CN103327922A - 融合和切割用外科器械及相关方法 - Google Patents

融合和切割用外科器械及相关方法 Download PDF

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CN103327922A
CN103327922A CN2012800050495A CN201280005049A CN103327922A CN 103327922 A CN103327922 A CN 103327922A CN 2012800050495 A CN2012800050495 A CN 2012800050495A CN 201280005049 A CN201280005049 A CN 201280005049A CN 103327922 A CN103327922 A CN 103327922A
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surgical instruments
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jaw
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S·E·曼宗
L·科沃尔
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Intuitive Surgical Operations Inc
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Abstract

外科器械可包括具有近端和远端的轴和肘节,所述肘节被连接于轴远端并被配置以连接于轴远端进行多自由度铰接。外科器械可进一步包括被肘节支持的端部执行器,其中端部执行器包括切割元件和夹爪,夹爪被配置以夹持组织和通过电外科能量融合组织。所述外科器械可被配置用于遥控操作的机器人外科系统,该机器人外科系统可包括被配置以接合从而致动外科器械的患者侧控制台和被配置以接收来自医生的输入从而控制外科器械致动的医生侧控制台。

Description

融合和切割用外科器械及相关方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年2月18日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/444,400和2011年5月31日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/491,719的优先权,二者其全内容被引入本文作为参考。
技术领域
本公开的方面涉及微创的并且将融合组织的能量应用和切割融合组织的组件整合成单个装置的外科器械。更具体地,本公开的方面涉及具有铰接用肘节机构(articulating wrist mechanism)的装置,所述铰接用肘节机构支持被配置以切割和融合组织的外科器械端部执行器。
背景技术
能量如例如双极性能量用于融合组织是已知的。简而言之,两个或更多个组织(例如,组织束)被夹持在两个电极之间,并且电外科能量经过电极之间以将组织融合在一起。这种组织的实例包括血管的相对壁。以这种方式,血管可融合封闭,造成血管在融合区域处的密封。实施这种作用的外科器械通常被称为密封用器械(例如,“血管密封器”)。这种外科器械也可用于,例如冷切割、组织切开、组织束大体凝结(例如,除密封外)和组织处理/收缩。
在组织,如例如,血管组织,被融合在一起后,融合区域可被安全地切割,而不导致任何出血。为了兼顾方便性和切割准确性,已经开发出利用整合组织融合和切割应用的端部执行器的外科器械。
微创(例如,腹腔镜、胸腔镜等)手术的益处是已知的。用于这种手术的器械一般具有外科端部执行器,该外科端部执行器安装在长轴的远端,该长轴通过开口(例如,体壁切口、自然孔口)插入,以到达外科部位。在一些情况下,外科器械可经过插管,并且内窥镜可用于提供外科部位的图像。在一些情况下,铰接用肘节机构可被安装在器械远端,以支持端部执行器和相对于该轴的纵轴改变其取向。可以理解,最小化该轴、肘节和端部执行器的外径可期望在微创手术过程中减少患者创伤。
现有的提供整合组织融合和切割端部执行器的微创外科器械的缺陷是铰接用肘节机构允许端部执行器仅以单个自由度(DOF)相对于轴铰接(例如,相对于轴任意限定的正交“俯仰”或“偏转”取向),尽管其他DOF活动可被认为是存在的,如,例如,滚动、夹持、平移(例如,切割刀具沿夹爪(jaws)移动)等。这种单个铰接DOF限制是由于切割刀具的构造,其一般是细长的、基本上平面的、远端配置有锋利的切割边缘的金属带或带状结构。这种平面结构可相对于结构所安置的平面来回弯曲,但不处于正交平面(即,结构平面)内。由于平面切割刀具结构经过肘节机构以驱动切割刀具,肘节机构被限制为其中仅单个铰接DOF活动——即相对于平面切割刀具平面——可发生的构造;肘节机构不被配置以在平面切割刀具结构平面内铰接。具有平面带或带状结构的切割刀具也可影响外科器械的滚动DOF,需要各种连接结构以在滚动过程中保持端部执行器不同元件之间基本上同心定位。
获得对组织如血管足够的夹持压力以进行密封也可在这种器械中遭遇挑战,特别是当组合实现多种其他DOF活动,如例如,滚动DOF和铰接DOF时。同样,获得足够的夹持压力可在试图减少整个器械的尺寸时构成挑战。
微创外科器械的另一类型是U形钉固定器械。这种U形钉固定器械通过几个U形钉行将组织稳固地固定在一起,并且这些器械还利用整合的切割机构驱动U形钉行之间的切割刀具。具有组织切割部件的微创U形钉固定器械已被开发,其中,整合的U形钉固定和切割端部执行器被安装在双DOF铰接肘节机构上,以使端部执行器取向可在“俯仰”和“偏转”方面改变。参见例如,美国专利申请号12/945,461(2010年11月12日提交;公开了独立旋转部件中的平行驱动轴的电机接口),12/945,730(2010年11月12日提交;公开了通过连接的受拉构件的肘节铰接),12/945,740(2010年11月12日提交;公开了双通用接头),和12/945,748(2010年11月12日提交;公开了具有双自由度肘节的外科用具)。但是,这种具有双DOF铰接肘节机构的器械的肘节和端部执行器(即,U形钉固定器)的外径一般大于多种其他微创外科器械。在一个实例中,例如,双DOF铰接肘节U形钉固定器具有约13mm的外径。在一个实例中,U形钉固定装置已被改进以执行组织融合和密封功能,并且由于其结构具有类似于U形钉固定器械的外径。参见,例如,美国专利申请公开号US2010/0292691 A1(2010年7月22日提交)。相反,其他微创外科器械,如用于由Sunnyvale,California(加利福尼亚州森尼韦尔)的IntuitiveSurgical,Inc.销售的机器人外科系统的那些微创外科器械,其肘节和/或端部执行器(例如,在端部执行器的夹爪闭合位置中)的外径处于约8mm或约5mm的范围内。
本领域的普通技术人员将理解,减少外科器械的整体尺寸同时保留所需功能、特征和能力通常不仅是按比例缩小已知组件的问题。甚至对于小尺寸减少如减少器械外径约2mm至约3mm而言,保留设计要求由于如下可能是艰难的任务:材料性质、组件制造限制、活动部件之间引入的摩擦力、组件由于其尺寸减少而导致的强度限制、这种机构较小同时保持高力要求的整体设计及其他对操作的影响。因此,虽然非常理想,但具有整合组织融合和切割特征——双DOF铰接肘节机构——并且外径与其他常用微创外科器械相似的微创外科器械还不可利用。此外,需要可与机器人外科系统接合并受其控制的这种外科器械。
发明概述
本教导可解决一个或多个上述问题,和/或可证明一个或多个上述理想特征。其他特征和/或优势可由下文描述而显而易见。
根据不同示例性实施方式,本教导考虑这样的外科器械:其包括,轴,具有近端和远端;和肘节,被连接于轴远端并被配置以连接于轴远端以多个自由度铰接。外科器械可进一步包括端部执行器,其被肘节支持,其中端部执行器包括切割元件和夹爪,该夹爪被配置以夹持组织和融合组织——例如,通过电外科能量。外科器械可被配置用于遥控操作的机器人外科系统,该机器人外科系统可包括患者侧控制台,被配置以接合和致动外科器械;和医生侧控制台,被配置以接收来自医生的输入,从而控制外科器械的致动。
根据不同示例性实施方式,本教导考虑操作外科器械的方法,其包括在布置在外科器械近侧部分的传递机构接收至少一个第一输入,以使外科器械的可多自由度铰接的肘节在俯仰和偏转至少一个方面铰接;和通过传递机构传递一个或多个力,以使肘节响应第一输入铰接。方法进一步包括在传递机构接收第二输入,以打开被肘节支持的端部执行器的夹爪;和通过传递机构传递扭矩至扭矩驱动组件,从而打开夹爪。方法进一步包括在传递机构接收第三输入,以闭合端部执行器的夹爪;和通过传递机构传递扭矩至扭矩驱动组件,以闭合夹爪,从而夹持夹爪之间的组织。此外,方法包括传递电外科能量至夹爪,以融合组织;在传递机构接收第四输入,以平移端部执行器的切割元件;和通过传递机构传递力至切割元件驱动组件,以相对于端部执行器平移切割元件。
本教导的其他目的和优势将在下文描述中部分提出,而部分将通过描述而显而易见或可通过本公开和/或权利要求的实践而获得。本发明这些目的和优势中至少一些将通过所附权利要求具体指出的元件及组合实现和获得。
要理解的是,上文总体描述和下文详细描述均仅是示例性的和说明性的,而不限制本公开和权利要求,本公开和权利要求享有其包括等同形式的全部范围宽度。
附图简述
本公开可通过下文详述——单独或结合附图——得到理解。附图被包括在内,以提供对本公开的进一步理解,并且并入和构成本说明书的部分。附图示例了本教导的一个或多个示例性实施方式,并且结合描述用于说明某些原理和操作。在附图中,
图1是根据本公开的示例性实施方式所述的微创外科器械的示意性透视图;
图2A是根据示例性实施方式所述的图1的外科器械的轴和肘节的局部纵向剖视图;
图2B是从图2A中透视2B-2B截取的器械轴的横向剖视图;
图3是根据示例性实施方式所述的图1的外科器械的端部执行器、肘节和部分轴的详细透视图;
图4是根据示例性实施方式所述的图1的端部执行器、肘节和部分轴的局部分解、局部切除的透视图;
图5是根据示例性实施方式所述的图1的端部执行器、肘节和部分轴的局部分解、局部透明的透视图;
图6是根据示例性实施方式所述的肘节驱动力筋(tendon)的局部透视图;
图7A是根据示例性实施方式所述的夹持驱动螺母的透视图;
图7B是图7A中从透视7B-7B截取的夹持驱动螺母的剖视图;
图8A是根据示例性实施方式所述的扭矩管的示例性实施方式的局部侧视图;
图8B是来自图8A中的透视8B-8B的扭矩管的剖视图;
图9是根据示例性实施方式所述的夹爪组装体的分解视图;
图10是根据示例性实施方式所述的切割元件和切割驱动组件的独立局部侧视图;
图11是根据示例性实施方式所述的图3-5的端部执行器的底部夹爪和切割元件的局部独立透视图;
图12A是可用于根据本公开不同示例性实施方式的外科器械示例性机器人外科系统的示意性透视图;
图12B是可用于根据本公开不同示例性实施方式所述的外科器械的示例性机器人外科系统的示意图;
图13是显示根据本公开不同示例性实施方式所述的操作融合和切割用外科器械的示例性方法的流程图;
图14A-14B是根据示例性实施方式所述的图1的外科器械的相应标记部分的详细视图;
图15是根据示例性实施方式所述的图2A的适配器结构和密封件的剖视图;
图16是根据示例性实施方式所述的显示处于夹爪打开位置的具有间隔件的夹爪的独立透视图;
图17是根据示例性实施方式所述的融合和切割用外科器械的端部执行器、肘节和部分轴的局部切除透视图;
图18是根据示例性实施方式所述的线缆布线插头的透视图;和
图19是图17的U形夹中的凹槽的示例性实施方式的剖视图。
发明详述
本描述和示例示例性实施方式的附图不应作为限制,而是由权利要求限定本公开的范围。可进行不同机械、组成、结构、电力和操作方面的改变,而不脱离本说明和请求保护的包括等同形式的本发明的范围。在一些实例中,公知的结构和技术未被具体显示或描述,以便不使本公开不清楚。两个或更多个附图中同样的编号代表相同或相似的元件。此外,关于一个实施方式详细描述的元件和其相关部件只要可实践就可被包括在未被具体显示或描述的其他实施方式中。例如,如果元件关于一个实施方式被具体描述而未关于第二个实施方式被描述,则元件仍可被请求保护为包括在第二实施方式内。
对于本说明书和所附权利要求,除非另外指明,本说明书和权利要求书中使用的所有表示数量、百分比或比例的数字及和其他数值在所有实例中均被理解为被术语“约”修饰——在其未被如此修饰的情况下。因此,除非相反说明,下文说明书和所附权利要求提出的数字参数是近似值,其可根据本发明所要获得的预期性质而不同。至少,以及不视图限制等同原则对于权利要求范围的应用,应至少根据所报告的明确数的数值和通过利用常规取整技术对各数字参数进行解释。
虽然显示本发明宽范围的数字范围和参数是近似值,但具体实例中提出的数值则被尽可能精确地报告。然而,任何数值本身均包含一定误差,其必然由其各个测试性测量中存在的标准偏差生成。此外,本文公开的所有范围均将被理解为包括其中包含的任何和所有子范围。
注意,如本说明书和所附权利要求中所用,单数形式“一”(“a”、“an”)和“该”(“the”)以及任何用语的单数使用均包括复数指代,除非明确和清楚地限制为单个指代。如本文所用,术语“包括”和及其语法变型均意为是非限制性的,以使列举中的项目描述不排除其他可替代或加入列举项目的同类项目。
根据不同示例性实施方式,本公开考虑这样的外科器械:包括,轴、能够进行俯仰和偏转方向铰接及其组合的肘节、和端部执行器,该端部执行器包括可操作以执行夹持、融合和切割程序的组件。本公开考虑这样的外科器械:能够提供实现组织(例如,血管)融合所需的足够夹持力(包括对夹持组织的压力)和遍及相对宽范围的器械铰接和滚动DOF活动的足够切割力。进一步,在不同示例性实施方式中,本公开考虑这样的外科器械:其是微创的,并提供紧凑设计,与应用铰接肘节结构组合多用途端部执行器如例如多种U形钉固定器械的其他微创外科器械相比,轴、肘节和端部执行器的整体外径相对较小。
因此,本公开的不同示例性实施方式提供整合组织融合和切割的端部执行器,其Cartesian俯仰、偏转和滚动DOF方面的取向可被独立地控制。此外,切割元件可在平移DOF方面被独立地控制,以相对于端部执行器基本上沿端部执行器夹爪的纵向移动——甚至在肘节相对于器械轴的纵轴进行俯仰和/或偏转方面的铰接时,和/或器械轴和端部执行器滚动时(即,围绕该轴的纵轴旋转)。
现参考图1,显示根据本公开的示例性实施方式所述的微创外科器械100及具体显示的其不同组件的示意图。图1是微创外科器械100的透视图,图14A-14B显示图1中标记的相应部分的示例性实施方式的详细视图。方向“近”和“远”在本文中用于限定图1所示的方向,其中远通常是沿活动臂较远的方向或在器械100的目标操作应用例如执行外科程序的应用中最接近外科工作部位的方向。如图1所示,器械100通常包括力/扭矩驱动传递机构1、安装至传递机构1的器械轴2;布置在器械100远端的整合的夹持、融合和切割端部执行器3;和布置在轴2远端在轴2和端部执行器3之间的铰接肘节4。在不同示例性实施方式中,器械100自端部执行器3远端至传递机构1近端的总长度在约21英寸至约25英寸的范围内。
在示例性实施方式中,器械100被配置以安装在微创外科机器人系统上并用于微创外科机器人系统,该微创外科机器人系统在示例性实施方式中包括患者侧控制台1000、医生侧控制台2000和电子/调控控制台3000,如图12A和12B的示意性透视图和示意图所示。注意,图12A和12B中的系统组件未以任何具体定位显示,并可按需安排,其中患者侧控制台被相对于患者布置,以实现对患者的手术。可与器械100一起应用的外科机器人系统的非限制性、示例性实施方式是由Intuitive Surgical,Inc.售的daSi(型号IS3000)。通常,医生侧控制台2000接收医生通过不同输入装置的输入,该输入装置包括但不限于,夹持机构2004、脚踏板2002等。医生侧控制台充当主要控制器,患者侧控制台1000通过其充当从动装置以实施外科器械的预期活动,并因此执行预期的外科程序。医生侧控制台2000还可包括观察器或显示器2006,其允许医生观察外科部位的三维图像。患者侧控制台1000可包括多个接合臂1002,其被配置以固定不同的用具,该用具包括但不限于,例如,具有端部执行器的外科器械(例如,外科器械100)和内窥镜。基于在医生侧控制台2000的指令输入,患者侧控制台1000可与外科器械的传递机构接合,以定位和致动器械,从而执行预期的医疗程序。电子/调控控制台3000接收和传递往返患者侧控制台1000和医生侧控制台2000的不同控制信号,并可传递光图像和过程图像(例如,自患者侧控制台1000处的内窥镜)至显示器,如,例如,医生侧控制台2000处的显示器2006和/或与电子/调控控制台3000相连的显示器3006。本领域技术人员一般熟知这种远程控制的外科系统。
在示例性实施方式中,电子/调控控制台3000可具有整合在控制台3000中一个或多个控制器中的所有控制功能,或为方便起见,另外的控制器(例如,如图12B中3080所示)可以作为单独的单元被提供并在电子/调控控制台3000上得到支持(例如,在支架中)。这种控制器在示例性实施方式中可与外科器械100直接电力/控制通信,如例如图12B所示。后者可用于例如改造现有电子/调控控制台以控制需要额外功能性的外科器械时。电子/调控控制台3000还可包括在示例性实施方式中电烙术能量的单独控制器3090,该电烙术能量可被递送至外科器械端部执行器。同样,虽然在不同示例性实施方式中,一个或多个输入机构可整合到医生侧控制台2000中,但多种其他输入机构(例如,如图12B中元件2090所示)可被单独添加和提供,以在该系统使用过程中可被医生接近,而不必整合到医生侧控制台2000中。
传递机构1传递接收的致动输入至产生的扭矩和力,以实现器械轴2、肘节4和端部执行器3以及相关组件的活动,从而实现不同活动,产生多DOF外科器械。例如,可通过输入(例如,扭矩输入)控制传递机构1,以使轴2滚动,从而使端部执行器3滚动(滚动DOF);打开和闭合端部执行器3的夹爪(夹持或夹紧DOF);使肘节4铰接(铰接DOF);和平移切割元件(未显示在图1视图中)(平移DOF)。在不同示例性实施方式中,如下文将进一步详细描述,肘节4可被配置用于正交方向的双DOF铰接,从而提供端部执行器3的“俯仰”和“偏转”活动(偏转被任意地限定为端部执行器夹爪的活动平面,俯仰正交于偏转)。
如图14B的示例性实施方式——显示可用作图1的传递机构1的传递机构141的示例性实施方式的下侧——所示,传递机构141可包括一个或多个输入驱动盘40,其被配置以接合患者侧调控控制台,如图12A和12B中的控制台1000,以接收输入,从而驱动器械1的不同活动,如下文将更详细说明。
如上所述,在示例性实施方式中,例如如图14A和14B所示,传递机构141(显示在图14A中,其中其保护盖被移除,以提供内部视图)可被配置以接收不同输入,包括例如,通过机器人外科系统的接合输入盘40的遥控操作伺服致动器的扭矩输入,如本领域技术人员熟知。这些扭矩输入可用于传递滚动至器械轴(图14A和14B中标记142),从而传递力以打开和闭合端部执行器的夹爪(图1显示端部执行器3的夹爪处于闭合位置),和传递力以使肘节(图1的肘节4)铰接,例如,双DOF铰接。此外,在示例性实施方式中,传递机构141可包括机载电动机5,其接收输入电压——例如来自机器人外科控制系统(例如,通过整合到中心调控控制台3000中或与其分离但与其相连的控制器),以通过齿轮和齿条齿轮机构50驱动切割元件(图1未显示)。关于利用机载电动机如机载电动机5驱动和控制切割元件相关的进一步细节,参考名为“SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MOTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,698(2011年5月31日提交)和名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENTWITH CONTROL FOR DETECTED FAULT CONDITION”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,671(2011年5月31日提交),二者其全部内容被引入本文作为参考。
虽然图14A和14B的示例性实施方式显示了被配置以接合和接收来自包括遥控操作伺服致动器的机器人外科系统的驱动扭矩/力输入的传递机构141,但在可选实施方式中,依靠另外的机载电动机和/或手动致动的传递机构可用于图1的外科器械。本领域普通技术人员将理解,取决于可用的致动输入数量,一些器械实施方式可接收所有来自器械以外(例如,来自遥控操作的伺服电动机)的致动输入,一些(例如,手持器械)可具有机载电动机以驱动所有器械部件,和一些——如合并图14A和14B所示传递机构的那些的所示实施方式——可具有外部致动输入和机载驱动电动机的多种组合。在机载电动机的情况下,用于驱动这种电动机的输入电压可由如下供应:中心控制器(例如,如电子/调控控制台3000和/或相连的单独安装的控制器(例如,控制器3080),如图12A和12B所示)或电压来源——在手持器械的情况下在器械本身上提供。同样,本领域技术人员将理解齿轮、滑轮、连接件、万向板和/或杆等的多种组合(其示例性实施方式显示在图14A中)可用于传递致动力和扭矩至不同器械组件。关于可用于传递机构1、141以将输入——例如传递机构1、141通过图12A和12B的患者侧控制台1000接收的输入——转换成扭矩和/或力,以最终驱动轴2、端部执行器3的夹爪和肘节4的活动的示例性组件相关的进一步细节,参考名为”GRIP FORCE CONTROL IN AROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,804(2011年5月31日提交);名称同为”DECOUPLING INSTRUMENT SHAFTROLL AND END EFFECTOR ACTUATION IN A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,798和美国专利申请号US 13/297,168(2011年5月31日和2011年11月15日分别提交);和名为”SURGICALINSTRUMENT WITH SINGLE DRIVE INPUT FOR TWO END EFFECTORMECHANISMS”的美国临时申请号US 61/491,821(2011年5月31日提交),其全部内容均被引入本文作为参考。
传递机构1、141还可容纳电导体(图1或图14A和14B未显示),以通过连接器42、142接收电外科能量,该电外科能量最终被传递至端部执行器3并用于融合组织。电导体可自传递机构1、141经过保护管43、143布置。
现参考图2A和2B的剖视图,轴2基本上是刚性的,包括被绝缘层250围绕的主体管200。在不同示例性实施方式中,主体管200可由呈现高抗拉强度并具有相对薄的壁厚的金属材料制成,如例如,不锈钢。提供相对坚固但薄壁的管的能力允许强度要求得到满足,同时还最大化器械不同组件可经过其中的内部空间。在不同示例性实施方式中,外绝缘层可具有电绝缘性和包括呈现相对高的介质强度和相对高耐划性的材料,可相对容易被施加至管200,具有相对低的摩擦力,和/或具有相对低的介电常数。在一个示例性实施方式中,外绝缘层可以是环氧涂层,如,例如,多层(例如,双层)环氧涂层。其他适于外绝缘层的材料可包括但不限于,例如,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚烯烃和/或氟乙烯-丙烯(FEP)。
主体管200自传递机构1至肘节4和端部执行器3被配置,以布置不同组件(图2A和2B未显示)。中心凹槽210提供腔,其容纳端部执行器夹持器中空驱动轴218和端部执行器切割元件驱动组件20连接,二者均在下文中得到更详细的描述,其中,该端部执行器夹持器中空驱动轴218连接于经过肘节4布置的扭矩驱动组件18。布置在切割元件驱动组件20和驱动轴218内表面之间的空间中并且与之同心的是间隔件机构215。间隔件机构215有助于定位切割元件驱动组件20和吸收在器械操作过程中趋于致使切割元件驱动组件20变形的力。在不同示例性实施方式中,间隔件机构215可由具有相对低摩擦力的塑料制成,如,例如,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)或其他适当的材料。中空驱动轴218包括具有较大内径和外径的区域218a、具有较小内径和外径的区域218c,和内径和外径自区域218a至区域218c逐渐减小的过渡区218b。更具体地,区域218a具有大约等于中心凹槽210内径的外径和足以容纳间隔件机构215的内径。区域218c具有大约等于切割元件驱动组件20外径的内径和基本上等于扭矩驱动组件18外径的外径。较大直径区域218a有助于最小化用于打开和闭合端部执行器夹爪的扭矩驱动组件18(下文进一步详细说明)相关的力导致的对管218的扭转力。较小直径区域218c允许驱动轴218被对头焊接至扭矩驱动组件18。
轴2还包括中心凹槽210和主体管200之间、容纳和布置电导体11a、11b的空间211(图2B剖面显示),该电导体11a、11b用于传递双极性电外科能量至端部执行器3。在不同示例性实施方式中,电绝缘材料11c、11d可围绕电导体11a、11b。控制肘节4的力筋——其方式为本领域技术人员所熟知,也被穿过轴2布置在中心凹槽210和主体管200之间的空间211中。中心凹槽210有助于将来自线缆45的力分离,该力作用于扭矩驱动组件18和/或驱动轴218——例如在滚动DOF过程中。在所示的示例性实施方式中,力筋包括线缆45,其延伸部分经过海波管(hypotubes)245并皱曲于海波管245。海波管245自轴2近端延伸,并终止于略接近轴2远端的位置。线缆45自海波管245大约从轴位置沿间隔件215延伸,并终止于肘节4的不同连接件。例如,如图2A所示,海波管245终止于沿轴2接近于扭矩驱动轴218的过渡区域218b远端的位置。虽然在各种视图中未显示,但力筋可包括线缆,其自海波管近端延伸,最终连接于传递机构1中的不同驱动组件。海波管245有助于加固沿轴2大部分长度——其中不发生铰接——的力筋,和吸收在使肘节4铰接时力筋张紧导致的张力。在肘节4和传递机构1处提供的力筋的线缆45,提供柔性挠性结构,该结构允许其在那些位置弯曲,从而有效施加张力。本领域技术人员将理解,除线缆外的其他结构可用于力筋的元件45,包括,例如,如下其他丝状或线状结构:可耐受相对高张力以使肘节4铰接,和耐受相对高挠性,以随着肘节4的铰接在传递机构1处弯曲。
本领域技术人员将理解,其他轴构造,包括不同凹槽、力筋、电导体等的安置,可用于布置用于通过在传递机构1的输入操作端部执行器3的不同元件,而没有脱离本公开的范围。但是,在不同示例性实施方式中,在确定实现端部执行器不同预期功能所需的不同结构的布置时,空间限制组合所需力传递强度和保持不同组件的同心操作可能是并驾齐驱(driving)的考虑。
参考图2A和图15的独立详细视图,利用适配器结构230将轴2的远端连接至肘节4。适配器结构230具有插头样构造,其包括中心插头部分231,该中心插头部分231在结构230的远端部分处被较大直径头部232包围。中心插头部分231的近端部分233具有较小直径,并被容纳在中心凹槽210中,并且近端部分233的外表面和中心凹槽210的内表面通过陷型附件机构接合。头部232在其远端232a连接至肘节4的近侧连接件,并在其近端232b连接至轴2的主体管200。头部232的外径大约等于肘节4和轴2的外径,从而提供轴2和肘节4之间基本上平滑的过渡。在示例性实施方式中,适配器结构230可由不锈钢制成。
在图2A和15所示示例性实施方式中,适配器结构230还配置有密封机构235、236(235也显示在图4的视图中)。密封机构235提供轴2远端处力筋45和电导体11a、11b的液体密封。密封机构236提供部分218c处驱动轴218的液体密封。密封机构235、236可由多种常用于密封的材料制成,包括但不限于,例如,硅氧烷和不同热塑性弹性体(TPEs)。特别是,密封机构236可由低摩擦力材料制成。
现参考图3-5,现将描述端部执行器3和肘节4的进一步细节。图3是相应于图1细节部分的透视图,显示端部执行器3、肘节4和部分轴2。图4显示与图3相似的器械部分,但被部分分解以提供更好的端部执行器3的上夹爪视图,并且在肘节4和轴2远端处被部分切除以提供更好的器械内部部件的视图(虽然某些内部部件已被移除以便于示例)。图5是与图4相似的视图,具有端部执行器夹爪的分解视图和端部执行器3的U形夹的部分透明和切除视图。操作肘节的力筋未显示在图4和5的视图中。
如图3-5所示,肘节4包括几个肘节连接件12。在所示示例性实施方式中,以俯仰-偏转-偏转-俯仰构造安排连接件12(图3中分别以标记“P”和“Y”识别),该构造提供肘节4的双DOF铰接。但是,这种构造是非限制性的,并且是示例性的,并且连接件的其他组合可被提供,以按需沿肘节提供多种俯仰和/或偏转铰接。更多关于肘节4总体构造的原理的信息可在如下中找到:例如,2004年11月16日授权的名为”SURGICAL TOOL HAVING POSITIVELYPOSITIONABLE TENDON-ACTUATED MULTI-DISK WRIST JOINT”的美国专利号6,817,974B2,其被引入本文作为参考。肘节致动力筋——包括线缆45——被布置穿过小孔46,该孔46布置在肘节连接件12的外周区域,以提供肘节活动。对力筋——包括线缆45和海波管245——的恒定张力保持连接件12在一起和端部执行器3适当地位于轴2远端。
如图6的示例性实施方式——独立地显示示例性力筋实施方式——所示,线缆45可环回(looped back),以在其远端形成U,从而连接于连接件12。在所示外科器械的示例性实施方式中,六个如图6所示的U形力筋结构可用于控制肘节4的双DOF(例如,俯仰-偏转-偏转-俯仰)铰接,其中三个U形力筋在中间连接件终止(即,环回),并且三个U形力筋在远侧连接件终止(即,环回),该远侧连接件在示例性实施方式中包括U形夹6(其更多细节在下文中说明),如所示图2A。在不同示例性实施方式中,力筋45在约5lbs.至约25lbs范围内,例如,约16.8lbs.,的最大工作负荷下进行操作,并且能够耐受约1.5倍至约3倍工作负荷的负荷。
虽然在示例性实施方式中,力筋是U形的,并且在肘节4的各个连接件12处环回,但应理解,线缆可作为单个线缆被提供,其在连接件12处终止在其端部,而不环回。在这种构造下,例如,可减少线缆和海波管的总数。在一些情况下,在这种线缆构造下,可能需要自可用于U形线缆构造的强度增加线缆强度。本领域的普通技术人员熟知不同力筋构造以操作微创机器人外科器械中的铰接用连接的肘节机构。
在不同示例性实施方式中,肘节4可具有如下范围内的外径:约5mm至约12mm,例如,约5mm至约8.5mm,和约3/8in.至约2/3in.范围内的总长度Lw。在不同示例性实施方式中,肘节4在俯仰或偏转方面的活动范围均为+/-90度,并且在滚动方面高达约+/-260°,例如,+/-180度。整体尺寸(例如,横向和纵向尺寸)受限于通过肘节4传递、用于操作端部执行器3的不同活动(和相应的驱动机构),包括,例如,切割元件的平移和端部执行器3夹爪的夹持。进一步,本教导的示例性实施方式在肘节铰接和滚动时能够实现端部执行器的这些不同活动——例如,上述活动范围内的所有活动。
如上所述,在示例性实施方式中,俯仰和偏转输入可通过与机器人外科系统的患者侧控制台(例如,患者侧控制台1000)相连的遥控操作的伺服致动器被传递机构1接收。例如,传递机构1可被配置如传递机构141的示例性实施方式,并通过一个输入驱动盘40接收俯仰输入和通过另一输入驱动盘40接收偏转输入——图14B所示,和通过另一驱动盘40接收输入,以使传递机构141内的输入轴(一个输入轴60显示在图1B中,其他在视图中隐藏)旋转。通过提供在传递机构中的齿轮、连接件、滑轮、和万向机构的系统,输入和输入轴60的旋转可被传递,例如,从而增加或减少力筋45/245的张力和/或使轴2滚动。对于可用于控制力筋张力以使接合的连接件肘节结构铰接的传递机构的不同实例,参考2004年11月16日授权的名为”SURGICALTOOL HAVING POSITIVELY POSITIONABLE TENDON-ACTUATEDMULTI-DISK WRIST JOINT”的美国专利号US 6,817,974B2,其全部内容被引入本文作为参考。
再次参考图3-5A,上述U形夹6将端部执行器3连接于肘节4,并支持端部执行器3的相对的上夹爪和下夹爪7a、7b。夹爪7a、7b绕U形夹销8转动,以使夹爪7a、7b在打开和闭合位置之间活动。即,夹爪7a绕U形夹销8沿图中外科器械的取向向上转动,和夹爪7b绕销8向下转动。(还参考图16,显示转动至打开位置的端部执行器夹爪1607a、1607b)。U形夹销8延伸穿过U形夹耳9a、9b中的孔和分别与夹爪7a、7b相连的凸轮延长部分13a、13b中提供的孔17a、17b。U形夹耳9a、9b分别包括槽10a、10b(图3和5所示)。槽10a、10b分别接收驱动螺母16的反向延伸凸出163a、163b,如下文更详细描述。各凸轮延长部分13a、13b均包括成角凸轮槽14a、14b,其被布置在各孔17a、17b近侧,也分别用于接收驱动螺母16的反向延伸凸出163a、163b。如图4和5中的器械定位所示,凸轮延长部分13a提供凸轮槽14a,该凸轮槽14a在从远侧至近侧的方向向下成角,同时凸轮延长部分13b提供凸轮槽14b(图5所示),该凸轮槽14b在从远侧至近侧方向向上成角。在图3中可见,例如,凸轮延长部分13a、13b被配置以具有低轮廓和形状,以使其与外科器械100的其他部分的外部尺寸基本上平齐,如,例如,与U形夹6、肘节4和器械轴2基本上平齐,这可有助于移除器械——例如通过插管。
为打开和闭合夹爪7a、7b,可应用夹持驱动导螺杆15和与导螺杆15螺纹啮合的夹持驱动螺母16。图7A独立地显示夹持驱动螺母16的示例性实施方式的透视图,图7B显示图7A中自透视7B-7B截取的夹持驱动螺母16的剖视图。在所示实施方式中,夹持驱动螺母16包括金属芯161,其具有超模压塑料壳(overmolded plastic casing)162。超模压塑料壳162在夹持驱动螺母16的穿孔164中延伸,并形成螺纹,该螺纹啮合导螺杆15上的螺纹,以减少摩擦力。超模压塑料壳162提供整体结构强度给夹持驱动螺母16,包括给螺纹。而且,超模压塑料螺纹有助于在导螺杆15转动时提高螺母定位精确度。进一步,塑料壳162被布置在螺母16的顶面、底面、前面和后面(以图3-5和7的取向),并且沿包围金属芯的螺母16的侧面边缘延伸。塑料壳162有助于降低摩擦力,从而有助于提高定位精确度,因为螺母16的表面在其沿导螺杆15活动时接触U形夹6和凸轮延长部分13a、13b。驱动螺母16还在螺母16的相反侧包括两个啮合销163a、163b。各销163a、163b延伸穿过相关的凸轮槽14a、14b和U形夹6中相关的槽10a、10b。
在示例性实施方式中,夹持驱动螺母16的穿孔164中的螺纹是多起点螺纹,并且单位旋转具有约0.1in.的导程。提供多起点螺纹可促进螺母和导螺杆的可制造性,提高强度,和/或有助于螺母沿导螺杆在两个方向的活动。而且,在示例性实施方式中,螺母16的芯161可包括不锈钢,例如,不锈钢合金,如,例如、17-4不锈钢。超模压塑料部分162可包括相对高强度、低摩擦力的能够用于粘合于金属芯的塑料。
导螺杆15紧靠U形夹销8远端被定位,以保持其相对于轴2的位置,并在其近端连接于扭矩驱动组件18。连接于扭矩驱动组件18可例如通过导螺杆15近端与扭矩驱动组件18远端的对头焊接实现,但这种连接是非限制性的,而仅是示例性的。虽然图中未显示,但导螺杆15的远侧无螺纹端可被接收在U形夹销8中提供的沉孔中,该沉孔被布置为与U形夹销8中的凹口28基本上相对,该凹口28接收切割元件的切割刀片19。因此,如图4和5所示,导螺杆15位于肘节4远侧,基本上处于U形夹6中。U形夹销8充当远侧止块,其防止导螺杆15沿远侧方向活动越过U形夹销8。在示例性实施方式中,近侧止块,如例如,传递机构1中提供的推力球轴承(未显示)可防止导螺杆15沿近侧方向活动过远。在示例性实施方式中,推力球轴承可被布置在电动机组装体的机壳中,电动机组装体包括图14A的示例性实施方式所示的齿条齿轮50,并且中空驱动轴218位于机壳近端,从而在夹爪7a、7b打开时随组装体沿近侧方向移动吸收中空驱动轴218和导螺杆组装体的轴推力负荷。参考名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MOTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,698(2011年5月31日提交)和名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENTWITH CONTROL FOR DETECTED FAULT CONDITION”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,671(2011年5月31日提交),二者其全部内容被引入本文作为参考。
因此,随导螺杆15旋转(通过中空驱动轴218和扭矩驱动组件18的旋转活动,如下文进一步描述),驱动螺母16沿导螺杆15行进。驱动螺母16沿导螺杆15的移动又使肘节163a、163b沿相关的凸轮槽14a、14b移动,从而打开和闭合夹爪7a、7b。即,随驱动螺母16沿远侧方向行进,夹爪7a、7b绕U形夹销8转动以使夹爪7a、7b活动至打开位置。随驱动螺母16沿近侧方向行进,夹爪7a、7b绕U形夹销8转动,以使夹爪7a、7b活动至闭合位置。销163a、163b在凸轮槽14a、14b远端的位置限定夹爪7a、7b的完全打开位置。销163a、163b在凸轮槽14a、14b近侧(即,大约在图3所示位置,在凸轮槽14a、14b近端略远侧)的位置限定夹爪7a、7b的完全闭合位置。限定夹爪7a、7b的完全闭合位置以相应于销163a、163b在凸轮槽14a、14b近端略远侧的位置有助于确保紧靠凸轮槽表面的销163a、163b不停止实现夹爪7a、7b的完全闭合。如上所述,在不同示例性实施方式中,导螺杆15可最终,例如通过其驱动机构,连接于扭矩限制弹簧,该扭矩限制弹簧充当限定夹爪7a、7b的完全闭合位置的机构,如例如下中述及:美国临时专利申请号US61/491,804(2011年5月31日提交),其全部内容被引入作为参考。
组合转动凸轮槽14a、14b的导螺杆和螺母能够实现将由夹爪7a、7b所实现的强夹持力——甚至在紧凑空间限制内,和多种相对大范围的器械DOF活动。在不同示例性实施方式中,凸轮槽14a、14b在将螺母16的线性活动转换为夹爪7a、7b的夹持活动方面可提供约4:1的夹紧机械优势。本领域的普通技术人员将理解,多种其他夹爪激活机构可用,并且在其他实施方式中可应用仅单个活动夹爪,而另一相对夹爪固定在适当位置。定位各销163a、163b穿过其相关U形夹耳槽10a、10b有助于防止驱动螺母16在U形夹6内扭转,从而提供提高的螺母活动稳定性,因此提供夹爪7a、7b的打开和闭合。
为传递导螺杆15通过肘节4转动——包括肘节4的相对大范围的全部铰接(例如,正交俯仰和/或偏转铰接)和/或器械滚动——所需的扭矩,根据不同示例性实施方式应用与驱动轴218连接并被其驱动的扭矩驱动组件18。在不同示例性实施方式中,可应用的扭矩驱动组件18包括多层管状线缆结构。分层结构可具有包括不同方向绕组的相邻层,如参考图8A和8B所示示例性实施方式进一步详细说明。虽然图8A和8B的示例性实施方式包括三层绕组,但本公开不限于三层。相反,根据不同示例性实施方式所述的扭矩驱动组件可包括两层或更多层绕组,例如,其中各层具有不同方向的螺旋圈(helicalturn)。
图8A和8B显示扭矩驱动组件18的一个示例性实施方式,其包括具有三层相对紧缠绕的绕组(卷材)181、182、183的管状结构(图8B的剖视图中显示最佳)。内绕组181和外绕组183各自扭转,以提供以第一方向沿管通过的螺旋圈。中绕组182被布置在内绕组和外绕组之间,并扭转以提供以第二方向沿管通过的螺旋圈,第二方向与第一方向相反。第一扭转方向被取向以使内绕组181和外绕组183沿移动导螺杆15的方向自身靠紧压缩,从而使夹爪7a、7b活动至闭合位置。因此,在图4和5中可见,导螺杆15和外绕组183上螺纹的螺旋图案方向相反。具体地,在所示示例性实施方式中,外绕组183具有沿顺时针方向从右至左上升的绕组螺旋图案,而导螺杆15上的螺纹沿顺时针方向从左至右上升。使夹爪7a、7b活动至闭合位置以提供足够的夹持力所需的扭矩T闭合(图4所示)高于使夹爪7a、7b活动至打开位置所需的扭矩T打开(也在图4中显示)。因此,提供两个内外绕组181、183以耐受这种较高的扭矩。由于扭矩驱动组件18是中空的线缆结构,所以,其在所有方向——包括俯仰和偏转及其组合——基本上同等地弯曲,并具有低摩擦力。因此,扭矩驱动组件18提供相对低的弯曲力和相对高的扭矩传递能力,以实现通过肘节4的扭矩传递足以转动导螺杆15,而不明显限制肘节4的铰接和滚动DOF。关于后者,在所有方向的挠性有助于保持滚动DOF过程中不同元件的同心性。
在一个实例中,处于闭合位置的夹爪7a、7b的夹持压力足以实现血管密封,其中,肘节沿不同方向(即,俯仰和/或偏转)在至少约60度范围内铰接。在不同示例性实施方式中,夹爪7a、7b在闭合位置时施加的尖端力的范围为约4.25lbs至约8.75lbs,跨越不同方向(即,俯仰、偏转或其组合)上至少约+/-60度的肘节铰接范围。进一步,在不同示例性实施方式中,夹爪7a、7b被配置处于闭合位置,以提供足够高的夹持压力,从而实现组织(例如,血管)的密封(融合)。通过非限制性实例,处于闭合位置的夹爪7a、7b对组织施加的压力的范围为约80psi至约220psi,例如约95psi至约200psi。
在不同示例性实施方式中,内绕组181可具有约0.045in.的外径和约.125左捻的俯仰;中绕组182可具有约0.059in.的外径和约.110右捻的俯仰;和外绕组183可具有约0.0775in.的外径和约.140左捻的俯仰。
在另一示例性实施方式中,例如,如下文参考图17的实施方式更详细描述,多层扭矩驱动组件外层的部分外表面可被移除——例如,通过研磨,以提供更光滑的表面,其又可导致扭矩驱动组件的挠性增加、夹持力的一致性增加、和/或扭矩驱动组件和肘节之间的间隙增加。
在示例性实施方式中,弹簧——例如,被提供在传递机构1中,可用于协助闭合夹爪7a、7b,特别是在需要通过插管从外科部位撤回外科器械100时协助闭合夹爪7a、7b。这种弹簧致动机构可有助于防止损伤端部执行器3——如果夹爪7a、7b未在通过插管撤回器械前位于闭合位置。关于提供弹簧致动机构以协助闭合切割/融合微创远程控制外科器械的夹爪的其他细节,参考名称同为”DECOUPLING INSTRUMENT SHAFT ROLL AND ENDEFFECTOR ACTUATION IN A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491、798和美国专利申请号13/297,168(2011年5月31日和2011年11月15日分别提交),二者其全部内容均被引入本文作为参考。
本领域的普通技术人员将理解,图4、5、8A和8B的示例所示的不同绕组/螺纹的方向以及输入扭矩(T打开和T闭合)的方向可逆,而没有脱离本教导的范围。
现参考图9,在示例性实施方式中,各夹爪7a、7b(图9仅显示一个夹爪7b;另一夹爪7a构造相似)可包括金属芯部件90b——包括凸轮延长部分13b、电极支持部件91b和外覆盖部件92b。电极支持部件91b和外覆盖部件92b可包括塑料材料。电极支持部件91b使电极21b与金属芯隔离。外覆盖部件92b接收和支持组合的金属芯部件90b和电极支持部件91b。金属芯部件90b可向夹爪7a、7b提供强度,以能使夹爪7a、7b耐受夹持相关力——例如,具有最小变形量。在不同示例性实施方式中,金属芯部件90b可包括不锈钢或不锈钢合金,如,例如、17-4不锈钢。电极支持部件91b和外覆盖部件92b可由超模压塑料围绕金属芯部件90b制成,如,例如,玻璃填充的聚邻苯二甲酰胺(PPA),例如,10%至30%玻璃填充PPA。
在不同示例性实施方式中,夹爪7a、7b可利用多重模压工艺(multi-shotmolding process)形成。电极支持部件91b可在第一重模压中形成,而外覆盖部件92b在第二重模压中形成。在示例性实施方式中,金属芯部件90b可通过金属注射模压(MIM)获得。在可选的实施方式中,金属芯部件90b可被机械加工。电极21b可在第二重模压步骤中被布置在电极支持部件91b上,并固定于电极支持部件91b。本领域的普通技术人员将理解,夹爪7a可以与夹爪7b相同的方式形成。
如本文所述,除夹持外,端部执行器3的夹爪7a、7b被配置以递送电外科能量以将组织融合在一起,例如融合切开血管的组织,以密封切开血管的端部。再参考图4和5,各夹爪7a、7b均包括电极21a、21b,其接收来自相关电导体11a、11b的能量。在不同示例性实施方式中,各电极21a、21b均接收来自双极性能量来源的一极,以在电极之间生成足以融合组织的双极性能量。在不同示例性实施方式中,能量来源的电压可以为约220Vp,其频率范围为约100Hz至约400Hz,并且功率可以为约240W至约360W,以及电极21a、21b的温度可以为约100°C。在不同示例性实施方式中,电极21a、21b可以是不锈钢,并且通过电导体11a、11b传导电能的控制算法可以通过遥控操作的机器人外科系统——例如,利用中心调控控制台3000——实施,如图12A和12B的示例性实施方式所示。在不同示例性实施方式中,双极性能量来源算法,如,例如,可用于来自ErbeElektromedizin,GmbH,Germany的电外科发电机产品的那些双极性能量来源算法可实施(例如,通过图12B中的发电机3090),以防止组织粘附于电极21a、21b。电导体11a、11b可以是受围绕导线的绝缘层保护的任何适当导线。在一个示例性实施方式中,电导体11a、11b可包括具有乙烯四氟乙烯(ETFE)绝缘层的铜合金线。
在不同示例性实施方式中,各电极21a、21b的长度Le的范围可以为,例如,约16mm至约18mm,其可以是密封直径约7mm的血管所需。电极21a、21b以及相应夹爪7a、7b的宽度,可呈现大体锥形,在近端具有较大宽度并在远端具有较窄宽度。这种锥形可有益于组织切开,包括血管切开。例如,锥形可提高切开过程中的可视性,并可提供较小的接触面积以刺穿组织。在不同示例性实施方式中,近端宽度We,p的范围为约2.5mm至约5.5mm,例如,该宽度可以为约5mm;和远端宽度We,d的范围为约2.5mm至约3.5mm,例如该宽度可以为约3mm。电极21a、21b的宽度可经选择以提供夹持在夹爪7a、7b之间的切开组织(例如,血管切开端)两侧的融合。例如,该宽度可经选择以提供切开组织任一侧至少约1mm的密封。在不同示例性实施方式中,各电极21a、21b的厚度范围可以为约0.005in.至约0.015in.,例如,该厚度可以为约.010in.。为有助于防止组织粘附于电极21a、21b,电极表面可利用微英寸表面加工进行加工,例如,8微英寸的表面加工。
如所示,各电极21a、21b配置有开槽23b(电极21a上相应的开槽在图3-5的视图中隐藏),该开槽23b被配置以接收切割元件和为其提供路径——在其相对于夹爪7a、7b沿近侧和远侧方向平移时,如下文将进一步详细描述。在夹爪7a、7b的闭合位置,电极21a、21b通过布置在各夹爪7a、7b远端的间隔凸缘22a、22b和通过处于电极21a、21b近端的间隔条26a、26b保持彼此间隔,以提供间隙g(参见图3)。间隔条26a、26b在电极21a、21b表面以上的高度可略低于间隔凸缘22a、22b在电极表面以上的高度,从而有助于跨越电极表面长度一致的间隙g,同时还允许电极表面沿其全长实现充分闭合,以确保组织的有效夹持和密封。
本领域的普通技术人员将理解,除间隔凸缘22a、22b和/或间隔条26a、26b外或取而代之,可应用其他构造的间隔结构。例如,间隔件结构可被布置在沿电极表面长度的适当位置,从而在夹爪7a、7b处于闭合位置时保持电极表面之间的间隙。仅作为实例,在如图16所示的一个实施方式中,夹爪1607a、1607b可在电极1621a、1621b的上表面包括间隔件结构1627a、1627b,其位于例如,沿电极1621a、1621b长度的中心部分。在示例性实施方式中,间隔件结构1627a、1627b可通过如下形成:在一个或两个电极1621a、1621b中提供穿孔,然后可使各个电极1621a、1621b下方的模压材料流过穿孔并越过电极表面。高出电极表面的模压材料可形成间隔件结构1627a、1627b。以这种方式,间隔件结构和下方电极支持部件(例如,如图9的电极支持部件92b)组合成为单片。以这种方式提供间隔件结构可允许采用相对简单的制造工艺沿电极长度布置相对小的间隔件。当然,本领域的普通技术人员将理解,这种间隔件结构的形成不限于上述制造工艺,多种技术可用于沿电极表面提供这种间隔件结构。进一步,虽然图16的示例性实施方式在两个电极1621a、1621b上均示例两个间隔件结构,但可按需在一个或两个电极1621a、1621b上提供任何数量的这种间隔件结构。
在不同示例性实施方式中,夹爪7a、7b处于闭合位置时电极21a、21b之间的间隙g(所示图3)近似于千分之几英寸,例如,约0.004英寸。
如图4和5所示,在各夹爪7a、7b中,基本上跨越各夹爪7a、7b宽度延伸的小凹进24a、24b可被布置在相关电极21a、21b的远侧,即,电极21a、21b和间隔凸缘22a、22b之间。凹进24a、24b可容纳夹持在夹爪7a、7b之间的组织,以有助于防止夹持组织滑离夹爪7a、7b的夹持,穿过端部执行器3的远端。间隔凸缘22a、22b也可有助于防止组织滑动穿过端部执行器3的远端。在一个示例性实施方式中,凹进24a、24b可具有约0.1mm至约0.4mm范围内的深度。
而且,在不同示例性实施方式中,上夹爪7a可包括标注,例如,其形式为横跨上夹爪7a延伸的线29。线29的布置被选择,向医生提供切割机构将在切割操作过程中沿夹爪7a、7b行进程度的可视指示。以这种方式,医生可具有如下可视的指示:处于线29和切割刀片停放位置(下文进一步详细描述)之间的夹爪7a、7b所获取的组织将位于切割程序过程中切割刀片的路径中。在示例性实施方式中,标注29可通过激光标注夹爪制成。
为避免干扰手术或插管通路,电导体11a、11b在端部执行器3中凹进,并且被布置反向穿过肘节4中侧凹槽47近侧(所示图3和5),然后穿过轴2,如上文参考图2A和2B所述。电导体11a、11b最终连接于发电机源,该发电机源可例如位于图12A和12B所示的遥控操作的机器人外科系统的中心调控控制台3000。在示例性实施方式中,添加至中心调控控制台3000的单独的一个控制器3080/3090或多个单独控制器3080/3090可具有电力连接,以供应电力至电导体11a、11b;可选地,电源可与中心调控控制台3000整合在一起。进一步,在不同示例性实施方式中,为最小化对端部执行器3操作的干扰——特别是对打开和闭合夹爪7a、7b的干扰,电导体11a、11b在其位置紧靠夹爪7a、7b时可配置有空隙,如图5的示例性实施方式所示。
如上所述,除夹持和融合外,外科器械100可被配置以切割。如图5所示,端部执行器3因此还包括切割元件,其形式为短切割刀片19(也显示在图10和11中)。切割刀片19通过切割元件驱动组件20相对于端部执行器3在远侧和在近侧平移。切割刀片19在最近侧——所谓“停放”位置——和最远侧位置之间行进。在最近侧“停放”位置,切割刀片19的近端被收纳在U形夹销8中提供的凹口28中,并且其侧部被相对的停放部件(仅27b显示在图4、5、9和11中,类似的部件在夹爪7a视图中隐藏)保护,该相对的停放部件邻接凸轮延长部分13a、13b的相对的表面。相对的停放部件27b有助于防止组织进入夹爪7a、7b的近端,并有可能接触切割刀片19。在最远侧位置,切割刀片19的远端位于分别在夹爪7a、7b的相对电极表面21a、21b上提供的开槽23a、23b的远端。由于切割元件驱动组件20一般具有挠性,如将描述,开槽23a、23b保持切割刀片19在其沿夹爪7a、7b行进时对齐。
参考图11,显示切割刀片19处于最远侧位置时切割刀片19相对于底部夹爪7b的位置。因此,在其平移整个过程中,切割刀片19保持处于端部执行器3内;此外,在图4所示其停放位置中,切割刀片19被撤回到基本上在U形夹销8内的电极表面21a、21b和端部执行器3的停放部件(上述27b和夹爪7a相关的相应元件)后面。此外,为增强外科器械100的操作安全性,可阻止发生切割元件19自停放位置的操作(即,平移),除非夹爪7a、7b处于闭合位置。在示例性实施方式中,这可通过控制器和控制驱动切割元件驱动组件20的操作的软件进行,如下教导:例如名为”POSITIVE CONTROL OFROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT END EFFECTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,647(2011年5月31日提交),其全部内容被引入本文作为参考。关于可对于利用机器人外科系统(例如,其可包括应用图14A中的机载电动机型电动机5)控制和驱动的切割元件实施的其他控制部件,参考名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MOTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US61/491,698(2011年5月31日提交)和名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITHCONTROL FOR DETECTED FAULT CONDITION”的美国临时专利申请号US61/491,671(2011年5月31日提交),二者被引入本文作为参考。在一个示例性实施方式中,软件特征防止切割刀片19的致动——例如通过对电动机5的控制,直到夹爪7a、7b充分闭合以允许切割刀片19在槽23a、23b内安全地延伸,而没有切割元件露出槽23a、23b并有可能露出夹爪7a、7b的风险。
在图5和10所示的示例性实施方式中,如上所述,切割元件驱动组件20是线缆,其具有焊接至切割刀片19近端的远端。为避免刀片19连接线缆20处的锋利边缘和/或钝面,刀片19和线缆20可混合焊接在一起,以提供两组件之间光滑的接合。提供两组件之间相对光滑的接合可降低切割程序中切割元件粘附在组织上的风险。驱动组件20连接在传递机构1的近端,该传递机构1被配置以向驱动组件20提供线性(推/拉)推动力,并允许滚动DOF,以及如上所述,被布置穿过轴2和肘节4的中心到达端部执行器3。驱动组件20的线缆结构具有充分挠性以耐受绕其纵轴沿不同方向弯曲,同时还提供足够的压缩强度和抗拉强度以耐受和传递来自传递机构1的推/拉致动力,以使切割刀片19平移——包括穿过组织以实现切割。驱动组件20穿过轴和肘节4的中心布置允许外科器械100具有相对紧凑的设计,同时还使切割刀片19在切割操作过程中相对于端部执行器3位于中心。进一步,驱动组件20的中心布置可减少作用于驱动组件20的摩擦力——在其移动穿过肘节4时,特别是肘节4铰接和/或滚动时、平移切割刀片19时。以这种方式,驱动切割刀片19所需的力与驱动组件20向着器械100外周而非中心被布置的构造相比可减少。进一步,切割驱动组件20的中心布置可导致在肘节4铰接过程中基本上无长度变化,允许切割刀片19在铰接过程中保持在停放位置。
在可选的实施方式中(未显示),不同于线缆结构,驱动组件20可包括具有高抗拉和压缩强度的超弹性软线,如,例如,镍钛合金线。在至少一个示例性实施方式中,切割刀片19还可由镍钛合金制成。
导螺杆15和扭矩驱动组件18均是中空的,并且切割元件驱动组件20被布置穿过导螺杆15和扭矩驱动组件18的中空中心。因此,扭矩驱动组件18和切割元件驱动组件20的所得组合结构在俯仰、偏转以及俯仰和偏转组合方面同等地弯曲,并且在组合结构经过肘节4时具有相对低的摩擦力。以这种方式,可在紧凑构造中将夹持DOF和切割元件平移DOF通过肘节4传递至端部执行器3,该紧凑构造允许相对小的肘节4以Cartesian俯仰、偏转和滚动DOF操作。由此,提供这样的微创外科器械:其具有组织融合和切割功能整合的端部执行器,和允许端部执行器以Cartesian俯仰、偏转和滚动(滚动通过如轴2滚动所需改变肘节4俯仰和偏转实现)取向的肘节机构。
参考图10,在一个示例性实施方式中,切割刀片19具有凹“V”形切割表面190,其可有助于将组织拉入切割表面。但是,这种构造是非限制性并仅是示例性的,并且在其他构造中,刀片可具有直线的、成角的或曲线的切割表面。如所示图10,在示例性实施方式中,切割刀片19的近端可具有圆顶角,以最小化切割刀片19在完成切割程序后被反向驱动时发生粘附的风险。在不同示例性实施方式中,刀片19由不锈钢(例如、716不锈钢)制成,并具有双磨切割表面。刀片19可通过不同机制被固定于驱动组件20,该机制包括,例如,焊接。在不同示例性实施方式中,刀片19具有高度HB,其范围为约0.08in.至约0.15in.,例如约.10in.;和长度LB,其范围为约0.10in.至约0.13in.,例如,约0.115in.。
如上所述,在一个示例性实施方式中,切割机构驱动组件20可通过布置在传递机构1中的机载电动机致动——例如,通过机载电动机5结合蜗轮和齿条齿轮机构50,如图14A所示传递机构141的示例性实施方式所示。为控制切割刀片19的活动,一个或多个限制开关55(一个显示在图14A的示例性实施方式中)可用于检测切割刀片19的位置。关于利用限制开关检测位置和协助控制切割刀片操作的一个示例性实施方式,参考名为”SURGICALINSTRUMENT WITH MOTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,698(2011年5月31日提交)和名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH CONTROL FORDETECTED FAULT CONDITION”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,671(2011年5月31日提交),二者被引入本文作为参考。当然,本领域的普通技术人员将理解,多种致动机构,包括但不限于,例如,遥控操作的机器人外科系统相关的伺服致动器或手动驱动致动器,可用于控制驱动组件20的活动。进一步,在依靠机器人控制致动切割元件驱动组件20的示例性实施方式中,器械100可配置有允许切割元件19被手动撤回的部件,如,例如,通过六角扳手或被配置以穿过传递机构机壳啮合的其他工具——例如,通过用于驱动切割元件驱动组件的蜗轮。
如上所述,在不同示例性实施方式中,轴2、端部执行器3(处于闭合位置)和肘节4的外径范围为约5mm至约12mm,例如约5mm至约8.5mm,例如,在一个示例性实施方式中外径可以为约8.5mm。因此,根据不同示例性实施方式所述的组织融合和切割用外科器械可通过利用插管被插入穿过患者体壁,该插管能够插入其他5mm或8.5mm类遥控机器人外科器械。在这种5mm或8.5mm外径的切割和融合用外科器械的情况下,外径比13mm肘节型U形钉固定外科器械的外径小约38%。此外,在执行切割和融合外科程序的情况下,较小直径对于可较精细和/或难以执行并且通常在较小空间内执行的这样的程序具有可视化和访问优势。
在不同示例性实施方式中,外科器械100可被配置为单用途一次性外科器械。因此,为降低制造外科器械的相关成本并提供坚固到足以执行所需不同操作的器械,不同组件由塑料制成,并且应用注射模压工艺形成。此外,在需要组件额外强度的情况下,其不同组件或部件可应用金属注射模压(MIM)工艺制成。通过非限制性实例,在传递机构1中,不同齿轮、万向板、滑轮、连接件等可由塑料、机械加工金属、冲压片材金属、粉末金属和/或MIM部件制成。此外,在其中机载电动机用作致动器以例如驱动切割元件的情况下,这种电动机可以是相对廉价的电动机,如,例如,DC电动机,其被配置以在利用约5V至约15V例如约5.5V至约10V范围内的电压输入操作时递送足够的力。
现将参考图13流程图所示的示例性步骤,描述利用外科器械100执行组织融合和切割的示例性方法。在示例性实施方式中,如图13的1301所示,可将外科器械100插入(例如,通过腹腔镜或胸腔镜)患者身体——例如,通过插管,和推进至通常在需要切割和融合程序的工作部位附近的位置。在插入和推进外科器械100至预期工作部位后,如1302所示,传递机构1、141可接收一个或多个输入(例如,在传递机构141的示例性实施方式中的输入盘40)以使肘节4滚动和/或铰接——如,例如,通过滚动、俯仰、偏转或这些活动中任意种的组合。如上所述,传递机构1可将输入传递成力和/或扭矩,以最终致动(驱动)整体器械轴2(例如通过滚动)和/或改变力筋45的张力,以使肘节4发生俯仰和/或偏转方面的铰接。
在端部执行器3处于预期位置和取向后,在图13的1303,传递机构1(例如,在传递机构141的示例性实施方式中的输入盘40)可接收输入,以打开端部执行器3的夹爪7a、7b,并且器械100可被推进,以使需要融合/切割的组织位于打开的夹爪7a、7b之间。如上所述,传递机构1可传递输入,以通过对中空驱动轴218和扭矩驱动组件18施加第一方向的扭矩打开夹爪7a、7b,该扭矩可被传递,以使导螺杆15旋转和使驱动螺母16沿导螺杆15移向端部执行器3的远端。在组织按需位于打开的夹爪7a、7b之间的情况下,传递机构1(例如,在传递机构141的示例性实施方式中的输入盘40),如图13的1304所示,可接收输入,以闭合夹爪7a、7b,从而夹持组织。如上所述,传递机构1可传递输入,通过对中空驱动轴218和扭矩驱动组件18施加与第一方向相反的第二方向的扭矩闭合夹爪7a、7b,该扭矩可被传递,以使导螺杆15旋转和使驱动螺母16沿导螺杆15移向端部执行器3的近端。
接着,如图13的1305所示,在夹爪7a、7b处于闭合位置,夹持组织的情况下,可使电外科能量(例如,双极性能量)经过电导体11a、11b,以激活电极21a、21b。传递至电极21a、21b的双极性能量足以使电极21a、21b融合夹持在其间的组织。在示例性实施方式中,在1306,可将信号——如例如,发声信号(例如,哔哔声或其他形式)和/或例如在监视器或其他显示器可观察到的视觉信号——提供给器械操作人员,从而确认组织融合已经完成。
在融合完成后,在图13的1307,可提供输入至传递机构1,以驱动切割元件。如上所述,在接收输入后,传递机构1可传递不同的力和扭矩以最终驱动切割元件驱动组件20——例如,利用对其的推/拉力。在示例性实施方式中,切割元件驱动组件20可利用对传递机构1的单个输入被致动以驱动切割元件从停放位置到达最远侧位置,以及返回至停放位置。因此,整个切割平移活动(即,从停放位置至最远侧位置和返回)可自动完成。在示例性实施方式中,特别是用于机器人外科系统如图12A和12B所示的机器人外科系统,如果夹爪7a、7b未处于闭合位置,可防止发生切割操作——例如,通过利用适当的算法和通过控制器——如与中心调控控制台3000整合或作为中心调控控制台3000的单独装置布置——控制的反馈传感器。参考名为“POSITIVECONTROL OF ROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT END EFFECTOR”的美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,647(2011年5月31日提交),其全部内容被引入本文作为参考。
在切割程序已经完成后,在图13所示的1308,可将器械100撤离患者——例如,通过插管。
虽然在不同示例性实施方式中,外科器械可以作为手持装置操作,其中手动向传递机构提供不同输入,但在示例性实施方式中,器械100可接合机器人外科系统,如图12A和12B所示和如上所述。在这种实施方式中,传递机构可被配置为图14A和14B中的传递机构141,并且不同的所述输入可在输入盘40被接收,而且布置在患者侧控制台1000的器械通过中心调控控制台3000由自医生侧控制台2000接收的信号控制。此外,在示例性实施方式中,为驱动切割元件,电压信号可从控制器如安装或以其他形式连接至中心调控控制台3000的单独的器械控制盒3080或从与之整合的控制器输出,并通过布置在传递机构141中的机载电动机5接收。在不同示例性实施方式中,来自医生侧控制台2000或来自可以其他形式被医生访问的输入单元的输入可通过不同踏板2010/2090(例如,控制切割和融合)以及通过手持抓握机构2020(例如,控制肘节4和器械轴2的活动)被提供给控制器(一个或多个)。本领域的普通技术人员熟知这种遥控操作的机器人外科系统提供医生在医生侧控制台的输入以最终实现与患者侧控制台接合的外科器械的操作的一般应用。
关于可用于传递机构的齿轮、连接件、万向板、杆、弹簧、齿条齿轮等的示例性构造以及可实施(例如,通过中心调控控制台3000相关的不同控制器)以控制传递机构1接收的输入和将其传递为扭矩和力用于驱动端部执行器不同组件的控制算法,参考美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,698,名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MOTOR”(2011年5月31日提交);美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,671,名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITHCONTROL FOR DETECTED FAULT CONDITION”(2011年5月31日提交);美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,647,名为“POSITIVE CONTROL OFROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT END EFFECTOR”(2011年5月31日提交);美国临时申请号US 61/491,804,名为”GRIP FORCE CONTROL IN AROBOTIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT”(2011年5月31日提交);美国临时申请号US 61/491,798和美国申请号13/297,168,均名为”DECOUPLINGINSTRUMENT SHAFT ROLL AND END EFFECTOR ACTUATION IN ASURGICAL INSTRUMENT”(2011年5月31日和2011年11月15日分别提交);和美国临时专利申请号US 61/491,821,名为”SURGICAL INSTRUMENTWITH SINGLE DRIVE INPUT FOR TWO END EFFECTOR MECHANISMS”(2011年5月31日提交),其全部内容均被引入本文作为参考。
图17显示根据本公开所述的融合和切割用外科器械的示例性实施方式的肘节、端部执行器和部分轴的部分切除透视图,其中多个组件具有与上述其他示例性实施方式不同的结构构造,如下文将进一步说明。在图17的示例性实施方式中,电导体(显示一个这样的电导体1711)——不具有例如如图5所示的空隙构造——以基本上直的构造的方式从端部执行器电极基被布置。在示例性实施方式中,如示,电导体17可以基本上直的构造被布置穿过位于U形夹1706中的模压插头1720(独立显示在图18中)。如图18的详细视图所示,在示例性实施方式中线缆布线插头1720可由可将导体线缆1711以张紧形式布置和固定穿过布置孔1722的模压塑料或橡胶材料制成。以这种方式,导体线缆1711对外科器械活动——特别是端部执行器活动——的干扰可被最小化。在不同示例性实施方式中,线缆布线插头1720可由这样选择的材料制成:增加导体线缆1711和插头1720之间摩擦力,达到这样的程度:穿过布置孔1722的线缆1711由于端部执行器活动而发生一定活动。可用于插头1720的示例性材料包括但不限于,硅氧烷、热塑性弹性体和橡胶。如上,电导体1711在其经过肘节4时可被布置穿过孔47,如图3和5所示。
图17的示例性实施方式还示例扭矩驱动组件,其中外绕组层的部分外表面被去除——例如,通过研磨(例如,无心研磨)。如图17的示例性实施方式所示,部分1750基本上沿扭矩驱动组件1718的肘节1704延伸。这种扭矩驱动组件外层的部分外表面的去除可提供更光滑的外表面——其又可导致扭矩驱动组件的挠性增加,增强夹持力的一致性,和/或增加扭矩驱动组件1718和肘节1704之间的间隙。在一个示例性实施方式中,扭矩驱动组件的外层可被研磨为约绕组厚度的一半。例如,外绕组层可被研磨为约0.068英寸至约0.070英寸范围内的多层管状结构外径。
还如图17所示,在示例性实施方式中,减压(relief)表面轮廓1780(相对侧上另一减压表面轮廓在图17中不可见)可被提供在邻接U形夹耳1709的凸轮延长部分的表面上。这种减压表面轮廓可在两表面之间提供间隙,从而在夹爪打开和闭合过程中减少摩擦力。另一可包括减压表面轮廓的表面是U形夹中扭矩驱动组件穿过的凹槽的内表面。参考图17的示例性实施方式和图19的剖视图,U形夹1706中扭矩驱动组件1718穿过的凹槽1790可配置有减压内表面轮廓1795,从而有助于减少扭矩驱动组件1718和凹槽1790之间的摩擦力。
本领域的普通技术人员将理解,上文参考图17-19描述的不同组件构造可组合本文所述任意其他示例性实施方式被包括在内——包括操作方面。
鉴于本文公开,进一步改动和可选的实施方式对于本领域的普通技术人员而言将是显而易见的。例如,系统和方法可包括附图和描述中为明确操作而省略的另外的组件或步骤。因此,本描述将被解释为仅具示例性,其目的是教导本领域技术人员实施本教导的一般形式。要理解的是,本文显示和描述的不同实施方式用作示例。本文示例和描述的元件和材料以及那些元件和材料的安排可被替换,部件和过程可颠倒,并且本教导的某些部件可独立使用,对于本领域技术人员获知本文描述的益处后,其全部是显而易见的。可对本文描述的元件进行改动,而没有脱离本教导和所附权利要求的精神和范围。
要理解的是,本文提出的具体实例和实施方式是非限制性的,并且可对结构、尺寸、材料和方法进行改动,而没有脱离本教导的范围。例如,已在外科机器人系统中使用的器械的背景下对不同方面进行描述。但这些方面也可合并到手持器械中,具有多种自由度(例如,轴滚动、肘节俯仰和偏转、夹持、刀具)的动力或手工致动的致动。
通过考虑本文公开的对本发明的说明和实践,根据本公开的其他实施方式对于本领域技术人员将是显而易见的。说明和实例意图仅被认为是示例性的,真正的范围和精神由所附权利要求限定。

Claims (32)

1.外科器械,包括:
轴,其具有近端和远端;
肘节,其连接于所述轴的远端,并被配置以多自由度铰接;和
端部执行器,其被所述肘节支持,其中所述端部执行器包括切割元件和夹爪,所述夹爪被配置以夹持组织和融合组织。
2.权利要求1所述的外科器械,进一步包括切割元件驱动组件,所述切割元件驱动组件被配置以使所述切割元件相对于所述端部执行器平移。
3.权利要求2所述的外科器械,其中所述切割元件驱动组件被配置以使所述切割元件沿所述端部执行器的长度平移。
4.权利要求2所述的外科器械,其中所述切割元件驱动组件是挠性的。
5.权利要求4所述的外科器械,其中所述切割元件驱动组件在围绕所述驱动组件的纵轴的多个自由度是挠性的。
6.权利要求5所述的外科器械,其中所述切割元件驱动组件包括线缆。
7.权利要求2所述的外科器械,其中所述切割元件驱动组件从所述外科器械的近端至所述端部执行器基本上从中心延伸穿过所述轴和肘节。
8.权利要求7所述的外科器械,其中切割刀片在平移过程中被容纳于所述端部执行器内。
9.权利要求所述的外科器械2,其中所述切割元件包括切割刀片,所述切割刀片连接于所述切割元件驱动组件的远端。
10.权利要求1所述的外科器械,其中所述端部执行器进一步包括相对夹爪,所述相对夹爪被配置处于闭合位置,以足够的压力夹持组织,以允许所述组织在递送能量至所述组织的过程中融合。
11.权利要求1所述的外科器械,进一步包括递送能量以融合组织的电极,所述电极分别与所述相对夹爪相连。
12.权利要求11所述的外科器械,进一步包括至少一个间隔件,所述间隔件被配置以在所述夹爪处于闭合位置时保持所述电极相对表面之间的间隙。
13.权利要求11所述的外科器械,其中所述能量包括双极性电能。
14.权利要求1所述的外科器械,进一步包括扭矩驱动组件,所述扭矩驱动组件被配置以传递扭矩,使相对夹爪在打开和闭合位置之间活动。
15.权利要求14所述的外科器械,其中所述扭矩驱动组件延伸经过所述肘节,并被配置以传递所述扭矩,使所述相对夹爪活动,同时所述肘节在俯仰和偏转至少一方面铰接。
16.权利要求14所述的外科器械,进一步包括响应所述扭矩驱动组件传递的所述扭矩可旋转的导螺杆和响应所述导螺杆旋转沿所述导螺杆可移动的驱动螺母,其中所述驱动螺母沿所述导螺杆的移动使所述相对夹爪在所述打开和闭合位置之间移动。
17.权利要求16所述的外科器械,其中各所述相对夹爪与凸轮延长部分相连,所述凸轮延长部分配置有接收部分所述驱动螺母的凸轮槽。
18.权利要求14所述的外科器械,其中所述扭矩驱动组件包括扭矩管,所述扭矩管由多绕组形成。
19.权利要求18所述的外科器械,其中所述多绕组包括至少两个包括不同方向的螺旋圈的多绕组。
20.权利要求18所述的外科器械,其中所述扭矩管包括分别包括第一方向的螺旋圈的内绕组和外绕组和布置在所述内绕组和外绕组之间并且包括第二方向的螺旋圈的中绕组,所述第二方向与所述第一方向基本上相反。
21.权利要求18所述的外科器械,其中所述扭矩管延伸经过所述肘节,并且具有连接于导螺杆的远端,所述导螺杆位于所述肘节远侧。
22.权利要求1所述的外科器械,进一步包括处于所述器械近侧部分的传递机构,所述传递机构被配置以接收输入和传递力和扭矩,以操作所述端部执行器。
23.权利要求1所述的外科器械,其中所述外科器械被配置以接合机器人外科系统。
24.权利要求1所述的外科器械,其中所述肘节具有范围从约5mm至约8.5mm的外径。
25.权利要求1所述的外科器械,其中所述轴、肘节和端部执行器被配置以绕所述轴的纵轴滚动。
26.操作外科器械的方法,所述方法包括:
在布置在所述外科器械的近侧部分的传递机构接收至少一个第一输入,以使所述外科器械的可多自由度铰接的肘节进行俯仰和偏转至少一方面的铰接;
通过所述传递机构传递一个或多个力,以使所述肘节响应所述第一输入铰接;
在所述传递机构接收第二输入,以打开被所述肘节支持的端部执行器的夹爪;
通过所述传递机构传递扭矩至扭矩驱动组件,以打开所述夹爪;
在所述传递机构接收第三输入,以闭合所述端部执行器的所述夹爪;
通过所述传递机构传递扭矩至所述扭矩驱动组件,以闭合所述夹爪,从而夹持所述夹爪之间的组织;
传递能量至所述夹爪,以融合所述夹持的组织;
在所述传递机构接收第四输入,以使所述端部执行器的切割元件平移;和
通过所述传递机构传递力至切割元件驱动组件,以使所述切割元件相对于所述端部执行器平移。
27.权利要求26所述的方法,其中传递所述力至所述切割元件驱动组件包括平移推力,然后平移拉力。
28.权利要求26所述的方法,其中传递所述力至所述切割元件驱动组件以使所述切割元件平移发生的同时,所述肘节相对于所述肘节连接的所述外科器械轴的纵轴进行俯仰和偏转至少一方面的铰接。
29.权利要求26所述的方法,其中通过所述传递机构传递扭矩至所述扭矩驱动组件以打开和闭合所述夹爪包括传递扭矩至至少部分布置在所述肘节内的扭矩管。
30.权利要求26所述的方法,其中通过所述传递机构传递一个或多个力以使所述肘节铰接包括通过所述传递机构传递一个或多个力以在与所述肘节相连的力筋中施加张力。
31.遥控操作的机器人外科系统,包括:
权利要求1所述的外科器械;
患者侧控制台,其被配置以接合所述外科器械,以致动所述外科器械,从而执行一个或多个外科程序;和
医生侧控制台,其包括一个或多个输入装置,所述输入装置被配置以由医生操纵,并传递信号以控制处于所述患者侧控制台处的所述外科器械。
32.权利要求31所述的遥控机器人外科系统,进一步包括一个或多个控制器,所述控制器被配置,以与所述器械在所述患者侧控制台处信号通信和与控制所述外科器械的致动的所述医生侧控制台信号通信。
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