CN103323892A - 具有自清洁亲水表面的高红外透射窗 - Google Patents

具有自清洁亲水表面的高红外透射窗 Download PDF

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CN103323892A
CN103323892A CN2013100917853A CN201310091785A CN103323892A CN 103323892 A CN103323892 A CN 103323892A CN 2013100917853 A CN2013100917853 A CN 2013100917853A CN 201310091785 A CN201310091785 A CN 201310091785A CN 103323892 A CN103323892 A CN 103323892A
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P.Y.梅达
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Abstract

光学透射窗包括在红外波长处透明的介电基片。二氧化钛涂层设置在介电基片的外表面上。二氧化钛涂层具有红外波长的m倍加上一半的光学厚度，其中m是大于或等于零的整数。

Description

具有自清洁亲水表面的高红外透射窗
发明内容
在此描述的各种实施例通常针对使通过具有亲水表面的窗的高红外透射变得容易的方法、系统和设备。在一个实施例中，光学透射窗包括在红外波长处透明的介电基片。在介电基片的外表面上设置有二氧化钛涂层。二氧化钛涂层具有红外波长的m倍加上一半的光学厚度，其中m包括大于或等于零的整数。
可考虑以下的详细讨论和附图来理解各种实施例的这些及其他的特征和方面。
附图说明
以下的讨论参考以下的附图，其中相同的附图标记可用于标识多张图中类似的/相同的部件。
图1A-1C是根据示例实施例的窗结构的方框图。
图2A-2B是图示关于根据示例实施例的窗结构的反射率相对波长的分析结果的图表；以及。
图3是图示根据示例实施例的程序的流程图。
具体实施方式
本公开通常涉及一种可用于在预定的波长范围内工作的光学装置的窗。除提供与物理环境的隔离之外，窗是自清洁、防雾化并且防水渍形成的（anti-spotting）。这样的窗例如可用于包围在相对小的波长范围内工作的诸如红外(IR)摄像机的光学装置。在这种情况下，窗也可由优化了自清洁特性的材料和尺寸形成，即使它导致对较宽谱带的光学应用(例如可见光摄像机)可能是次优的光学性能。
存在至少两种不同的用于自清洁涂层的技术途径：亲水的和疏水的。两种涂层通过水的作用清洁它们自己。在疏水表面的情况下，滚动的液滴带走污垢和灰尘。在亲水表面的情况下，片状水带走污垢。在本实施例中，氧化钛(例如二氧化钛（TiO2)）涂层被描述成用作亲水自清洁表面。尽管可使用替代的金属氧化物，但由于TiO2具有效率很高的光敏性，相当稳定，并且可以低的成本得到，所以在此阐示的示例中描述TiO2。
当与紫外(UV)光组合时，TiO2涂层材料具有光催化和光致亲水特性。UV光可来自周围日光或其他UV光源。TiO2涂层的亲水特性防止雾化、水渍形成，并促进雨水的冲洗流动而非形成水珠。TiO2涂层的光催化特性防止污垢、灰尘和各种有机材料的累积。当用紫外光照射时，光化学反应在TiO2表面上进行。这引起导致有机物质分解的光吸收。分解在入射光子的数量远大于单位时间内到达表面的成膜分子的数量时是有效的。
在有些限制的情况下，TiO2层可用作用于光学涂层的耐用薄膜介电材料。TiO2涂层具有相对高的折射率(大约为2.6)，这在空气界面处产生大约20%的单面菲涅耳反射。因此，在窗或透镜上随意涂覆该材料可能会显著降低窗或透镜的光透射。结果，对于通用玻璃窗和透镜，由于引起显著反射的高折射率，TiO2涂层可能是不适合的。此外，TiO2的厚涂层在使自清洁特性达到最大限度的同时可能在有些波长处提供不可接受的衰减。
提出的实施例利用具有外部TiO2/空气界面的涂层，所述涂层在提供上述自清洁特征的同时在特定的波长范围内实现高的光透射。波长范围可包括部分IR光谱，诸如近红外(NIR)光谱带。具有这样的特性的TiO2涂层例如可能在诸如NIR监控摄像机的应用中是有用的。该类型的摄像机可使用具有在780nm至1000nm的范围内的中心波长的NIR LED照明器。NIR监控系统可能需要聚光光学系统，所述聚光光学系统在相对小的波长范围内是光学上有效率的，并且所述聚光光学系统能够在无维护(例如观察窗的人工清洁)的情况下经受长时间段在元件下的暴露。
现在参考图1A，方框图示出了根据一个实施例的窗100。窗100由介电材料(例如玻璃)的片材102形成，所述介电材料至少在感兴趣(例如NIR)的光波长处是透明的，并且同样可在其他波长上是透明的。玻璃用作用于形成面向外部的例如二氧化钛(TiO2)的二氧化钛涂层104(未按比例示出)的基片。玻璃102的表面在涂覆TiO2涂层104之前可以是无涂层的或者有抗反射(AR)涂层的。
已发现的是，如果仅小的预定波长带要在无显著衰减的情况下透射通过窗100，则可涂覆调节到那些波长的较厚的TiO2涂层104，从而在允许对光学组件的剩余部分的任何所期望的处理的同时显现所期望的物理特性(例如自清洁)。在TiO2涂层的有些应用中，可允许乃至需要具有对透射光明显的影响(例如较低的反射、较强的可透性)。然而，这可能需要较薄的、不太坚固的并且较难涂覆的涂层。
当与UV光组合时，涂层104具有上述的光催化和光致亲水特性。TiO2涂层104在感兴趣的波长处可具有近似一半的光波长的光学厚度，所述光学厚度可扩展至包括m倍加上一半的波长，其中m=0、1、2、3、…。这使涂层104在该波长附近的可透性达到最大限度，并且使窗100在感兴趣的波长处基本上是透明的。对于NIR应用，光学厚度可在390nm到500nm的范围内。
基于涂层104在感兴趣的波长处的折射率，涂层104的光学厚度与涂层104的物理厚度106成比例。光学厚度等于物理厚度106乘以层材料的折射率。因此，对于850nm的光的TiO2层104的光学厚度为850nm/2=425nm，所述光学厚度对应于425nm/2.6=163nm的物理厚度106，其中2.6是TiO2在850nm波长处的折射率。以上指出的390-500nm的NIR光学厚度范围与150-192nm的物理厚度106对应。
如图1A所示，窗100可与外壳108一起使用，以保护光学装置110。光学装置构造成发射和/或接收以诸如850nm的目标波长为中心的红外光的窄带光谱，所述目标波长在光谱的NIR部分中。光学装置110可包括但不局限于红外检测器、摄像机、照明器等。窗100被优化，以对于由光学装置110发送和/或接收的光产生最小的衰减。窗100与外壳108一起提供允许装置110在苛刻条件下使用的密封环境。由于涂层104的自清洁特性，所以装置110设置有通过窗100的良好的可见性，并且该可见性即使在苛刻的环境条件下也能借助最低限度的干预而维持。
如上所述，根据示例实施例的窗可包括AR涂层。一种AR涂层由具有与玻璃102的折射率匹配的折射率的物质形成，以减少从窗100的反射，从而改善光透射效率。例如，可选择单层AR涂层，使得涂层的折射率是玻璃102的折射率的平方根。氟化镁(MgF2)具有大约1.38的折射率，并因此常常用作用于具有大约1.52的折射率的光学玻璃的AR涂层。其他AR涂层可是吸收性的或包括减少反射的纳米结构。还可使用更复杂的、更高性能的多层AR涂层。
在图1B和1C中示出了具有AR涂层的窗120、130的示例构造。为了方便起见，相同的附图标记指代参考图1A中所描述的相似的单元，虽然将意识到的是，这些部件的厚度、成份等可取决于所期望的特性和与AR层和涂层的相互作用而在不同的实施例之间变化。在图1B中，窗120包括在玻璃102的与TiO2涂层104相对的表面上的AR涂层122。在图1C中，窗130包括在TiO2涂层104与玻璃102之间的AR层132。该窗130还包括内部的AR涂层122，虽然该涂层122是可选择的。
在图2A和2B中，图表200、210示出了对根据示例实施例的窗进行的分析的结果。在图2A中，曲线202表示关于如图1所示的窗布置102的强度反射相对波长的关系，其中TiO2涂层104直接在玻璃基片102上。在该示例中，TiO2涂层的光学厚度为425nm(所述光学厚度等于TiO2在850nm的折射率乘以涂层的物理厚度106)，其与850nm处的NIR光的半波长对应。类似的特性对于等于m+1/2倍的红外波长的光学厚度应保持不变，其中m=0、1、2、3、…。曲线204表示对于无涂层的玻璃的相同分析。如图表200所示，TiO2涂覆表面的反射(由曲线202表示)对于接近850nm的波长几乎与无涂层的玻璃(由曲线204表示)一样低。光学上的半波长厚的TiO2层不是AR涂层，但替代的是，在位于和靠近NIR的中心波长处其表现与无涂层一样。
在图2B中，图表200示出了类似的分析，但在该情况下，曲线312表示具有425nm的光学厚度的TiO2涂层104的结果，该涂层如图1C所示形成在AR层132上(而不是与AR层122面对面)。对于该分析，AR层132由具有212.5nm的光学厚度的MgF2形成(所述光学厚度等于层的物理厚度乘以MgF2在850nm处的折射率1.38)。曲线214表示在没有TiO2层的情况下对于AR涂层玻璃的相同分析。对于接近850nm的波长，TiO2涂覆表面的反射(由曲线212表示)也与只有AR的表面(由曲线212表示)几乎一样低。此外，应指出的是，曲线212的最低反射率比图2A中的曲线202的反射率低。这表明即使增加TiO2外面的涂层，AR涂层在感兴趣的波长处也是有效的。
如这些结果所示，在空气界面处具有高折射率(相对于玻璃)的涂层可在介电(例如玻璃、塑料等)窗或透镜光谱带或窄光谱带中实现高的透射性能。利用光学上半波长厚的TiO2层的光学涂层设计可在LED发射光谱带或窄光谱带内实现介电(例如玻璃、塑料等)窗或透镜中的高的透射。该技术可在LED发射光谱带或窄光谱带内实现自清洁的高透射窗或透镜。
现在参考图3，流程图图示了根据示例实施例的程序。302是提供一种介电基片(例如玻璃、塑料)，基片在红外波长处是透明的。304是在介电基片的外表面上形成二氧化钛涂层。二氧化钛涂层具有红外波长的m倍加上一半的光学厚度，其中m是大于或等于零的整数。可选择地，306是在介电基片上形成抗反射涂层。
出于例证和说明的目的，已呈现了示例实施例的前述说明。目的不在于穷尽本发明或将本发明限定为与所揭示的形式一模一样。根据以上的教导可能有许多变型和变化。所揭示的实施例的任何或所有的特征可单独应用或者以任何组合的方式应用，它们并不意味着是限定性的，而是意味着仅是示例性的。目的不在于将本发明的范围限定为这种详细的说明，而在于由所附的权利要求确定本发明的范围。 

Claims (10)

1.一种装置，包括：
光学透射窗，包括：
       介电基片，其在红外波长处是透明的；以及
        二氧化钛涂层，其设置在所述介电基片的外表面上，所述二氧化钛涂层具有红外波长的m倍加上一半的光学厚度，其中m包括大于或等于零的整数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，还包括设置在所述介电基片上的抗反射涂层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置，其中，所述抗反射涂层设置在所述介电基片与所述二氧化钛涂层之间的外表面上。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置，还包括设置在与所述外表面相对的内表面上的第二抗反射涂层。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述抗反射涂层设置在与所述外表面相对的内表面上。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述介电基片包括玻璃。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述二氧化钛涂层包括自清洁亲水涂层。
8.根据权利要求1所述的装置，包括：
光学装置，其构造成发射或接收以目标波长为中心的红外光窄带光谱；以及
外壳，其包围所述光学装置，所述外壳包括所述光学透射窗。
9.一种方法，包括：
提供介电基片，所述介电基片在红外波长处是透明的；以及
在所述介电基片的外表面上形成二氧化钛涂层，所述二氧化钛涂层具有红外波长的m倍加上一半的光学厚度，其中m包括大于或等于零的整数。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括在所述介电基片上形成抗反射涂层，并且其中所述二氧化钛涂层包括自清洁亲水涂层。
CN2013100917853A 2012-03-22 2013-03-21 具有自清洁亲水表面的高红外透射窗 Pending CN103323892A (zh)

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