CN103201453A - 可溶解桥塞 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种可溶解的桥塞,其被构造有用于在高压力应用中保持锚定和结构完整性的组件。所述塞子的实施方案被构造使得这些组件可实质上溶解以容许易于在这类应用之后移除塞子。在一个实施方案中,所述塞子可有效地提供套管井中的隔离用于产生超过约8,000psi至10,000psi的应用。同时,通过利用所述组件的溶解期,即使是布置在所述井的横向腿部中,这一塞子仍可在少于约30分钟内被钻取。
Description
相关申请案的交叉引用
本文件主张2010年8月12日申请且标题为“Dissolvable BridgePlug”的美国专利申请序列号12/855,503的优先权,所述案是在35U.S.C.§120下主张2006年6月28日申请且标题为“DegradableCompositions,Apparatus Comprising Same,and Method of Use”的美国专利申请序列号11/427,233的权利的部分接续申请。美国专利申请序列号11/427,233接着主张分别在2006年2月9日和2006年5月1日申请的美国临时专利申请序列号60/771,627和60/746,097的权利。这些申请中的每一个的公开内容全文均以引用方式并入本文中。
技术领域
描述的实施方案涉及一种桥塞,其被构造用于套管井操作中。更明确地说,描述塞子的实施方案,其中以金属为主的锚定和支撑部件可在井环境中溶解,尤其是在压裂应用之后。
背景技术
勘探、钻井和完成碳氢化合物和其它井通常是复杂、耗时且最终极其昂贵的尝试。意识到这些花费,已经着重强调与完井关联的效率和对井寿命的维护。这些年,不断增加的井深度和复杂的架构已经减少了在完成和需更大精力的维护操作所花费的时间和劳力。
套管井中的穿孔和压裂应用通常会在完井期间,尤其是随着井深度增加且遭遇复杂的架构时造成花费大量时间和劳力的这样一个区域。这些应用涉及将桥塞定位在将被穿孔和压裂的井区段的井下。桥塞的定位可借助于泵送驱动流体通过井。这在塞子前进穿过井的水平区段的情况下尤其有帮助。
一旦处于适当位置,油田表面处的设备就可与塞子总成以传统的电线通信以便指导塞子的固定。这个固定可包括膨胀滑动和分别用于锚定的总成的密封以及塞子的密封。一旦锚定且密封,桥塞上就会发生穿孔应用以便提供穿孔通过井区段中的套管。类似地,之后会是压裂应用,其导引压裂流体通过套管穿孔并且进入相邻地层中。这个过程可重复,通常从井的终端开始,按区段向上移动,直到套管和地层已经按需要被构造和处理。
如上文所表明将桥塞固定在井区段下方使高压力穿孔和压裂应用不会影响桥塞下方的井区段。事实上,即使阐述的应用可能产生超过5,000psi的井,塞子下方的井区段依然保持与以上的区段隔离。这个隔离度主要因使用桥塞的耐用金属部件来实现,包括上述滑片以及中心轴。
不幸地,不同于桥塞的固定,电线通信无法用于释放塞子。确切地说,由于应用的高压力性质和塞子所需的锚定程度,其通常被构造为一旦固定后几乎就永久放置。因此,桥塞的移除需要在塞子的钻取之后。其次,在塞子被固定在井的水平区段的情况下,塞子的移除可能尤其具有挑战性。不同于桥塞的初始定位(其可借助于泵送流体通过井),没有有效的工具或技术可用来协助可钻孔地移除塞子。事实上,由于塞子相对于油田表面设备的物理定向,水平井区段中的塞子的每一次钻取可能需要数小时的专用人力和钻井设备。
取决于井的特定架构,在用于特定套管井的传统穿孔和压裂操作期间会发生数次水平桥塞钻取以及许多垂直钻取。总之,这可合计达数天且在单独专用于桥塞钻取的人力和设备花费上增加数十万美元。此外,即使造成这样的花费,但大多数终端或井下水平塞子通常保留在适当位置,使用钻取应用无法实现塞子的完全移除,因此切断到达井的最后数百英尺的通路。
已经做出努力来降低与如上所述专用于桥塞钻取的时间、人力和设备关联的花费。举例而言,现今许多桥塞包括由以玻璃纤维为主的材料构成的部分,所述材料在钻取期间易于降解。然而,这类材料的使用对于上述滑片和/或心轴而言会在高压力穿孔或压裂期间具有塞子故障的风险。这类故障可能需要额外的清除应用和完整的新桥塞的后续定位和固定,全部需要相当多的时间和花费。因此,为了避免这类风险,传统的桥塞通常仍会需要耗时且费劳力的钻取来进行移除,尤其是在水平定位的塞子的情况下。
发明内容
公开了一种在压力产生应用期间用于套管井中的桥塞。所述塞子在应用期间提供有效隔离。然而,所述塞子还被构造成具有可溶解于井中的固体结构。
附图说明
图1是可溶解桥塞的实施方案的侧视、部分截面图。
图2是容纳有其中使用图1的桥塞的井的油田的视图。
图3是从图2的3-3截取且展示出桥塞与井套管的界面的井下区域的放大图。
图4A是图3的放大图,现展示出桥塞的滑片的可溶解性质和因此变化的界面。
图4B是图4A的放大图,现描绘应用到实质溶解的桥塞的钻取应用。
图5是概述在井中使用可溶解桥塞的实施方案的流程图。
具体实施方式
参考使用桥塞用于井隔离的特定井下操作来描述实施方案。举例而言,本文的实施方案集中在穿孔和压裂应用。然而,可使用各种应用,其利用如本文详述的可溶解桥塞的实施方案。举例而言,任何数量的临时隔离(例如进行隔离清除或其它应用)可利用下文描述的桥塞实施方案。无论如何,本文描述的实施方案包括被构造用于可固定地锚定在套管井中用于高压力应用的桥塞。这之后可以是塞子的以金属为主的盘的实质溶解以便容许其更有效的移除。
现参考图1,其示出可溶解桥塞100的实施方案的侧视、部分截面图。如下文进一步详述,在桥塞100的某些部件可被构造用于在暴露至井下条件时被动降解或溶解的意义上,桥塞100被称为“可溶解”。如文本使用,术语被动降解意谓在暴露至井下条件时的降解,不管这类条件是预先存在或是被引起的。
在图1的实施方案中,塞子100包括滑片110和心轴120,虽然其根本上可溶解,但最初具有实质高强度和硬度(例如L80,P110)。因此,可确保在高压力应用期间保持隔离和锚定至套管380(见图3A)。在一个实施方案中,滑片110和心轴120被构造以抵抗大于约8,000psi的压力差以确保塞子100的结构完整性。因此,引起约5,000psi的压力差的标准穿孔或压裂应用不会受到明显关注。由于提供了锚定和结构完整性,所以塞子100、滑片110和心轴120在本文中可被称为完整性组件。
不管滑片110和心轴120的高强度和硬度特性,其可降解或可溶解的性质容许后续钻取或其它塞子移除技术以有效且省时的方式予以执行(见图3B)。可通过在构造时使用活性金属实现将可降解或可溶解的特性并入滑片110和心轴120中。即,如下文更大程度地详述,滑片110和心轴120可由活性金属制成,诸如铝,其中并入有合金元素。举例而言,如在并入本文的美国申请号11/427,233中所详述,合金元素可以是诸如锂、镓、铟、锌和/或铋的元素。因此,随着时间流逝,尤其在暴露至水、压裂流体、高温和其它井下条件的表面处,滑片110和心轴120的材料会开始降解或溶解。
继续参考图1,连同参考图2,塞子100还可包括密封件150,其部署在井280中时用于隔离。密封件150可具有传统聚合物密封材料。此外,在示出的实施方案中,塞子100被构造用于电线部署且装备有耦合件175用于固定至所述电线。塞子100还包括其它主体部分160,其可容置下面组件和/或用作为滑片110、密封件150、头部175和其它塞子部件之间的结构界面。
不同于滑片110和心轴120,主体部分160、密封件150或头部175中没有一个用于在井280中的穿孔、压裂或其它高压力应用期间锚定或维持塞子100的结构完整性。因此,在这些部件150、160、175的最开始材料选择时刻基于其它操作参数进行选择。举例而言,密封件150的聚合物密封材料可以是基于诸如径向膨胀和类似的井条件的因素所选择的弹性体。类似地,塞子100的主体部分160可以是传统聚合物或基于其在高压力应用之后的钻取移除的容易度而选择的玻璃纤维合成物(见图4B)。
图2是容纳有其中使用图1的桥塞100的井280的油田200的视图。更明确地说,桥塞100用于在井280的终端横向腿部285中的隔离。然而,不管有关的具挑战性的架构和潜在巨大的深度,可实现之后的塞子100的钻取并且该钻取以下文详述的省时方式。
在示出的实施方案中,用耦合至钻塔210的多条线230、240将钻塔210提供在油田表面的井口220上方,用于水力接达井280。更明确地说,高压力线230连同生产线240一起描绘。生产线240可提供用于井280完成之后的碳氢化合物的回收。然而,更直接地,这条线240可用于回收压裂流体。即,高压力线230可耦合至大规模表面设备,其包括压力泵用于产生至少约5,000psi用于压裂应用。因此,压裂流体(主要是水)可向下驱动用于刺激生产区域260。
在图2的实施方案中,井280连同生产管道275示出为在到达所述生产区域260之前穿越多层地层290、295且可能是数千英尺。穿透地层295的穿孔265可通过传统压裂应用而预先形成。此外,生产管道275可通过传统封装机250固定在区域260井上的适当位置。因此,如同导引通过生产管道275,高压力压裂应用可有效地导引在区域260处。
关于桥塞100的部署和固定,可使用多种技术。举例而言,如上文所述,耦合至头部175的电线可用以使塞子100沿井280的垂直部分向下降落。在到达横向腿部285之后,水压可用以将塞子100定位于其中。一旦处于适当位置,滑片110可由电线启动用于锚定,如下文所述。类似地,密封件150可被压缩地启动用于密封。在其它实施方案中,滑线、结管或盘绕管道可用以部署塞子100。在这类实施方案中,可水力地或通过使用单独的固定工具来启动固定,所述固定工具可压缩地作用在塞子100上用于滑片110和密封件150的径向膨胀。
继续参考图2,桥塞100可如所示般部署以使横向腿部285的更靠井下、最可能未套管的部分与井280的其余部分隔离。事实上,如所示桥塞100处于适当位置,压裂应用可集中在塞子100与封装机250之间的井280的区域。因此,可实现生产区域260的穿孔265的高压力瞄准。如上文所述,压裂流体的后续回收可沿着生产管道275和线240。
继续参考图3,图3示出从图2的3-3截取的井下区域的放大图。井280由传统套管380界定,套管380至少稍微延伸到横向腿部285的更靠井上部分中。在这个图中,描绘了塞子100与界定井280的套管380的界面375。在这个界面375处示出了可见滑片110的齿350钻到套管380中,从而将塞子100锚定在适当位置。事实上,不管在压裂应用期间或在前述穿孔期间可能超过约5,000psi的压力差,滑片110有助于使塞子100如所示般保持固定不动。类似地,连同参考图1,内部心轴120有助于在面对这样高压力时确保塞子100的结构完整性。事实上,如上文所述,心轴120可被额定用于在面对8,000psi至10,000psi或更大压力差时维持结构完整性。
现参考图4A,描绘了图3的放大图,之后是井280中的桥塞100的溶解期。应注意,可见滑片110在溶解期已经经受一定程度的降解或溶解。事实上,用于如图3中所示的滑片110的齿350的下面支撑结构已被侵蚀掉。因此,齿350不再支撑在套管380处。这在界面375处仅留下侵蚀表面400。因此,塞子100不再由如上所述的滑片110锚定。图1的心轴120的内部支撑结构在溶解期会类似地降解。因此,如图4B中描绘的之后的钻取应用可发生持续少于约30分钟的时间,优选少于约15分钟。与数小时相比,这在钻取时间上明显减少,或完全没有在不存在这类溶解的情况下可用的钻取。
塞子100的溶解速度可由被选择用于活性金属的特定材料选择和上述合金元素所调整。即,在构造图1的滑片110和心轴120时选择的材料选择可基于决定溶解速度的井下条件。举例而言,如本文中和如上文详述以引用方式并入本文的‘233申请中所公开,当使用活性金属和合金元素组合物时,井下温度和/或水浓度越高,那么溶解速度越快。
继续参考图4A,连同参考图1,影响溶解速度的井下条件可能是固有的或预先存在于井280中。然而,这些条件还受到井280中运行的应用的影响或由其引起,诸如上述压裂应用。即,在压力操作期间,大量压裂流体(主要是水)在高压力下被驱动到井280中。因此,在这些操作中保证了滑片110和心轴120暴露至水中。然而,如果井280是另外相对无水或并非尤其高温,那么压裂应用的持续时间可构成大多数引发溶解的井下条件。或者,井280可能已经生产水或相对较高温(例如超过约75℃)。总之,滑片110和心轴120由基于考虑到井下条件(不管是固有的或是在压裂操作的情况下引起的)所需的溶解速度所选择的材料来构造。此外,引起所述条件之处,所引起的条件(例如压裂应用)的期望持续时间还会导致调整滑片110和心轴120的材料选择。
虽然可基于引起的井下条件(例如压裂应用)选择材料选择,但这些操作还可基于所选材料的特性来调整。因此,举例而言,在延长压裂应用的持续时间的情况下,通过塞子100的有效隔离可通过使用低温压裂流体(例如在进入图2的井口220之后低于约25℃)而类似地延长。或者,在使压裂和溶解期保持最小值的情况下,可使用高温压裂流体。
在所述的‘233申请中大篇幅地详述了滑片110和心轴120的成分或材料选择。如所述,这些可包括活性金属,其自身可以是具有晶体结构、无定形结构或两者的合金。所述金属还可以具有粉末冶金类结构或甚至具有呈织网矩阵的具有一种或多种活性金属的混合结构。一般来说,活性金属选自元素周期表的第I列和第II列中的元素并且与合金元素组合。因此,可形成可降解不过高强度的结构。
在大多数情况下,活性金属是钙、镁和铝中的一种,优选的是铝。此外,合金元素通常是锂、镓、铟、锌或铋中的一种。而且,如果未被选择作为活性金属,那么钙、镁和/或铝可用作为合金元素。举例而言,在形成滑片110或心轴120时,具有铝的活性金属可与具有镁的合金元素有效结合。
在其它实施方案中,用于构造滑片110和心轴120所选择的材料可用陶瓷微粒或纤维加固,其会对降解速度产生影响。或者,滑片110和心轴120可用多种成分涂覆,所述成分可以是金属性、陶瓷性或本质上是聚合的。这些涂层可被选择以便影响或延迟溶解的开始。举例而言,在一个实施方案中,选择一种其自身被构造以仅在引入高温压裂流体时降解的涂层。因此,滑片110和心轴120的下面结构的溶解期被延迟直到压裂实际上已经开始。
在所述的‘233申请中大篇幅地详述了可基于所需溶解速度和井下条件来使用的活性金属和合金元素的特定结合。诸如材料的熔点、腐蚀电位和/或存在水、盐水或氢时的溶度的因素全部会用来决定滑片110和心轴120的结构。
在一个实施方案中,图4A中可见的溶解会发生持续约5小时至10小时之间的时间。在这段时间期间,可运行穿孔应用,由此形成穿孔265。此外,还可如上文详述般运行压裂应用以刺激通过穿孔265从地层295的回收。此外,为了确保塞子100在压力应用期间保持隔离,可有意地调整溶解速度使得塞子100的有效寿命大致延长超过压裂应用。因此,在可能从塞子100井下回收碳氢化合物的一个实施方案中,塞子100可通过传统方式予以启动来容许流过。这通常可以是在井280的垂直区段中使用塞子100的情况。
现参考图4B,图4B描绘了图4A的放大图,现示出应用到实质溶解的桥塞100的钻取应用。即,一旦在溶解期间已经发生充分溶解,具有钻头425的传统钻井工具410可用以分解塞子100,如所示。事实上,不管井280的潜在过多深度或横向腿部285中的塞子的定向,如所示的钻取可在大概少于约15分钟(与最多数小时相反)内完成。不管滑片110和心轴120的耐用性、硬度和其它初始结构特性,这容许其井上的有效高压力应用(见图1和图2)。
现参考图5,图5是概述在井中使用可溶解桥塞的实施方案的流程图。如以515所指示且如本文上述,桥塞被输送且固定在井下位置。因此,如以535所示,可在所述位置的井孔中运行高压力应用,同时用塞子维持隔离(见555)。然而,出于同样的原因,如以575所指示,井下条件(不管是由高压力应用引起或相反)可用来影响塞子的以金属为主的组件的溶解。因此,如以595所指示,塞子可从井有效地移除。这可通过打捞、如本文上述的钻取或甚至通过直接迫使塞子保持在井的非生产性终端而实现。不管用何种方式,与数小时(或完全移除失败)相反,现在移除会花费大概几分钟。
本文上述实施方案提供桥塞和技术,其容许有效隔离并且之后是与井的特定架构无关的移除。即,不管有关的深度或塞子定向的横向定向,钻取或其它移除技术可有效地并且方便地跟随被固定的塞子的井上隔离应用。当考虑到给定井中的完成可包含数次桥塞安装和后续移除的事实时,有关的省时程度会相当明显。这总计可达值得省时的数天和数百万美元,尤其是在这些安装和移除包括一大群水平定向的塞子的情况下。
已经参考目前优选实施方案呈现前述描述。熟悉本领域和这些实施方案所属的技术的技术人员将了解可对所述结构和操作方法实行变更和改变而非有意地脱离这些实施方案的原理和范围。此外,前述描述不应被理解为仅属于描述和附图中所示的精确结构,而是应被理解为与以上具有其最全面且最合宜的范围的权利要求一致并且支持以上权利要求。
Claims (25)
1.一种部署在由外壳界定的井中的桥塞,所述塞子包括用于在其井上的压力产生应用期间保持所述井中的锚定完整性和结构完整性中的一个的完整性组件,所述组件被构造用于实质上溶解于所述井中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的桥塞,其中所述压力产生应用产生超过约5,000psi。
3.根据权利要求1所述的桥塞,其中所述完整性组件是用于所述结构完整性的心轴。
4.根据权利要求1所述的桥塞,其中所述完整性组件是用于所述锚定完整性的滑片。
5.根据权利要求4所述的桥塞,其中所述滑片包括齿,其用于在所述滑片的径向膨胀时介接所述套管。
6.根据权利要求1所述的桥塞,其还包括:
径向膨胀的密封件;和
合成材料主体部分,其邻近所述密封件和所述完整性组件。
7.根据权利要求6所述的桥塞,其中所述密封件是可钻孔的弹性体,且所述主体部分是可钻孔的玻璃纤维。
8.一种方法,其包括:
部署桥塞用于在井的井下套管位置处隔离;
在所述位置的所述井孔中运行压力产生应用;
在所述运行期间维持与所述塞子的完整性组件的隔离;和
在所述组件暴露至井条件时实质上溶解所述组件。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述应用是穿孔和压裂中的一种。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述井条件包括温度和水浓度中的一种。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其还包括调整所述应用的参数以影响用于所述溶解的所述井条件。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述完整性组件是锚定滑片,所述部署包括:
通过电线、滑线、结管和盘绕管道中的一种来将所述塞子输送到所述位置;和
通过所述滑片的径向膨胀来将所述塞子锚定在所述位置。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其还包括径向膨胀所述塞子的密封件以在所述位置提供所述井的水力隔离。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其还包括使用固定工具来可压缩地介接所述塞子以启动所述锚定和所述膨胀。
15.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其还包括在所述溶解之后从所述套管位置移除所述塞子。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其还包括在所述移除之前回收流过所述塞子的碳氢化合物。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述移除包括打捞所述塞子、钻取所述塞子和将所述塞子推动至所述井的开口部分中的一个。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述钻取花费少于约30分钟来完成。
19.一种用于并入被构造用于套管井中的隔离的桥塞的组件,具可溶解材料的所述组件包括:
活性金属,其选自铝、钙和镁;和
合金元素。
20.根据权利要求19所述的组件,其被构造用于在所述井中的压力产生应用期间维持所述塞子的锚定完整性和结构完整性中的一个。
21.根据权利要求19所述的组件,其中所述合金元素是锂、镓、铟、锌、铋、在铝不是所述活性金属的情况下的铝、在钙不是所述活性金属的情况下的钙和在镁不是所述活性金属的情况下的镁中的一种。
22.根据权利要求19所述的组件,其中所述可溶解材料还包括加固纤维和微粒中的一种。
23.根据权利要求19所述的组件,其还包括其上的涂层以在所述塞子处于所述井中时影响所述下面可溶解材料的溶解的开始。
24.一种井总成,其包括:
套管井;
压力产生工具,其布置在所述井中用于在此处的应用;和
桥塞,其部署在所述工具的所述井孔的位置且具有在所述应用期间用于所述塞子的锚定完整性的可溶解滑片和用于所述塞子的结构完整性的可溶解心轴。
25.根据权利要求24所述的井总成,其中所述井还包括部分套管的横向腿部,其界定所述井的终端、所述横向腿部中的所述位置。
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RU2553717C2 (ru) | 2015-06-20 |
US10316616B2 (en) | 2019-06-11 |
CA2808081A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
CN103201453B (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
RU2013110514A (ru) | 2014-09-20 |
WO2012021654A3 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
WO2012021654A2 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
CA2808081C (en) | 2016-05-17 |
US20110048743A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
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