CN103338843B - 内燃机的排气净化装置 - Google Patents
内燃机的排气净化装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 166
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 154
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 24
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
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Abstract
本内燃机的排气净化装置具备配置于内燃机排气系统的银氧化铝系催化装置,银氧化铝系催化装置达到比放出NO2的第一设定温度T1低的第二设定温度T2而放出NO时,通过加热银氧化铝系催化装置来加快升温速度,使得银氧化铝系催化装置的温度T为第一设定温度与第二设定温度之间的第三设定温度T3。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的排气净化装置。
背景技术
将氧化铝作为载体涂布件而担载有氧化银的催化装置已经公知(参照专利文献1),这样的银氧化铝系催化装置吸附废气中的NO2,达到设定温度则放出吸附的NO2。银氧化铝系催化装置达到设定温度时,配置在下游侧的NOX催化装置活化,可以还原净化从银氧化铝系催化装置流出的NO2。
专利文献1:日本专利2801423
专利文献2:日本特开2008-240568
发明内容
上述的银氧化铝系催化装置不仅吸附废气中的NO2,而且还吸附废气中的NO。但是,吸附的NO在比设定温度低的温度下被放出。此时,配置在下游侧的NOX催化装置没有活化,从银氧化铝系催化装置流出的NO在NOX催化装置中未被还原净化而向大气中放出。
因此,本发明的目的是在具备银氧化铝系催化装置的内燃机的排气净化装置中,在比放出NO2的设定温度低的温度时,降低从银氧化铝系催化装置中流出的NO量。
本发明的方案1中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置的特征是:具备配置于内燃机排气系统的银氧化铝系催化装置,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到比放出NO2的第一设定温度低的第二设定温度而放出NO时,通过加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置来加快升温速度,使得所述银氧化铝系催化装置的温度为所述第一设定温度与所述第二设定温度之间的第三设定温度。
本发明的方案2中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置的特征是:在方案1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时,利用火焰燃烧器或电加热器加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置。
本发明的方案3中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置的特征是:在方案1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,所述银氧化铝系催化装置具备HC吸附层,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时,通过使吸附于所述HC吸附层的HC点火燃烧而加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置。
本发明的方案4中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置的特征是:在方案1~3中任一方案所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,将所述第三设定温度设定成在所述第三设定温度时所述银氧化铝系催化装置的NO氧化速度为所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时的NO放出速度以上。
根据本发明的方案1中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置,银氧化铝系催化装置达到比放出NO2的第一设定温度低的第二设定温度而放出NO时,通过加热银氧化铝系催化装置来加快升温速度,使得银氧化铝系催化装置的温度为第一设定温度与第二设定温度之间的第三设定温度。由此,由于在放出NO的同时通过加热而加快了升温速度,从而提高了银氧化铝系催化装置的氧化能力,因此,银氧化铝系催化装置达到第二设定温度而放出的NO被氧化成NO2而再次吸附到银氧化铝系催化装置,在比NO2放出的第一设定温度低的温度时,可以降低达到第二设定温度以后从银氧化铝系催化装置中流出的NO量。
根据本发明的方案2中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置,在方案1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,银氧化铝系催化装置达到第二设定温度时,利用火焰燃烧器或电加热器可以容易地加热银氧化铝系催化装置。
根据本发明的方案3中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置,在方案1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,银氧化铝系催化装置具备HC吸附层,银氧化铝系催化装置达到第二设定温度时,通过使吸附于HC吸附层的HC点火燃烧,可以容易地加热银氧化铝系催化装置。
根据本发明的方案4中记载的内燃机的排气净化装置,在方案1~3中任一方案所述的内燃机的排气净化装置中,将第三设定温度设定成在第三设定温度时银氧化铝系催化装置的NO氧化速度为银氧化铝系催化装置达到第二设定温度时的NO放出速度以上,由此,可以将达到第二设定温度而从银氧化铝系催化装置中放出的NO的大部分在银氧化铝系催化装置中氧化成NO2而再吸附,可以充分降低从银氧化铝系催化装置流出的NO量。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置的实施例的示意图。
图2是表示本发明的排气净化装置中实施的银氧化铝系催化装置的加热控制的流程图。
图3是表示图2的加热控制引起的银氧化铝系催化装置的温度变化的时间图。
图4是表示本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置的另一实施例的示意图。
图5是银氧化铝系催化装置的部分放大剖视图。
具体实施方式
图1是表示本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置的实施例的示意图,在该图中,1为内燃机的排气通路。内燃机是柴油机或直接喷射式火花点火内燃机之类的实施稀燃的内燃机。这样的内燃机的废气中含有较多的NOX,在排气通路1配置有吸附NOX的银氧化铝系催化装置2,另外,在银氧化铝系催化装置2的下游侧配置有用于还原NOX的NOX还原催化装置3,在银氧化铝系催化装置2与NOX还原催化装置3之间配置有用于供给还原剂的还原剂供给装置4。另外,银氧化铝系催化装置2的周围配置有用于加热银氧化铝系催化装置2的电加热器5。
银氧化铝系催化装置2是将氧化铝作为载体涂布件而担载有氧化银的催化装置,可以将废气中的NO2以硝酸银的形式吸附,达到第一设定温度(约300℃)时,放出吸附的NO2。此时,NOX还原催化装置3充分活化,放出的NO2在NOX还原催化装置3中可以利用从还原剂供给装置4供给的还原剂进行还原净化。这样,通过将银氧化铝系催化装置2配置在NOX还原催化装置3的上游侧,可以充分抑制在NOX还原催化装置3活化之前废气中的NO2向大气放出。
银氧化铝系催化装置2是在例如蜂窝状的基材上形成氧化铝Al2O3载体涂布层,相对于氧化铝200g(可以混入用于提高耐热性的镧La)以银0.2mol的比例在氧化铝载体涂布层担载氧化银Ag2O的催化装置。
作为这种催化剂的制备方法,例如将1600g的氧化铝MI386(La/Al2O3)粉末、710.4g的粘合剂A520和3600g的水利用磨碎机搅拌20分钟,将得到的混合物以每单位体积200g/L涂布在基材上。接着,将其在大气中在250℃煅烧30分钟,接着,在500℃煅烧1小时,从而在基材上形成氧化铝载体涂布层。
另一方面,在硝酸银236.2g中加入离子交换水而溶解成1700cc,制备Ag浓度0.82mol/L的硝酸银水溶液。
在这样的硝酸银水溶液中将上述氧化铝载体涂布层浸渍30分钟,利用吸水担载而使每单位体积担载0.2mol/L的Ag。接着,使鼓风型干燥机工作,进行20分钟干燥,在大气中以550℃煅烧3小时后,在1分钟通过7L的含有5%氢的氮中以500℃烧成3小时。
在这样制备的催化剂中,氧化银Ag2O从氧化铝Al2O3载体涂布层露出,可以将废气中的NO氧化成NO2后,以硝酸银AgNO3的形式良好地保持。
NOX还原催化装置3可以为三元催化装置,此时,从还原剂供给装置4中供给例如燃料作为还原剂,使三元催化装置内的废气的空燃比为浓而还原净化NOX。
另外,NOX还原催化装置3可以为使用氨NH3而选择性地还原净化NOX的选择还原型NOX催化装置,此时,从还原剂供给装置4供给例如尿素作为还原剂,在选择还原型NOX催化装置中,通过尿素的水解而生成氨,从而还原净化NOX。
另外,NOX还原催化装置3由能够部分氧化废气中的烃的上游侧的氧化催化装置(担载铂Pt、银Ag、或铜Cu等)和净化由部分氧化的烃与废气中的NOX在氧化催化装置中生成的含氮烃化合物(胺化合物、异氰酸酯化合物、以及亚硝酰化合物)的下游侧的催化装置(担载铂Pt或铑Rh)构成的情况下,为了净化NOX,从还原剂供给装置4供给烃(燃料)作为还原剂。特别是利用供给的烃使废气的空燃比为15.5以下的稀空燃比时,在氧化催化装置中容易生成含氮烃化合物,可以净化废气中的NOX的大致全部。
如上所述,银氧化铝系催化装置2达到第一设定温度T1之前以硝酸银AgNO3的形式吸附的废气中的NO2可以在银氧化铝系催化装置2达到第一设定温度T1时放出,通过下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3还原净化。
另一方面,废气中的NO也被银氧化铝系催化装置2吸附,但NO在银氧化铝系催化装置2中以亚硝酸银AgNO2的形式吸附。这样以亚硝酸银的形式吸附的NO在比第一设定温度T1低的第二设定温度T2(约150℃)时从银氧化铝系催化装置2中放出。此时,下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3没有充分活化,从银氧化铝系催化装置2流出的NO在NOX还原催化装置3中不被还原净化而放出到大气中。
因此,希望在比放出NO2的第一设定温度T1低的第二设定温度T2时降低从银氧化铝系催化装置中流出的NO量。
为了实现这一希望,本实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置利用电子控制装置(未图示)按照图2所示的流程图使电加热器5工作来实施银氧化铝系催化装置2的加热控制。图2的流程图与内燃机启动同时开始。
首先,在步骤101中,基于目前的内燃机运转状态推定每单位时间(流程图的执行间隔)从各气缸中排出而在银氧化铝系催化装置2中以亚硝酸银AgNO2的形式新吸附的NO量a。例如,这样的NO量a可以实验性地与各内燃机运转状态映射化,将这样的映射用于步骤101的推定即可。
接着,在步骤102中,累计在步骤101中推定的NO量a,算出银氧化铝系催化装置2中目前的NO吸附量A。在步骤103中,推定银氧化铝系催化装置2目前的温度T。例如,在紧邻银氧化铝系催化装置2的下游侧配置温度传感器,测定从银氧化铝系催化装置2流入的废气温度,可以将该测定温度作为银氧化铝系催化装置2目前的温度T。另外,也可以根据基于目前的内燃机运转状态推定的流入银氧化铝系催化装置2的废气的温度,推定银氧化铝系催化装置2目前的温度T。另外,也可以直接测定银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度。
接着,在步骤104中,判断银氧化铝系催化装置2目前的温度T是否达到了第二设定温度T2(或者略微低于第二设定温度的温度)。该判断为否时,直接结束。
另一方面,步骤104的判断为肯定时,在步骤105中,基于目前的NO吸附量A推定在第二设定温度T2时从银氧化铝系催化装置2中放出的NO的放出速度VL,设定银氧化铝系催化装置2中将NO氧化为NO2的氧化速度VO与放出速度VL相等的银氧化铝系催化装置2的第三设定温度T3。在第二设定温度T2(约150℃)时,从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出的NO的放出速度VL、即每单位时间的NO的放出量在此次的银氧化铝系催化装置2的NO吸附量A越多时变得越大,银氧化铝系催化装置2的氧化速度、每单位时间的NO的氧化量在银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度越高时变得越大。
接着,在步骤106中,确定使银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度从第二设定温度T2变为第三设定温度T3所需的电加热器5的发热量H,在步骤107中,优选在电加热器5中瞬间性产生步骤106中确定的发热量H,加热银氧化铝系催化装置2。接着,在步骤108中,使银氧化铝系催化装置2的NO吸附量A复原为0而结束。银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度为第三设定温度T3以上时,废气中的NO被氧化成NO2而吸附,所以在步骤101中推定的NO量a变为0,在内燃机运转中,银氧化铝系催化装置2的NO吸附量A维持在0。另外,在步骤108中,NO吸附量A复原后,可以为了准备下次的内燃机启动而强制性地将NO吸附量A维持在0。
图3是表示图2的流程图的加热控制所引起的银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度变化的时间图。内燃机启动后的银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度T随着时间流逝缓慢升高,在时刻t1达到第二设定温度T2。此时,开始放出从内燃机启动开始到时刻t1为止以亚硝酸盐AgNO2的形式吸附的NO。
若不实施加热控制,则银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度T如虚线所示只是缓慢升高,银氧化铝系催化装置2的氧化能力也只是缓慢升提高,从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出的NO几乎不氧化成NO2而从银氧化铝系催化装置2中流出,下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3没有充分活化,因此直接向大气中放出。
但是,通过图2的流程图的加热控制,银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度T如实线所示,在时刻t1瞬间性地提高到第三设定温度T3。由于第三设定温度T3设定成在第三设定温度T3时银氧化铝系催化装置2的NO氧化速度VO与银氧化铝系催化装置2达到第二设定温度T2时的NO放出速度VL相等,所以可以将达到第二设定温度T2而从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出的NO的大部分在达到第三设定温度T3的银氧化铝系催化装置2中氧化成NO2而再吸附,从而可以充分降低从银氧化铝系催化装置流出的NO量。
当然,如果第三设定温度设定成第三设定温度T3时银氧化铝系催化装置2的NO氧化速度VO比银氧化铝系催化装置2达到第二设定温度T2时的NO放出速度VL快,则可以将达到第二设定温度T2而从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出的NO几乎全部氧化成NO2而再吸附,可以使得从银氧化铝系催化装置几乎不流出NO。
使银氧化铝系催化装置2从第二设定温度T2升温至第三设定温度T3的升温速度可以通过时刻t1时银氧化铝系催化装置2的加热而可靠地提高。用于将银氧化铝系催化装置2的温度从第二设定温度T2提高至第三设定温度T3的时间优选尽可能短,优选如图3所示为瞬间性。
但是,在时刻t1(银氧化铝系催化装置2达到第二设定温度T2时),加热银氧化铝系催化装置2来加快升温速度,可以可靠地提高银氧化铝系催化装置2的氧化能力,可以将直接以NO的形式从银氧化铝系催化装置2流出的NO的至少一部分氧化成NO2而再吸附于银氧化铝系催化装置2,可以降低达到第二设定温度T2以后从银氧化铝系催化装置2流出的NO量。
若不使第三设定温度T3低于银氧化铝系催化装置2放出NO2的第一设定温度T1,即使能够将NO氧化成NO2,也不能吸附NO2,此时,若NO2从银氧化铝系催化装置2流出,则由于下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3没有充分活化,所以直接向大气中放出。
在本实施例中,第三设定温度T3在第一设定温度T1与第二设定温度T2之间,银氧化铝系催化装置2在时刻t1升温至第三设定温度T3后,保持维持在第三设定温度3,如果使从气缸内排出的废气温度为第三设定温度T3以上,则与下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3的温度一起缓慢向第一设定温度T1升高。由此,银氧化铝系催化装置2向第一设定温度T1升温,从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出NO2时,下游侧的NOX还原催化装置3也充分活化。
像这样,优选在时刻t1以后从银氧化铝系催化装置2放出NO期间,银氧化铝系催化装置2维持第三设定温度T3,因此,优选即使将银氧化铝系催化装置2升温至第三设定温度T3后,还利用电加热器5继续加热银氧化铝系催化装置2。
图4是表示本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置的另一实施例的示意图。与图1所示的实施例不同,银氧化铝系催化装置2’的加热装置不是电加热器5,而是配置在紧邻银氧化铝系催化装置2’的上游侧的火焰燃烧器6。由此,在图2所示的流程图的步骤106中,确定将银氧化铝系催化装置2’的温度从第二设定温度T2变为第三设定温度T3所需的火焰燃烧器6的发热量(火焰强度),利用火焰燃烧器6在步骤107中加热银氧化铝系催化装置2’。另外,使银氧化铝系催化装置2’维持在第三设定温度T3也是利用火焰燃烧器6来实施加热。
另外,如图5所示的剖视图那样,图4的银氧化铝系催化装置2’可以是在陶瓷的基材2’a上具有下层2’b与上层2’c的催化装置,所述下层2’b将氧化铝作为载体涂布件而担载有氧化银,所述上层2’c由沸石等构成。此时,上层2’c起到吸附废气中的HC的HC吸附层的功能。由此,上层2’c从内燃机启动开始将废气中的HC持续吸附至极限量。该银氧化铝系催化装置2’为第二设定温度T2时,无需特别控制发热量,利用火焰燃烧器6向银氧化铝系催化装置2’放射火焰。
由此,吸附于上层2’c的HC的一部分从上层2’c放出而点火燃烧,通过该燃烧,吸附于上层2’c的剩余的HC瞬间性地放出而点火燃烧,可以瞬间性地升高银氧化铝系催化装置2’的温度。
这样,在时刻t1(银氧化铝系催化装置2为第二设定温度T2时),加热银氧化铝系催化装置2’而加快了升温速度,因此可以将直接以NO的形式从银氧化铝系催化装置2’流出的NO的至少一部分氧化成NO2而再吸附于银氧化铝系催化装置2,从而可以降低达到第二设定温度T2以后从银氧化铝系催化装置2流出的NO量。
另外,根据上层2’c的材质和容积而变化的HC的吸附极限量优选设定成即使全部燃烧也不会使第二设定温度T2的银氧化铝系催化装置2’升高至第一设定温度T1。
还原剂供给装置4也可以配置在银氧化铝系催化装置2的上游侧,另外,将燃料作为还原剂使用时,还可以使用作为还原剂供给装置而向气缸内喷射燃料的燃料喷射阀,也可以利用燃料喷射阀例如在膨胀冲程中向气缸内喷射燃料。
符号说明
1排气通路
2、2’银氧化铝系催化装置
3NOX还原催化装置
4还原剂供给装置
5电加热器
6火焰燃烧器
Claims (4)
1.一种内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,具备配置于内燃机排气系统的银氧化铝系催化装置,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到比放出N02的第一设定温度低的第二设定温度而放出NO时,通过加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置来加快升温速度,使得所述银氧化铝系催化装置的温度为所述第一设定温度与所述第二设定温度之间的第三设定温度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时,利用火焰燃烧器或电加热器加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,所述银氧化铝系催化装置具备HC吸附层,所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时,通过使吸附于所述HC吸附层的HC点火燃烧而加热所述银氧化铝系催化装置。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,将所述第三设定温度设定成在所述第三设定温度时所述银氧化铝系催化装置的NO氧化速度为所述银氧化铝系催化装置达到所述第二设定温度时的NO放出速度以上。
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PCT/JP2011/053586 WO2012111163A1 (ja) | 2011-02-14 | 2011-02-14 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
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US (1) | US8834802B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2676719A4 (zh) |
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US5388406A (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1995-02-14 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | NOx decreasing apparatus for an internal combustion engine |
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JP2801423B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-08 | 1998-09-21 | 住友金属鉱山 株式会社 | 窒素酸化物浄化触媒 |
JP3417702B2 (ja) | 1994-12-28 | 2003-06-16 | エヌ・イーケムキャット株式会社 | 窒素酸化物吸蔵組成物及び排気ガス浄化方法 |
JP2004211565A (ja) * | 2002-12-27 | 2004-07-29 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 排ガス浄化システムおよび排ガス浄化方法 |
JP2004305841A (ja) * | 2003-04-03 | 2004-11-04 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | NOx浄化システム |
US8173574B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2012-05-08 | Basf Corporation | Catalysts to reduce NOx in an exhaust gas stream and methods of preparation |
JP2008240569A (ja) | 2007-03-26 | 2008-10-09 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の点火時期制御装置 |
JP5141063B2 (ja) | 2007-03-26 | 2013-02-13 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排ガス浄化装置 |
JP4769243B2 (ja) | 2007-11-06 | 2011-09-07 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 窒素酸化物の吸着除去方法 |
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US5388406A (en) * | 1991-10-29 | 1995-02-14 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | NOx decreasing apparatus for an internal combustion engine |
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JPWO2012111163A1 (ja) | 2014-07-03 |
US20130315791A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
WO2012111163A1 (ja) | 2012-08-23 |
CN103338843A (zh) | 2013-10-02 |
US8834802B2 (en) | 2014-09-16 |
EP2676719A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
JP5293837B2 (ja) | 2013-09-18 |
EP2676719A4 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
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