CN103201474B - 柴油机 - Google Patents

柴油机 Download PDF

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CN103201474B
CN103201474B CN201180054178.9A CN201180054178A CN103201474B CN 103201474 B CN103201474 B CN 103201474B CN 201180054178 A CN201180054178 A CN 201180054178A CN 103201474 B CN103201474 B CN 103201474B
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diesel engine
reformer catalyst
waste gas
reformer
heat
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CN103201474A (zh
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J·F·皮尼翁
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/30—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a fuel reformer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
    • F01N2340/02—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the distance of the apparatus to the engine, or the distance between two exhaust treating apparatuses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
    • F01N2340/06—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses characterised by the arrangement of the exhaust apparatus relative to the turbine of a turbocharger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/03—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being hydrocarbons, e.g. engine fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Abstract

一种柴油机（1），其具有进气侧和排气侧，每个气缸设有至少一个进气门和至少一个排气门（2），该柴油机包括重整器催化剂单元（4），该重整器催化剂单元包括催化剂（7），该催化剂位于所述排气门下游，并且定位成使得一定比例的热的废气穿过所述催化剂，而同时其余的热的废气输送至涡轮增压器和/或输送至废气后处理装置（6），其中所述催化剂单元设有优选地是柴油燃料喷射器形式的柴油燃料供给装置（11），以便喷射柴油燃料，以将热量提供给所述重整器催化剂，从而将其升高至有效重整温度。来自重整器单元的输出可以供给至柴油机的进气侧，和/或可以在催化后处理之前与其余废气混合。可以改善排放控制。

Description

柴油机
技术领域
本发明涉及柴油机和改进的重整器单元，并且尤其涉及实用的重整器设计，该重整器能被制造成使其能包含在车辆中的尺寸。
背景技术
碳氢化合物的重整是广为人知的工艺，其以工业规模实施。已经建议可以将柴油燃料重整以形成氢，并且氢可以添加至柴油燃料或生物柴油以直接减少来自柴油机的NOx和烟尘(颗粒)排放物。作为替代方案或额外方案，重整产物中的氢可以辅助来自柴油机的稀(即，富氧)废气的催化后处理，尤其是在将NOx还原至N2方面。参见Energy&Fuels2003,17,1464-1473和JournalofCatalysis208,435-447(2002)。
该技术的可行性的其他理论评论包括Tsolakis等人的SAE2005-01-2087A和ChemicalEngineeringJournal117(2006)131-136。我们的GB2462798也涉及在轻型柴油机中使用废气重整器。
然而，目前，申请人尚未得知适用于柴油机的任何实用的重整器被构造或者甚至被设计出来。尤其，用于柴油机的重整器设计的参数是非常具有挑战性的。主要是由于轻型和重型柴油机的排气温度都较低，因此可用的热量不允许使用吸热的蒸气重整反应。由于产物气体中较高比例的氢，这对于氧化重整是有利的。基本上所有被制造的新柴油机都是涡轮增压的，这也将使得引入重整器的任何可用设计变得复杂。
发明内容
因此，本发明提供一种柴油机，其具有进气侧和排气侧，每个气缸设有至少一个进气门和至少一个排气门，该柴油机包括重整器催化剂单元，该重整器催化剂单元包括催化剂，该催化剂位于排气门下游，并且定位成使得一定比例的热的废气穿过催化剂，而同时其余的热的废气输送至涡轮增压器和/或输送至废气后处理装置，而且所述催化剂单元设有优选地是柴油燃料喷射器形式的柴油燃料供给装置，以便喷射柴油燃料，以将热量提供给重整器催化剂，从而将其升高至有效重整温度。
根据本发明，提供了一种柴油机，其具有进气侧和排气侧，每个气缸设有至少一个进气门和至少一个排气门，该柴油机包括：重整器催化剂单元，该重整器催化剂单元位于排气歧管或者气缸盖内并且包括重整器催化剂，该重整器催化剂位于所述排气门下游，并且定位成使得一定比例的热的废气穿过所述重整器催化剂，而同时其余的热的废气输送至涡轮增压器和/或输送至废气后处理装置；以及柴油燃料供给装置，以便能喷射柴油燃料，以将热量提供给所述重整器催化剂，从而将其升高至有效重整温度，其中所述重整器催化剂单元和所述重整器催化剂是环状形式，并且位于环状壳体内，所述环状壳体允许热的废气在所述环状壳体的内表面和外表面上流动。
可选地，所述重整器催化剂是沉积在贯通金属蜂窝状支撑体上的催化剂材料。
可选地，所述柴油机设置成使得按体积算低于10％的来自所述柴油机的废气穿过所述重整器催化剂。
可选地，穿过所述重整器催化剂的废气的量是1-2％。
可选地，所述柴油机设有从所述重整器催化剂到所述柴油机的进气侧和/或到废气后处理装置上游的排气管中某位置的连接装置。
可选地，所述柴油燃料供给装置为柴油燃料喷射器。
重整器催化剂本身对于本发明不是至关重要的。优选的是重整器利用发动机废气中携带的水蒸气主要作为蒸气重整器操作。催化剂例如可以是二氧化铈上的Pt和/或Pd。催化剂的形式优选地是传统蜂窝状基体上的沉积物的形式。如果柴油机被用作固定的动力源，例如用于驱动发电机，则可以考虑可替代的壳体和管路设计，其中催化剂是小球的形式。通常，在车辆上使用的催化剂需要是非常牢固的，并且因此易于由于振动而磨损的小球和类似形式不是优选的。
重整器催化剂单元可以设计成附装至现有发动机的气缸盖，例如附装在排气歧管内。或者，气缸盖本身也可以重新设计成包括催化器单元，该催化器单元具有其燃料供给装置(喷射器)。
柴油燃料供给装置便利地与用于将燃料喷射到发动机中的那些实质上相同。理想地，供给装置与具有输入的控制装置相连，例如连接至电子发动机管理系统，所述输入包括催化剂温度和/或进入和离开重整器单元的气体的温度。
如已说明的，仅仅是一定比例的废气穿过重整器。这将提供足够的氢(和CO)以便于下游催化废气后处理，而同时使供给至重整器单元的柴油燃料的用量最小。考虑到在大部分情况下固定比例将是合适的，但对于其他情况，可以包括能通过阀调节的可变比例。原始设计使用按体积算低于10％的较低比例穿过催化剂。最理想的是全部废气的大约1-2％穿过重整器催化剂。
本领域技术人员将能在不脱离本发明概念的情况下设计出用于在本发明中使用的多种重整器单元。本领域技术人员当然会将所述单元设计成使用最大量的来自废气的可用热量。
如果来自重整器的重整产物被供给以辅助涡轮增压器下游的选择性催化还原(“SCR”)催化剂的起燃和操作，则本发明提供增大SCR催化剂的选择的可能性。
附图说明
现在将参照附图说明本发明，附图是根据本发明的重整器单元的一个实施例的剖视图，该重整器单元示出为连接至柴油机气缸盖(仅部分地示出)并且连接至涡轮增压器(示意性地示出)。
具体实施方式
柴油机气缸盖1具有连接至排气口3的排气门2。气缸盖附装有修改了的排气歧管4。歧管4通过排气管5连接至标准涡轮增压器6。
修改了的排气歧管容纳重整器催化剂，该重整器催化剂7是安装在壳体8内的涂覆的贯通金属蜂窝体的形式。壳体具有废气进入点9a、9b等，以便使来自排气口的一定比例的废气进入壳体并且流过催化剂，如图所示。催化剂7相对于排气口对中心地安装，以便使其暴露于最热的废气，所述最热的废气在其周围流动并且提供初始加热。壳体8具有出口管10，该出口管从排气管分出并且可以作为高热值燃料和/或作为供给至SCR催化剂的涡轮增压器后气体的附加部分而反馈到发动机中。在涡轮增压器之后，能量已经从废气释放，并且气体已经显著地冷却。
柴油燃料喷射器11安装在修改了的歧管上，并且与催化剂连接。这提供了在催化剂上与废气中残留的氧燃烧的燃料。由于热电偶位于催化剂内(未示出)，因此示出了热电偶进入点12，并且所示实施例还包括起动加热器13，便利地是传统的预热塞。
所示实施例已经在静态测试柴油机上构造并操作，取得了良好的效果。

Claims (6)

1.一种柴油机(1)，其具有进气侧和排气侧，每个气缸设有至少一个进气门和至少一个排气门(2)，该柴油机包括：重整器催化剂单元(4)，该重整器催化剂单元位于排气歧管或者气缸盖内并且包括重整器催化剂(7)，该重整器催化剂位于所述排气门下游，并且定位成使得一定比例的热的废气穿过所述重整器催化剂，而同时其余的热的废气输送至涡轮增压器和/或输送至废气后处理装置(6)；以及柴油燃料供给装置(11)，以便能喷射柴油燃料，以将热量提供给所述重整器催化剂，从而将其升高至有效重整温度，其中所述重整器催化剂单元和所述重整器催化剂是环状形式，并且位于环状壳体(8)内，所述环状壳体允许热的废气在所述环状壳体的内表面和外表面上流动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的柴油机，其特征在于，所述重整器催化剂是沉积在贯通金属蜂窝状支撑体上的催化剂材料。
3.根据权利要求1所述的柴油机，其特征在于，所述柴油机设置成使得按体积算低于10％的来自所述柴油机的废气穿过所述重整器催化剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的柴油机，其特征在于，穿过所述重整器催化剂的废气的量是1-2％。
5.根据上述权利要求中的任意一项所述的柴油机，其特征在于，所述柴油机设有从所述重整器催化剂到所述柴油机的进气侧和/或到废气后处理装置上游的排气管中某位置的连接装置。
6.根据权利要求1所述的柴油机，其特征在于，所述柴油燃料供给装置为柴油燃料喷射器。
CN201180054178.9A 2010-11-11 2011-11-11 柴油机 Expired - Fee Related CN103201474B (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1019027.0A GB2485363A (en) 2010-11-11 2010-11-11 Diesel engine with a downstream reforming catalyst
GB1019027.0 2010-11-11
US13/112,612 US8567180B2 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-05-20 Reformer unit
US13/112,612 2011-05-20
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US8567180B2 (en) 2013-10-29
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BR112013011721A2 (pt) 2017-10-24
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RU2013126688A (ru) 2014-12-20

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