CN103210193A - 燃料重整器 - Google Patents

燃料重整器 Download PDF

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CN103210193A
CN103210193A CN201180054176XA CN201180054176A CN103210193A CN 103210193 A CN103210193 A CN 103210193A CN 201180054176X A CN201180054176X A CN 201180054176XA CN 201180054176 A CN201180054176 A CN 201180054176A CN 103210193 A CN103210193 A CN 103210193A
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J·F·皮尼翁
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
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    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/24—Concentric tubes or tubes being concentric to housing, e.g. telescopically assembled
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Abstract

一种用于汽油机的废气处理系统，其包括：排气歧管（2），该排气歧管包括安装在环状壳体（5）中的环状重整催化剂和与所述催化剂直接流体连接的燃料供给装置（6）；与所述催化剂直接流体连接的用于重整燃料产物的出口（10，11）；和用于允许一部分发动机废气进入所述环状催化剂以与来自所述燃料供给装置的燃料混合并穿过所述催化剂的装置（5a），所述环状壳体定位成使得热的发动机废气可以绕所述壳体的中心流动并且流动通过壳体的中心，以便使热从废气传递至所述壳体内的催化剂。重整产物可以输送至发动机的进气侧以提高发动机的总效率，和/或可以在催化后处理之前与废气混合以改善排放物控制。

Description

燃料重整器
技术领域
本发明涉及改进的重整器设计，并且尤其涉及用于来自（火花点火）汽油机的排放物的改进的重整器。
背景技术
重整碳氢化合物以形成合成气（H2和CO）是广为人知的工艺。这种工艺主要在稳态和受控条件下操作。已经提出用于燃料电池驱动车辆的车载燃料重整器，但尚未商业化。即使少量CO也会使燃料电池催化剂中毒，并且因此必须考虑重整产物的进一步处理，以去除CO。
例如在SAE-07NAPLES-175中已经提出重整来自汽油机的废气成分。由于可以通过将废气成分转换成热值较高的燃料成分（H2和CO）而回收排放物中燃烧热形式的能量，因此现在人们对重整有兴趣。这可以提高汽油机的总效率并且相关联地降低燃料消耗和减少CO2排放物。而且，确信可以通过在汽油机的燃料中引入氢而改善受限污染物水平。
废气再循环（EGR）的使用现在在公路车辆上是普通的，这主要是由于减少了NOx污染物。然而，还有一些效率增加的潜能。
即使不是全部也是大多数目前的重整建议都是理论或学术研究，而难以转化成用于装配到公路车辆上的实用设备。车辆排放物中气体体积和温度的较大变化使得重整具有挑战性。本发明的目的是提供这种实用的重整器。
来自汽油机的发动机废气的温度在600-800℃量级，并且能将重整器的温度升高到吸热的蒸气重整反应所需的温度。来自化学计量比汽油机的废气主要是来自进气的氮、CO2和水蒸气，带有少量受限污染物CO、未燃烧的碳氢化合物（HC）和NOx。有足够的水蒸气来允许在不添加补充水的情况下以适于废气重整的水平进行蒸气重整，但未燃烧的HC的量太少而无法获得有用的重整。来自标准化学计量比的汽油机的废气充分地消耗了氧，使得无法在不添加空气的情况下实现氧化的或部分氧化的重整。因此，必须添加燃料，该燃料方便地是来自发动机燃料管路的汽油的形式。这显著优于将诸如氧化燃料（甲醇、乙醇、MTBE）的其他燃料供给至重整器，将其他燃料供给至重整器将需要车载的和燃料供给基础设施中的额外存储和供给装置。
发明内容
本发明目前不用于涡轮增压（或机械增压）汽油机。
因此，本发明提供一种用于汽油机的废气处理系统，其包括：排气歧管，该排气歧管包括安装在环状壳体中的环状重整催化剂和与所述催化剂直接流体连接的燃料供给装置；与所述催化剂直接流体连接的用于重整燃料产物的出口；和用于允许一部分发动机废气进入环状催化剂以与来自燃料供给装置的燃料混合并穿过催化剂的装置，所述环状壳体定位成使得热的发动机废气可以绕壳体的中心流动并且通过壳体的中心，以便使热从废气传递至壳体内的催化剂。
本发明还提供一种提高汽油机效率的方法，包括操作根据本发明的废气处理系统。
理想的是保证废气良好且受控地流过重整器催化剂。虽然在发动机废气中有轻微正压，但目前确信这有利于通过利用进气歧管中的真空来辅助流动。当然，诸如某种形式的泵送的其他可行方案对于特定发动机设计而言可以是有利的。
催化剂的成分对于本发明并不是关键的，并且可以是任何适当的蒸气重整催化剂。例如可以是二氧化铈上的Pt和/或Pd。催化剂被理想地承载在贯通金属蜂窝状支撑件上。虽然这种金属支撑件是非常牢固的，但也是传导性的，并且允许热容易地从热气传入和传出环状物。希望环状催化剂密度目数较小，例如5或6目的密度。
传统地，环状壳体具有一个敞开端以允许热的废气进入，并且具有封闭端，在该封闭端中在重整产物通过出口离开之前收集重整产物。理想地，这种壳体的封闭端具有一个或多个废气排出孔，以使气体容易流过环状物的中心。公认在SAE-07NAPLES-175中公开了一种环状重整器催化剂，但该装置并没有推荐使废气自由地流过环状物的中心，而是陈述了借助安装在环状物内的三元催化器（TWC）实现较高的性能。来自TWC内放热的热量通过传导加热环状催化剂。因而，所述SAE文献将环状催化剂与TWC设置在一起，可以是诸如私人汽车的车辆上地板下方的位置。总而言之，所述SAE文献教导的重整器的结构与本发明重整器的结构不同。
理想地在电子发动机管理单元的控制下将来自发动机燃料管路的汽油供给至重整器。可以使用传统的燃料喷射器，并且例如通过与被废气加热的带肋的环状物接触而使燃料汽化。
排气歧管包括连接至传统废气管的一个或多个废气口，所述传统废气管可以通向TWC和/或其他废气后处理装置。
重整产物从重整器排出以传统地通过供给到EGR管路中而反馈到发动机进气侧。如果重整产物供给到EGR阀上游的EGR管路中，并且根据重整产物和再循环废气的相应流量和体积，希望的是在与再循环废气混合之前冷却重整产物。这种冷却可以通过使用发动机冷却剂的热交换器而实现，或者可以通过强制空气冷却而实现。
附图说明
附图是部分剖视图，部分示意性地示出本发明的一个实施例，将参照该附图说明本发明。
具体实施方式
六缸直列汽油机用附图标记1指示，并且包括发动机气缸体1a、气缸盖1b和凸轮罩1c。气缸盖的侧面上安装有修改了的排气歧管2。该歧管通过废气管3连接至三元催化器4。
所述歧管内安装有环状壳体5，该环状壳体容纳承载在金属蜂窝状支撑件（未单独示出）上的薄环状重整催化剂。壳体5包括敞开端5a和封闭端5b。在敞开端处，燃料喷射器6能将燃料喷射到与催化剂连接的带肋的环状物8的表面上。带肋的环状物被流过的废气加热，并且提供扩展的表面，汽油在该表面上汽化。使用来自发动机的循环冷却剂冷却燃料喷射器。燃料喷射器可以提供恒定的燃料流动，但优选地是在发动机管理系统（未示出）的控制下。
环状壳体具有一个或多个排出口9，所述排出口允许通过端部5a进入环状壳体的废气在进入废气管3之前排出并且与其余的废气混合。通过箭头指示发动机热废气的流动。
燃料/废气混合物在催化剂内流动的同时被转化成重整产物。包括任何未反应的燃料和废气成分的重整产物被收集在歧管10中，并且通过重整产物管路11供给通过可选的重整产物冷却器12。通过使发动机冷却剂循环通过冷却管路13而冷却重整产物冷却器。所得到的冷却了的重整产物继而通过重整产物管路供给到EGR阀（未示出）上游的再循环废气中。
根据本发明并且根据上述具体说明的重整器系统已经被构造并且装配在直列六缸Holden汽油机的修改了的排气歧管中。
本领域技术人员能以多种方式修改本发明并且应用于多种不同的发动机设计。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于汽油发动机的废气处理系统，其包括：排气歧管（2），该排气歧管包括安装在环状壳体（5）中的环状重整催化剂和与所述催化剂直接流体连接的燃料供给装置（6）；与所述催化剂直接流体连接的用于重整燃料产物的出口（10，11）；和用于允许一部分发动机废气进入所述环状催化剂以与来自所述燃料供给装置的燃料混合并穿过所述催化剂的装置（5a），所述环状壳体定位成使得热的发动机废气可以绕所述壳体的中心流动并且流动通过壳体的中心，以便使热从废气传递至所述壳体内的催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述环状的重整催化剂被承载在贯通的金属催化剂支撑件上。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的系统，包括用于将重整燃料产物从所述出口供给至发动机的进气歧管的装置。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统，其特征在于，所述发动机包括废气再循环（EGR）装置，并且所述用于供给重整燃料产物的装置连接到所述EGR装置中。
5.根据上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的系统，设有用于利用进气歧管真空来辅助废气和燃料流过所述重整器催化剂的装置。
6.根据上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述燃料供给装置是由所述发动机的电子发动机管理单元控制的燃料喷射器。
7.一种提高汽油发动机的效率的方法，其包括根据上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的系统的操作。
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