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,计算所述至少一个不同步的指数包括:
基于来自躯干的第一区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第一区域的第一组两个或多个指数;以及
基于来自躯干的第二区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第二区域的第二组两个或多个指数。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,呈现不同步程度的指示包括:
基于所述计算的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干表面激活时间等时线图,其中所述等时线图描绘躯干表面激活时间的空间分布;以及
经由所述显示器呈现所述躯干表面激活时间等时线图。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,呈现不同步程度的指示包括:
基于所述计算的躯干表面激活时间计算波阵面动画,其中所述波阵面动画描绘心脏的激活的空间传播;以及
经由所述显示器呈现所述波阵面动画。
9.一种系统,包括:
多个电极,所述多个电极分布在患者躯干上;以及
处理单元,所述处理单元配置成从所述多个电极中的每个接收躯干表面电势信号,并对所述多个电极中的至少一个子集基于从所述电极感测的信号计算躯干表面激活时间,并经由显示器向用户呈现躯干表面激活时间的不同步程度的指示。
10.如权利要求9所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
在患者心脏的内在传导期间接收第一躯干表面电势信号并首次计算第一躯干表面激活时间,并在所述心脏的CRT起搏期间接收第二躯干表面电势信号并第二次计算第二躯干表面激活时间;以及
呈现心脏的CRT起搏的内在传导的不同步变化的指示。
11.如权利要求9所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
基于所述躯干表面激活时间计算至少一个不同步的指数;以及
将所述计算的指数呈现给用户。
12.如权利要求11所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
在患者心脏的内在传导期间接收第一躯干表面电势信号并首次计算第一躯干表面激活时间,并在心脏的CRT起搏期间接收第二躯干表面电势信号并第二次计算第二躯干表面激活时间;以及
至少基于将心脏内在传导期间的所述第一躯干表面激活时间与心脏的CRT起搏期间的第二躯干表面激活时间比较来计算所述至少一个不同步的指数。
13.如权利要求11所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
基于来自躯干的第一区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第一区域的第一指数;以及
基于来自躯干的第二区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第二区域的第二指数。
14.如权利要求11所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
基于来自躯干的第一区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第一区域的第一组两个或多个指数;以及
基于来自躯干的第二区域的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干的第二区域的第二组两个或多个指数。
15.如权利要求9所述的系统,其特征在于,所述处理单元配置成:
基于所述计算的躯干表面激活时间计算躯干表面激活时间等时线图,其中所述等时线图描绘躯干表面激活时间的空间分布;以及
经由所述显示器呈现所述躯干表面激活时间等时线图。
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