CN103493271B - 燃料电池的内部蒸汽生成 - Google Patents

燃料电池的内部蒸汽生成 Download PDF

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CN103493271B
CN103493271B CN201180070387.2A CN201180070387A CN103493271B CN 103493271 B CN103493271 B CN 103493271B CN 201180070387 A CN201180070387 A CN 201180070387A CN 103493271 B CN103493271 B CN 103493271B
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S.拉马斯瓦米
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    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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Abstract

一种燃料电池系统包括燃料电池堆,该燃料电池堆具有阳极板和阴极板,阳极板和阴极板布置在质子交换膜的相对侧。冷却通道与阳极板和阴极板中的至少一个热接触并且包括内部冷却剂通路。压降设备被提供在冷却剂通道内并被构造成在冷却剂通路内提供次大气压力。在一个示例中,冷却剂通道内的冷却剂处于低于周围环境压力。压缩设备通过冷却剂系统回路流体地互连到内部冷却剂通路并在该内部冷却剂通路的下游,并且被构造成传递次大气压力冷却剂蒸汽。压缩设备被构造成增加次大气冷却剂蒸汽的压力和温度到超大气压力并维持该冷却剂蒸汽在压力-焓曲线的蒸汽区域内。

Description

燃料电池的内部蒸汽生成
背景技术
本公开涉及燃料电池系统。更具体地,本公开涉及在燃料电池系统的燃料电池堆内生成蒸汽的方法和装置。
一种典型的燃料电池系统包括燃料电池堆,该燃料电池堆具有阳极板和阴极板,阳极板和阴极板布置在质子交换膜的两侧上。燃料电池堆还通常包括冷却剂通道,其在燃料电池系统的冷却剂回路内循环冷却剂。一种典型的冷却剂是水。
一些燃料电池堆利用燃料电池堆的冷却剂周围压力产生处于低于沸点的温度的冷却剂。因此,在这种燃料电池堆内没有产生蒸汽。为了在这种条件下产生蒸汽,一个示例燃料电池系统包含了阀和布置在燃料电池堆的外部用于将低温冷却剂转换为蒸汽的闪蒸器。蒸汽此后用于燃料的重整系统。
发明内容
一种燃料电池系统包括燃料电池堆,该燃料电池堆具有阳极板和阴极板,阳极板和阴极板布置在质子交换膜的相对侧。冷却通道与阳极板和阴极板中的至少一个热接触并且包括内部冷却剂通路。压降设备被提供在冷却剂通道内并被构造成在冷却剂通路内提供次大气压力。压缩设备通过冷却剂系统回路流体地互连到内部冷却剂通路并在该内部冷却剂通路的下游,并且被构造成传递次大气压力冷却剂蒸汽。压缩设备被构造成增加次大气冷却剂蒸汽的压力和温度到超大气压力并维持该冷却剂蒸汽在压力-焓曲线的蒸汽区域内。
在燃料电池系统内产生蒸汽的方法包括步骤:在燃料电池堆内建立压降以降低在燃料电池堆内的冷却剂的沸点。使冷却剂在燃料电池堆内沸腾以产生蒸汽。蒸汽通过冷却剂蒸汽回路被供应到在燃料电池堆外部的部件。
附图说明
当参照附图考虑下面的详细描述时,可进一步理解本公开,附图中:
图1是带有在燃料电池堆内部的蒸汽生成的示例燃料电池系统的高度示意图。
图2A是一个示例燃料电池堆的示意图。
图2B是另一个示例燃料电池堆的示意图。
图2C是又一个示例燃料电池堆的示意图。
图2D是又一个示例燃料电池堆的示意图。
图3是具有在燃料电池堆内部的蒸汽生成的另一示例燃料电池系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
燃料电池系统10在图1中被示意性地示出。该燃料电池系统10包括燃料电池堆12,其具有多个燃料电池19,这些燃料电池相对于彼此堆叠以产生期望量的电能。例如,每个燃料电池19包括阳极板14和阴极板16,它们布置在质子交换膜18的相对侧,这是单元化电极组件的一部分。
冷却剂通道20遍布在燃料电池堆12内,通常在燃料电池19之间。冷却剂回路22与冷却剂通道20流体连通并且循环冷却剂,在一个示例中是水,到燃料电池系统10各处以调节燃料电池堆12的温度。该冷却剂还可被用于燃料电池系统10内的其它目的,如果需要的话。
一些低温燃料电池应用在将冷却剂加热到低于的温度下操作。当水作为冷却剂时,在这些条件下将不生成蒸汽。但是,蒸汽在燃料电池系统10内可能是有用的。为此目的,燃料电池系统10包括压降设备24,其布置在燃料电池堆12的内部。如图1中示意性地图示的,冷却剂通道20给内部冷却剂通路提供了压降设备24以降低冷却剂的压力到一点,在该点冷却剂将沸腾并在燃料电池堆12内产生蒸汽。
在该示例中,冷却剂回路22包括第一冷却剂蒸汽管线28,其将次大气压力蒸汽传送到压缩设备26。压缩设备26压缩次大气压力蒸汽,并因此,还提高了其温度,以产生超大气压力蒸汽(例如,到1.1大气压和),该蒸汽通过第二冷却剂蒸汽管线30被传送到接合部34。
燃料源36供应燃料给接合部34,其相互混合燃料和超大气压力冷却剂蒸汽以提供混合物。来自接合部34的混合物被供应到燃料处理系统38,该系统产生重整产品,该重整产品通过重整产品管线40被提供到阳极板14。燃料源36也可提供燃料给燃烧器42,该燃烧器部分地驱动燃料处理系统38。未被使用的冷却剂可通过冷却剂返回管线32被返回到冷却剂通道20。
压缩设备26维持冷却剂蒸汽在压力-焓曲线的蒸汽区域内。通过在燃料电池堆内在次大气压力下生成蒸汽,次大气压力冷却剂蒸汽可由压缩设备准等熵地压缩。
压缩设备26,其可以例如是涡旋压缩机,可由电动马达驱动。能通过在燃料电池堆内部而不是外部生成蒸汽实现的额外的效率,足以提供整体燃料电池效率增加,尽管存在与压缩设备相关联的损失。
在图2A中图示了示例燃料电池堆12。在该示例中,阳极和阴极板提供了第一和第二多孔层44、46。内部冷却剂通道48被提供在第一和第二多孔层44、46之间。冷却剂歧管50提供冷却剂到第一和第二多孔层44、46以在燃料电池操作期间实现期望湿度。被处理的水在燃料电池操作期间穿过多孔层44、46提供了压降设备24,这使得处于低于的温度的冷却剂能在次大气压力中沸腾。
在图2B中图示了另一示例燃料电池堆112。在这个示例中,喷雾喷嘴52用于提供小水滴到内部冷却剂通道48,这些小水滴将在由多孔层建立的内部冷却剂通道48内的次大气压力中变成蒸汽。
在图2C中图示了另一示例燃料电池堆212。燃料电池堆212包括燃料电池119,该燃料电池具有第一多孔层44和第二实心板56。即,多孔板提供了阳极和阴极板中的其中一个,并且实心板提供了另一个板。由冷却剂歧管150供应的冷却剂加湿了第一多孔层44,这提供了压降设备124。蒸汽在次大气压力中生成。
参照图2D,燃料电池堆312包括燃料电池219,这些燃料电池利用第一和第二实心板54、56。内部冷却剂通道248被构造成提供次大气压力,例如,通过在冷却剂通道内引入限制。小水滴由喷雾喷嘴52引入。水在内部冷却剂通道248内的次大气压力中被转换成蒸汽。
在图3中图示了另一燃料电池系统110。冷却剂回路122以与上面参照图1描述的相同的方式生成蒸汽。燃料电池系统110与建筑物58的流体回路60协作,例如,从而将通过换热器64来自冷却剂回路122的热转移到流体回路60。热在冷却剂回路122和流体回路60之间被转移以实现了建筑物子系统62的流体回路60内的流体的期望温度,例如,建筑物热水系统。
虽然已经公开的示例实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到某些改进也在权利要求的范围内。由此,应当研读下面的权利要求以确定真实的范围和内容。

Claims (15)

1.一种燃料电池系统,包括:
燃料电池堆,其包括布置在质子交换膜的相对侧的阳极板和阴极板,以及冷却剂通道,该冷却剂通道包括与阴极板和阳极板中的至少一个热接触的内部冷却剂通路;
压降设备,其被提供在冷却剂通道内并被构造成在冷却剂通路内提供次大气压力;以及
压缩设备,其通过冷却剂蒸汽回路流体地互连到内部冷却剂通路并在内部冷却剂通路的下游,该冷却剂蒸汽回路被构造成传送次大气压力冷却剂蒸汽,压缩设备被构造成增加次大气冷却剂蒸汽的压力和温度到超大气压力并维持冷却剂蒸汽在压力-焓曲线的蒸汽区域内。
2.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,其中,冷却剂通道由阳极板和阴极板中的至少一个的多孔层提供。
3.如权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统,其中,多孔层提供了压降设备。
4.如权利要求3所述的燃料电池系统,包括布置在冷却剂通路内的喷雾喷嘴,该喷雾喷嘴被构造成提供喷雾小水滴到冷却剂通路内以转换成冷却剂蒸汽。
5.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,其中,冷却剂通道由阳极板和阴极板中的至少一个提供的实心非多孔板提供。
6.如权利要求5所述的燃料电池系统,包括布置在冷却剂通路内的喷雾喷嘴,该喷雾喷嘴被构造成提供喷雾小水滴到冷却剂通路内以转换成冷却剂蒸汽。
7.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,其中,压缩设备包括涡旋压缩机。
8.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,包括燃料源,其通过燃料供应管线在接合部与冷却剂蒸汽回路流体连通,该接合部在压缩设备的下游并被构造成将燃料和超大气压力冷却剂蒸汽相互混合以提供混合物。
9.如权利要求8所述的燃料电池系统,包括燃料处理系统,其与接合部流体连通并且被构造成接收混合物,燃料处理系统通过重整产品管线流体地互连到阳极板并且被构造成通过重整产品管线向其提供重整产品。
10.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,其中,燃料电池堆被构造成在均衡操作条件下操作,该条件提供小于的内部燃料电池堆冷却剂温度。
11.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,包括建筑物流体回路,和包括该建筑物流体回路和冷却剂蒸汽回路的换热器,该换热器构造成在回路之间转移热量。
12.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统,其中,冷却剂蒸汽被构造成与在燃料电池堆内的冷却剂蒸汽的熵相比,在压缩设备内经历准等熵压缩。
13.一种在燃料电池系统内产生蒸汽的方法,包括:
使用压降设备在燃料电池堆内建立压降以降低冷却剂在燃料电池堆内的沸点;
使冷却剂在燃料电池堆内沸腾以产生蒸汽;以及
通过冷却剂蒸汽回路供应蒸汽到在燃料电池堆外部的部件。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,建立步骤包括提供小于的堆内冷却剂温度和小于大气压的压力。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,供应步骤包括与燃料电池堆内的蒸汽的熵相比,准等熵压缩蒸汽到高于大气压的压力并维持蒸汽在压力-焓曲线的蒸汽区域内。
CN201180070387.2A 2011-04-26 2011-04-26 燃料电池的内部蒸汽生成 Active CN103493271B (zh)

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