CN103269774A - NOx存储组分 - Google Patents
NOx存储组分 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN103269774A CN103269774A CN2011800510827A CN201180051082A CN103269774A CN 103269774 A CN103269774 A CN 103269774A CN 2011800510827 A CN2011800510827 A CN 2011800510827A CN 201180051082 A CN201180051082 A CN 201180051082A CN 103269774 A CN103269774 A CN 103269774A
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- Prior art keywords
- storage component
- oxide
- platinum group
- group metal
- caesium
- Prior art date
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Links
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical group [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- MZRJYMUQLBFTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicesium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O MZRJYMUQLBFTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical class [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001663 caesium Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 8
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium nitrate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- -1 magnesium aluminate Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
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- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001552 barium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000006424 Flood reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001420 alkaline earth metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001959 inorganic nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate group Chemical group [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种NOx存储组分,包括铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属。本发明也包括NOx吸附催化剂,包括设置在基底整料上的本发明的NOx存储组分;处理来自稀燃内燃机的含NOx排气的方法,包括将包括铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属的NOx存储组分与含NOx的贫排气接触以在其上吸附NOx;和周期性地通过NOx存储组分与化学当量的或富排气接触以解吸被吸附的NOx的步骤;和制造本发明的NOx存储组分的方法,包括使至少一种铂族金属盐水溶液、铯盐水溶液和二氧化硅源组合和反应的步骤。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新的NOx存储组分和含有其的NOx吸附催化剂(NAC),用于处理来自由稀燃内燃机驱动的车辆的排气,包括由例如电动机和稀燃内燃机的混合动力源驱动的车辆。本发明的NOx吸附催化剂特别应用于处理来自车辆内燃机的排气,比如压缩点火(例如柴油发动机)和强制点火发动机,比如稀燃汽油发动机。
背景技术
NOx吸附催化剂(NAC)是公知的,例如从美国专利号5,473,887中可知,其用来从贫排气(λ>1)中吸附氮氧化物(NOx),并且当排气中的氧浓度主动地-与被动地相反-降低时解吸NOx。这样的氧浓度主动降低被称为NAC的NOx吸附活性″再生″或NAC上吸附的NOx的″吹扫″。解吸的NOx可用例如汽油燃料的适当的还原剂由NAC本身的或位于NAC下游的例如铑的催化剂组分促进还原为N2。实际中,氧浓度可根据计算的NAC剩余NOx吸附能力间歇地主动调节至要求的氧化还原组成,例如调节至比正常的发动机运转操作含量更高(但仍是贫化学当量的,即λ=1组成),至化学当量的或至富化学当量的(λ<1)。可通过多种手段调节氧浓度,例如节流,例如在排气冲程将额外的烃类燃料注入到发动机气缸中,或直接地将烃类燃料注入到发动机歧管的排气下游。
现有技术中公开的典型的NAC配方包括催化氧化组分例如铂,显著量即显著地超过需要的促进剂的NOx-存储组分(典型地为碱金属或碱土金属)例如钡以及还原催化剂例如铑。这个配方通常给出的来自贫排气的NOx-存储的一个机理是:
NO+1/2O2→NO2(1);和
BaO+NO2+1/2O2→Ba(NO3)2(2),
其中在反应(1)中,一氧化一氮在铂上的活性氧化点与氧反应形成NO2。反应(2)涉及由无机硝酸盐形式的存储材料吸附NO2。
在较低的氧浓度和/或高温时,硝酸盐类变得热力学不稳定并分解,按照以下反应(3)产生NO和/或NO2。存在适当的还原剂时,这些氮氧化物随后被一氧化碳、氢和烃类还原为N2,其可在还原催化剂上发生(见反应(4))。
Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO+3/2O2或Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO2+1/2O2(3);和
NO+CO→1/2N2+CO2 (4);
(其他的反应包括Ba(NO3)2+8H2→BaO+2NH3+5H2O随后NH3+NOx→N2+yH2O或2NH3+2O2+CO→N2+3H2O+CO2等等)。
在上述反应(1)-(4)中,反应性钡类以氧化物提供。然而,应当理解,在空气存在下,大部分钡以碳酸盐或可能的氢氧化物形式存在。本领域技术人员可按照不同于氧化物的钡类和排气流中的催化涂层序列,或使用其他的碱土金属例如Sr、Mg或Ca,或碱金属例如K或Cs,从而修改上述反应流程。
基于碱金属的NOx存储组分有较高水平的NOx存储,因此他们的使用是合意的。然而,其使用有许多缺陷。这包括碱金属从催化剂迁移进入催化剂涂覆的陶瓷单体基底,催化剂使用期间碱金属的气化,例如发动机冷起动期间排气系统中存在的液态水浸出碱金属,碱金属在催化活化涂层和由Pt烃类转化效率降低的层之间的迁移(关于这最后的缺陷,见WO02/22241)。
现有技术公开了许多NOx存储组分。例如,US6,497,848公开了一种催化捕获剂,用锂、钠或钾的碱性氧化化合物有效的转化排气流中对高温反应惰性的NOx。催化捕获剂基本上不含硅组分并可包括含有耐火金属氧化物载体的催化捕获剂材料,例如,矾土,其上分散有催化组分,例如铂族金属催化组分,和NOx吸附剂,包含一种或多种碱性氧化化合物。
US6,727,202公开了一种催化捕获器,包括催化捕获剂材料和耐火载体元件,所述催化捕获剂材料位于该载体元件上。催化捕获剂材料包括:(i)耐火金属氧化物载体;(ii)催化组分,化学当量或富化学当量的条件下有效促进NOx的还原;和(iii)NOx吸附剂,贫的条件下有效吸附NOx并在化学当量或富的条件下解吸并还原NOx为氮。NOx吸附剂包括金属氧化物,选自一种或碱金属氧化物,碱土金属氧化物和一种或更多种碱金属氧化物和碱土金属氧化物的混合物。锰组分选自以下组成的组:(1)锰氧化物,(2)锰和过渡金属和/或稀土金属的混合氧化物,(3)碱金属和锰氧化物的复合物,(4)碱土金属和锰氧化物的复合物以及(5)上述氧化物和复合物的混合物。明确地排除组分(a)中碱金属氧化物和硅或任何含硅化合物的组合。
WO97/02886公开了一种NOx消除组合物,包括NOx消除催化剂和NOx吸附材料,这两种材料在共用的耐火载体元件上彼此接近地分散但隔离。NOx吸附材料包括碱性氧化金属化合物和选择性地进一步包括氧化铈。NOx消除催化剂包含催化金属组分,包括铂族金属催化组分。催化金属组分与NOx吸附材料隔离,其可为一种或多种金属氧化物、金属碳酸盐、金属氢氧化物和混合金属氧化物。至少催化金属组分和NOx吸附材料必须包括分离的粒子或在其上,粒子可以是混合的或者可位于载体元件的独立的层中。
US5,451,558公开了一种在燃气轮机中降低NOx、CO和SO2排放水平的方法。催化吸附剂,优选由氧化铝/铂/碳酸盐制成,用于氧化污染物氧化物并吸附它们。
US2006/0035782公开了一种抗粗化汽车排气催化剂组合物,包括金属化合物或含金属的化合物和具有与无机酸的共轭碱性氧化物键合的碱金属或碱土金属离子的组分。碱性氧化物共轭的无机酸的Ka,使得汽车排气催化剂组合物抵抗减少表面积的相变。该发明也供应一种NOx捕获剂,其包括该发明的排气催化剂组合物。
WO02/22241公开了一种NOx-捕获组合物,包括:(a)至少一种第一NOx存储组分,包括在至少一种第一载体材料上负载的至少一种碱金属;和(b)铂氧化催化剂和至少一种第二NOx存储组分,不是负载在至少一种第二载体材料上的碱金属,从而铂氧化催化剂和至少一种碱金属物理上隔离,因而基本上维持铂氧化催化剂的烃转化活性。
历史上,车用柴油机已经设计用来满足四个特征的某种组合:燃料效率;控制NOx排放;功率输出;和颗粒物质控制。早期的排放标准限制了一氧化碳和烃类的可允许的排放量,其迫使设置柴油机氧化催化剂以符合标准。欧5排放标准初期,最容易通过调整发动机以控制NOx排放并在排气系统提供过滤器以捕获颗粒物质(所谓的NOx/颗粒物质平衡)满足。对于欧6和美国的提议,没有过滤器时仿佛难以满足微粒排放标准(现在包括减少微粒数量排放的要求),另外是否要求额外的基于催化剂的NOx除去策略。因而有可能时,设想一个排气系统,没有过滤器时包括流动通过的基底整料上的NOx吸附催化剂以满足例如欧洲的排放标准,通常我们希望系统包括位于流动通过型基底上的NOx吸附催化剂与过滤器的某种结合使用,或NOx吸附催化剂涂覆在过滤器基底整料上,例如壁流过滤器。
轻型柴油机车辆设置的典型的排气系统,包括流动通过型基底整料上的NOx吸附催化剂和位于其下游(即普通流动方向上)的催化烟尘过滤器(CSF)。与这样的系统中使用的NOx吸附催化剂发展相关的典型问题包括低温下的NOx存储和NOx再生、较高的流速和较高的烃类排气条件。现代的柴油汽车燃料通常使用已知的排气再循环(EGR)的工程解决方案,以更好控制NOx排放,其中在至少一些内部程序化发动机速度/负荷图中,一部分排气再循环到发动机进气。排气系统中EGR的排气点有助于上述问题。一种典型的设置是从CSF的下游取EGR排气,称为低压(或″长环″)EGR。
发明内容
我们非常惊奇地发现,铯可以通过形成铯硅酸盐而稳定,使得上述缺陷被减少或避免,却保持在上文反应(2)和(3)的循环NOx吸附及解吸附过程的活性。铯的稳定导致其在催化剂老化期间更多的保持在活化涂层中,因此NOx捕获器具有更好的性能。
按照本发明,提供一种NOx存储组分,包括铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属。
铯硅酸盐的一个有用的优点是其不溶于水,因此铯将较少随着发动机冷起动而移动和挥发。
附图说明
为了更完全地理解本发明,仅通过图解的方式和随图的附图标记提供下列实施例,其中:
图1为图表,将累积的尾部管NOx排放(其来自装有双层(即完全配方的)包括本发明中的铯硅酸盐的NOx吸附催化剂(NAC)的汽车)与对比用的没有铯或只含可溶解铯的NAC相比较。
发明详细描述
当我们通过实验发现可以利用市场上可买到的″松散(bulk)″铯硅酸盐(从Alfa Aesar获得)获得本发明的优点时,我们发现包括至少一种铂族金属的铯硅酸盐溶胶产生显著地更佳性能,其是通过胶态二氧化硅和铯硝酸盐水溶液在铂族金属盐水溶液存在下反应制备的。我们相信这是因为使用的胶态二氧化硅的粒度(粒径~22nm)导致活化涂层中非常细小的铯硅酸盐粒子。使用的松散的Cs2SiO3有相对大的粒度,因此我们相信产生的NOx储存与释放性能是有限的。
在NOx存储组分(其中铯硅酸盐负载在耐火金属氧化物上)中,耐火金属氧化物载体可选自氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化镁、无定形二氧化硅-氧化铝、二氧化钛、氧化锆、松散氧化铈、分子筛或其中任意两种或更多种的混合物、复合氧化物或混合氧化物。具体的耐火金属氧化物是均质的铝酸镁。我们已经调查过许多均质铝酸镁以用于NOx吸附催化剂,并发现以MgO.nAl2O3,n≥1.5为代表的均质铝酸镁是优选的。特别优选的均质铝酸镁是n为4。
为了改善水热稳定性,该耐火盒属氧化物载体可掺入一种或多种二氧化硅和稀土元素,例如镧、钕、钇等等。
此处提到可还原的氧化物例如氧化铈(或任何其他的组分)所使用的术语″松散″是指氧化铈以其固体颗粒存在。这些粒子通常很细微,大约至少90%的粒子直径为约0.5到15微米。术语″松散″是用来区别其中氧化铈″分散″在耐火载体材料上的情况,例如通过从例如硝酸铈的溶液或该组分的某种其它的液体分散体浸渍入载体材料,然后干燥和焙烧以在耐火载体表面上转化浸渍的硝酸铈为氧化铈粒子的分散体。产物氧化铈因而在耐火载体的表层上″分散″并且以较大或较小的程度在表层内部“分散”。分散的氧化铈不以松散形式存在,因为松散氧化铈包括氧化铈的细微固体颗粒。
在具体实施方式中,存在于该NOx存储组分中的该或各铂族金属选自铂、钯、铑和其中任意两种或更多的混合物。然而,在完全配方的层状NOx吸附催化剂(见实施例)中使用的优选具体实施方式中,存在于NOx存储组分中的铂族金属是铑。
在优选具体实施方式中,耐火氧化物载体也负载稀土氧化物,例如氧化铈或氧化镨,优选氧化铈。
现有技术表明锰可以促进NOx存储组分(例如钡)的能力(见US6,727,202)。我们已经发现锰可以促进本发明的包括铯硅酸盐的NOx存储组分的活性。
按照另一方面,本发明提供一种NOx吸附催化剂,包括按照本发明设置在基底整料上的NOx存储组分。
按照一个具体实施方式,本发明的NOx吸附催化剂包括至少一种碱土金属。
在优选的方案中,NOx吸附催化剂包括两个或更多层,其中铯硅酸盐NOx存储组分设置在第一层并且至少一种碱土金属设置在第二层。在特别优选的方案中,第一层位于第二层上面,或者直接地铺在第二层上或者其中一个(或更多)层插入第一层和第二层之间。
在优选的具体实施方式中,第二层包括铂、钯或、铂和钯两者。
按照另一方面,提供用于稀燃内燃机的排气系统,包括本发明的NOx吸附催化剂。
在另一方面,提供包括本发明的排气系统的汽车。
按照另一方面,提供一种处理含有来自稀燃内燃机的NOx的排气的方法,该方法包括使含有铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属的NOx存储组分与含有NOx的贫排气接触以在其上吸附NOx的步骤;以及通过NOx存储组分与化学当量的或富的排气接触以周期地解吸被吸附的NOx的步骤。
按照另一方面,提供一种制造本发明的NOx存储组分的方法,该方法包括使至少一种铂族金属盐的水溶液、铯盐水溶液和二氧化硅源混合和反应的步骤。
优选地,二氧化硅源是胶态二氧化硅,即溶胶,例如粒径大约22nm(其商业上可获得,商品名为Ludox(W.R.Grace&Co.))。或者,二氧化硅源可以是沸石、无定形二氧化硅-氧化铝、微粒二氧化硅或水溶性二氧化硅化合物。我们通过混合微粒二氧化硅(S30)和铯盐(铯硝酸盐(CsNO3))水溶液,然后喷雾干燥生成的浆料,然后焙烧生成的产品,制备了一种NOx存储组分。生成的铯硅酸盐然后与铂族金属水溶液混合,然后该组合物被干燥和焙烧以生产本发明的NOx存储组分。
一种可替换的现场制备方法是例如通过浸渍将铯盐负载在适当的载体(例如氧化铝)上,并且随后将该组分和在同一层里负载至少一种铂族金属的二氧化硅源组分结合,或者将铯盐水溶液和硅盐水溶液共沉淀在适当的载体上,然后将其与铂族金属水溶液混合,或者通过在包括负载至少一种铂族金属的二氧化硅组分源的层下面的层里的NOx吸附催化剂配方中设置负载的铯组分。使用中,铯可迁移远离原始的载体材料,但是当其接触覆盖层中的二氧化硅源时,其可形成铯硅酸盐。
实施例
比较例1-制备仅含钡的NAC
通过高表面积γ氧化铝与水形成浆料然后加入适当量的Pt和Pd溶液,制备第一层活化涂层。最终的活化涂层中Pt和Pd的含量分别是0.41和0.17%。钡然后以醋酸盐的形式加入该活化涂层。最终催化剂中负载的钡为600g/ft3。
活化涂层用美国专利号7,147,892中描述的方法涂覆在陶瓷蜂窝基底整料上,其尺寸为4.16×4.5英寸,单元密度为400,单元壁厚度为4千分之一英寸。涂层然后在100℃空气中干燥,随后在550℃空气中焙烧。
通过将掺杂有稀土金属镧和钕的高表面积氧化锆以及高表面积γ氧化铝在水中形成浆料,制备第二层活化涂层。随后将硝酸铑加入该活化涂层。最终的活化涂层中Rh含量为0.062%。随后加入硝酸铈,用来提供400g/ft3的铈负载。随后利用如上所述的方法将该活化涂层涂覆在之前经过干燥和焙烧的层上,并且利用与第一层相同的条件干燥和焙烧所得部分。
比较例2-制备含钡和可溶性铯的NAC
如比较例1所述,在相同的基底整料上制备和涂覆第一层。
第二层活化涂层的制备与比较例1相同,不同之处在于:铯硝酸盐在加入硝酸铑之后和加入铈以前加入到活化涂层中,使得最终的催化剂中铯负载为200g/ft3。
实施例3-制备含钡和松散Cs2SiO3的NAC
如比较例1所述,在相同的基底整料上制备和涂覆第一层。
第二层活化涂层的制备与比较例1相同,不同之处在于:铯硅酸盐(Alfa Aesar)在加入硝酸铑之后和加入铈以前加入到活化涂层中,使得最终的催化剂中铯负载为200g/ft3。
实施例4-制备含钡和胶态Cs2SiO3的NAC
如比较例1所述,在相同的基底整料上制备和涂覆第一层。
通过将掺杂稀土金属镧和钕的高表面积氧化锆以及高表面积γ氧化铝在水中形成浆料,制备第二层。随后向该活化涂层加入硝酸铑。然后向该活化涂层中加入胶态二氧化硅(Ludox AS40(W.R.Grace&Co.))和铯硝酸盐。加入足够的铯以使得最终的催化剂中铯负载为200g/ft3。加入足够的Ludox以使得最终的催化剂中铯和硅的原子比为2∶1。随后加入硝酸铈以提供400g/ft3的铈负载。随后利用如上所述的方法将该活化涂层涂覆在之前经过干燥和焙烧的层上,并且所得部分利用与第一层相同的条件干燥和焙烧。
实施例5-催化剂测试
按照本发明比较例1和2和实施例3和4的新鲜催化剂涂覆的基底整料(″块料″)在安装4.5升V8汽油发动机的工作台的排气系统中老化,控制发动机在具有周期贫峰的λ1运行。NAC位于紧耦合的三元催化剂下游的对应于汽车底盘位置的位置。发动机使用足以产生块料内温度830℃的负荷运行。每个块料的完全老化循环是32小时。
各实施例块料插入市场上可买到的车辆3.5升直接喷射稀燃汽油发动机的排气系统,代替由厂家原来安装的已有底盘NAC。另外,厂家安装的紧耦合三元催化剂替换为申请人的三元催化剂(其已利用前段所述的相同老化循环老化)。车辆在欧洲的MVEG-B循环运行(见图1中的预定车速曲线),排气管NOx排放量记录并表示在图1中。
由图可见,比较例1(标为仅含钡的NAC)的NAC相比比较例2(标为铯盐水溶液)的NAC表现较差,其中可溶性铯也包括在其制造中。然而,可从比较例2和实施例3(标为松散Cs2SiO3)的图形比较看出,实施例3有好得多的结果。这可能是因为在催化剂老化期间,可溶性铯也许已迁移入陶瓷基底整料,从覆盖层到下层蒸发或迁移。当使用制备胶态Cs2SiO3的现场方法时,可见进一步的显著的优点(比较实施例3和4的结果)。
为了避免引起怀疑,此处引用的现有技术文件的全部内容在此合并参考。
Claims (18)
1.NOx存储组分,包含铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属。
2.如权利要求1所述的NOx存储组分,其中铯硅酸盐和至少一种铂族金属负载在耐火金属氧化物载体上。
3.如权利要求2所述的NOx存储组分,其中耐火金属氧化物载体选自氧化铝、二氧化硅、二氧化钛、氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化镁和其中任意两种或更多种的混合物、混合氧化物或复合氧化物。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的NOx存储组分,其中耐火金属氧化物载体掺杂有一种或多种二氧化硅和稀土元素。
5.如前述任一项权利要求所述的NOx存储组分,其中该或各铂族金属选自铂、钯、铑和其中两种或更多种的混合物。
6.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的NOx存储组分,其中铂族金属是铑。
7.如前述权利要求任一项所述的NOx存储组分,其中耐火氧化物载体还负载稀土氧化物。
8.如权利要求7所述的NOx存储组分,其中稀土氧化物是氧化铈。
9.如前述权利要求任一项所述的NOx存储组分,包含锰。
10.NOx吸附催化剂,包含设置在基底整料上的如前述任一项权利要求所述的NOx存储组分。
11.如权利要求10所述的NOx吸附催化剂,包含至少一种碱土金属。
12.如权利要求10或11所述的NOx吸附催化剂,包括两个或更多个层,其中铯硅酸盐NOx存储组分设置在第一层并且至少一种碱土金属设置在第二层。
13.如权利要求12所述的NOx吸附催化剂,其中第一层位于第二层上面。
14.如权利要求12或13所述的NOx吸附催化剂,其中铂、钯、或铂和钯两者位于第二层。
15.用于稀燃内燃机的排气系统,包括如权利要求10-14任一项所述的NOx吸附催化剂。
16.汽车,包括如权利要求15所述的排气系统。
17.处理来自稀燃内燃机的含有NOx的排气的方法,该方法包括使含有铯硅酸盐(Cs2SiO3)和至少一种铂族金属的NOx存储组分与含有NOx的贫排气接触以在其上吸附NOx;以及通过使NOx存储组分与化学当量的或富排气接触以周期性地解吸被吸附的NOx的步骤。
18.制造权利要求1-9中任一项所述的NOx存储组分的方法,该方法包括使至少一种铂族金属盐水溶液、铯盐水溶液和二氧化硅源组合并反应的步骤。
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Also Published As
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JP2013544639A (ja) | 2013-12-19 |
EP2629881A1 (en) | 2013-08-28 |
RU2601457C2 (ru) | 2016-11-10 |
CN103269774B (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
KR20130141533A (ko) | 2013-12-26 |
US20130209337A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
GB2484911B (en) | 2013-04-03 |
EP2629881B1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
BR112013009654A2 (pt) | 2016-07-12 |
GB2484911A (en) | 2012-05-02 |
RU2013123137A (ru) | 2014-11-27 |
WO2012052835A1 (en) | 2012-04-26 |
US8741242B2 (en) | 2014-06-03 |
JP5919286B2 (ja) | 2016-05-18 |
GB201017870D0 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
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