CN103172746B - 三聚体Fc融合蛋白及其用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明关于新颖的Fc融合蛋白,包含稳定融合蛋白的三聚体结构之新颖胶原蛋白基序。可溶性结合区域的寡聚合作用可作为改善标靶结合强度及有效地增加疗效,与降低剂量疗程。本案亦公开包含TNF受体家族的成员之医药组合物及其应用于急性及慢性免疫疾病的用途,例如风湿性关节炎。
Description
技术领域
本发明关于新颖的三聚体(trimeric)Fc融合蛋白,特别是关于具有稳定三聚体Fc融合蛋白结构的新颖胶原蛋白基序之新颖Fc融合蛋白。
背景技术
肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)为发炎反应的关键调节物,已知涉及多种疾病状态,例如类风湿性关节炎、发炎性肠炎、干癣性关节炎、血管炎、僵直性脊椎炎、及慢性幼年型关节炎等。TNF-α以相似的同质三聚体蛋白存在,每一亚基(subunit)由巨噬细胞及单核球的免疫系统的细胞起始转录翻译为26kDa的第II型跨膜前驱蛋白。在经由TNF-α转变酶(TNF-αconverting enzyme;TACE)将TNF-α跨膜区域远程的位置分解后,释放出TNF-α可溶性三聚体(17kD),并藉由结合至效应细胞上的两个结构不同的第I型及第II型TNF-α受体(TNFRI及TNFRII)以发挥其活性。跨膜(transmembrane)TNF-α在传递讯息上扮演双重角色,可作为配体及细胞受体。因此跨膜TNF-α在细胞与细胞接触的局部发炎作用中扮演重要角色。抗TNF-α剂,包括infliximab、adalimumab、etanercept及certolizumab pegol,结合于跨膜TNF-α转染细胞的跨膜TNF-α,结合的亲和力较可溶型TNF-α的亲和力差(Kaymakcalan,Sakorafaset al.2009)。先前报道指出infliximab、adalimumab及etanercept皆结合于TNF-α产出细胞的跨膜TNF-α,infliximab及adalimumab单株抗体似乎透过跨膜TNF-α传递较强的抑制信号(Nesbitt,Fossati et al.2007)。这些拮抗物对跨膜TNF-α的结合效应不同,在临床上可能造成不同结果(Taylor2010)。与抗TNF-α抗体不同的是,etanercept临床上对肉芽肿疾病的发病并不有效,其中跨膜TNF-α可能扮演关键角色(Mitoma,Horiuchi et al.2008)。Etanercept为二聚体分子,由TNF-α受体2(p75TNF受体)的细胞外区域及人类IgG1的Fc片段所组成。目前被使用在风湿性关节炎的治疗。然而,25%至28%的患者对此治疗没有反应,怀疑可能是因为此蛋白质与TNF-α的亲和力不足。双价的etanercept分子与TNF-α三聚体形成1∶1复合体时,TNF-α上的三个受体结合位,其中两个被etanercept占据,但第三个受体结合位为开放(Scallon,Cai et al.2002)。表达结合etanercept的跨膜TNF-α的细胞在体外不被胞解(lysis),不论补体存在或不存在(Arora,Padaki et al.2009)。先前的报道显示etanercept相较于infliximab对跨膜TNF-α展现相对较差的亲和力。发明人等假设透过高亲和力的TNF-α结合剂(例如sTNFR1或抗TNF-α抗体infliximab)造成的细胞自灭(apoptosis)的诱导是因为跨膜TNF-α的接合(ligation),而不是因为分泌的TNF-α被中和,此可作为单核细胞的存活因子。因此促使双价的etanercept与跨膜TNF-α的结合强度可能是增加风湿性关节炎及克罗恩氏病(Crohn’s disease)治疗效果的解决之道。
功能性的亲和力(总结合力(avidity))是抗原与多种抗原决定子(antigenicdeterminant)及多价抗体的整体结合强度的测量。抗原结合对象的聚合作用大幅地增加在非常接近目标细胞时结合于专一的相同配体群的效应(或价数)。TNF-α家族受体在结合至其同族的配体时,形成同质的三聚体。可溶型嵌合受体的寡聚合作用在与配体的亲和性上的效应已被研究。美国专利公开案US2005/0255547记载最佳的结果如预期地不是与三聚体的结合,而是与五聚体的结合。三聚体的结合效果与二聚体相似,但是却低于五聚体的结合效果的五倍。
使用三聚体聚合区域使异质的标靶结合区域三价聚合已有报道。三聚体聚合区域,例如原骨胶原蛋白(procollagen)的C-前肽(propeptide)、胶原凝集素(collectin)家族蛋白质的螺旋颈区域(coiled-coil neck domain)、FasL及噬菌体T4的fibririn三聚体聚合区域(foldon domain)的C端部分(Holler,Kataoka etal.2000)。标靶结合区域可为蛋白质荷尔蒙、细胞激素、淋巴细胞激素(lymphokine)、生长激素、凝集素(lectin)、酶及可溶性受体片段;或黏结分子,例如选凝素(selectin)及整合素(integrin)。可自我三聚体聚合及从C端或N端方向传送异质融合蛋白的短链α-螺旋胶原蛋白状的肽也已被欧洲专利EP1798240B1报道。与免疫球蛋白G(IgG)分子相比,这些三聚体融合蛋白在医疗的应用上有下列缺点:(1)下游步骤:不像IgG分子可轻易地由亲和性层析法在蛋白质A或G共轭的树脂中经结合于IgG的Fc片段而纯化,使得在纯化流程的第1步骤就获得超过98%的均质产物,上述三聚体融合蛋白用于医疗应用的纯化是具挑战性的工作,因为没有商业上可获得的亲和性柱;以及(2)低血清半衰期。
因此,三聚体融合蛋白仍有改良的需求,以增加血浆中半衰期及药物动力,以及容易被纯化而应用于医疗用途。
发明内容
本案提供一种三聚体融合蛋白,包含三条多肽(polypetides),每一多肽由N端向C端依序融合一结合区域、一胶原蛋白区域及一Fc区域所构成,其中该胶原蛋白区域包括由(GPP)重复单元及GXKGE(D)基序所构成的多肽。
本案更提供一种六聚体融合蛋白,由上述的三聚体融合蛋白经二聚体聚合(dimerization)所形成。
本案再提供一种治疗与TNF-α相关的疾病之医药组合物,包括至少一种的上述三聚体融合蛋白及六聚体融合蛋白。
附图说明
图1A显示本案所述之三聚体融合蛋白之示意图;
图1B显示本案所述之六聚体融合蛋白之示意图;
图1C显示实施例1构建的融合蛋白的不同形式的示意图,形式A表示EnbCSFc;形式B表示EnbhFcCS6;形式C表示EnbCS4hFc、EnbCS5hFc及EnbCS6hFc;形式D:表示EnbCS6hFcM;及形式E表示bGalCS6hFc;及
图1D显示etanercept的结构示意图。
图2A~2D显示以蛋白A柱层析法自培养基中纯化的Fc融合分子的结构特征。
图2A显示Etanercept及EnbCS6hFc在非还原状态及还原状态的电泳结果,样品以50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟。
图2B显示EnbCS6hFc在非还原状态及还原状态的电泳结果,样品以50mM的DTT在室温处理10分钟。
图2C显示EnbCS6hFcM在非还原状态及还原状态的电泳结果,样品以50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟。
图2D显示bGalCS6hFc在非还原状态及还原状态的电泳结果,样品以50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟。
图2A~2D的所有样品以相同量的蛋白质在4~10%SDS/Bis-Tri聚酰酰胺胶中电泳,以MES为电泳缓冲液。胶以GelCode蓝安全蛋白染色溶液染色。
图3显示以ELISA评估bGalCS6hFc对β-半乳糖苷酶(β-galactosidase)的结合。涂有5μg/ml的β-半乳糖苷酶的96孔滴定盘(Sigma),与不同浓度的纯化bGalCS6hFc培养,以辣根过氧化酶标记的山羊抗人类IgG Fcγ片段检测。测定在450nm的吸光度。
图4显示胶过滤法分离EnbCS6hFc。0.2mg的蛋白A纯化的EnbCS6hFc总体积100μl以Superdex 200(HR 10/30)胶过滤柱分离,以磷酸缓冲食盐水平衡。空白(V0)及洗脱(elution)体积对应的蛋白质分子量标准以箭头标示。流速为0.4ml/min。
图5显示不同TNF-α拮抗物与TNF-α的结合亲和力。使用涂有2μg/ml的TNF-α的96孔微滴定盘。2倍系列稀释的TNF-α拮抗物,adalimumabetanercept(○)及EnbCS6hFc(●)37℃培养1小时。清洗后以辣根过氧化酶标记的山羊抗人类IgG Fcγ片段检测已结合的TNF-α拮抗物,及使用3,3’,5,5’,-四甲基联苯胺为基质。以微滴定盘读取器读取在450nm的吸光度。
图6显示竞争性取代结合分析。稳定表达跨膜型TNF-α的NS0细胞与系列稀释的adalimumabetanercept(○)及EnbCS6hFc(●)在4℃培养1小时。加入饱和量的FITC标记的etanercept,再培养1小时。清洗细胞,以流式细胞技术定量已结合的FITC标记的etanercept。以无TNF-α拮抗物存在时,etanercept-FITC染色表达在跨膜TNF-α的NS0细胞之平均荧光强度定义为最大荧光强度的百分比抑制率。
图7显示以pH依赖的结合ELISA分析人类FcRn与TNF-α拮抗物的细胞结合分析。将FITC标记的KLH(○)、etanercept(△)及EnbCS6hFc(●)与稳定表达功能性人类FcRn的CHO细胞在pH7.2(实线)或pH5.5(虚线)的96孔盘4℃培养1小时。以相同缓冲液清洗细胞后,以微滴定盘读取器分析盘中的免疫荧光度。
图8显示小鼠体内etanercept、EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM的药物动力。雄BALB/c鼠分别静脉注射50μg各TNF-α拮抗物。在不同时点纪录血液样品。残存在血浆中的各TNFα拮抗物的量以涂覆于ELISA盘的重组TNFα定量,使用辣根过氧化酶(HRP)-标记的山羊抗人类IgGFcγ片段。结果为每一时点的3只动物的平均值。
图9显示不同TNF-α拮抗物在L929细胞中TNFα媒介的细胞毒性的中和活性。将L929细胞与2倍系列稀释的adalimumabetanercept(△)、EnbCS6hFc(●)及EnbCS6hFcM(○)分别于含有放射菌素(actinomycin D)(2μg/ml)及重组人类TNF-α(100ng/ml)的培养基中37℃培养16小时。细胞变化以MTT显色分析法分析。
图10显示关节炎小鼠模式中etanercept与EnbCS6hFc的效力。在发病时间(第0天),每群小鼠每日分别给予腹腔注射100μl磷酸缓冲食盐水(未处理组)、etanercept(50μg)或EnbCS6hFc(50μg)连续10天。比较未处理组(n=2)、etanercept处理组(n=4)及EnbCS6hFc处理组(n=4)在处理过程中的关节炎级数。
主要组件符号说明
1~结合区域
2~胶原蛋白区域
3~Fc区域
11~结合区域
12~胶原蛋白区域
13~Fc区域
31~TNF-α受体区域
32~Fc区域
具体实施方式
本案的发明策略之一为,诱导Fc片段形成三聚体分子的一端,形成三聚体Fc融合蛋白。由于三聚体Fc融合分子可在蛋白质A-共轭的树脂上有效地被纯化,更重要地,因为Fc结合至存在于血管内皮细胞的新生儿Fc受体(FcRn),IgG分子的Fc片段具有延长的全身性半衰期。藉由结合于FcRn,IgG受到保护不被分解,并再生循环回到循环系统,使此分子存在于循环系统中的时间较长所以可同时解决纯化及药物动力的问题。
形成三聚体Fc融合蛋白的方法已有描述,可藉由Fc片段与不同的TNF同构型区域由N端向C端方向依序融合,之后在哺乳动物细胞中以分泌的融合蛋白表达(Muller,Wyzgolet al.2008;Wyzgol,Muller et al.2009)。TNF同构型区域(TNF homology domain;THD)位于TNF配体家族的C端,负责TNF配体的三聚体聚合及其同源受体的结合。实验结果显示当Fc的N端与不同的THD融合时,Fc区域的二聚体聚合力会与不同的THD的三聚体聚合力彼此竞争,导致生产出二聚体、三聚体、六聚体的不同寡聚合型态。为了有效地形成均质的三聚体或六聚体Fc-THD融合蛋白,必须使用另外一个聚合力较强的三聚体,例如:将tenascin-C(TNC)的次级三聚体螺旋区域导入于Fc及THD区域之间,以稳定生产出均质-寡聚物结构。美国专利公开案US2005/0255547记载六聚体多肽可藉由TNF受体家族蛋白的细胞外区域与六聚体部分融合而聚成,此述六聚体部分可以是真实的六聚体,或者是”三聚体的二聚体”或”二聚体的三聚体”。然而,没有实例证实上述稳定的六聚体结构可以成功地聚合。因此,为了获得一主要且均质、含Fc片段的三聚体及/或六聚体融合分子,需要一新颖的三聚体聚合区域,用以克服Fc稳定的二聚体聚合力,形成稳定融合蛋白的三聚体聚合物。
肽序列Gly-Pro-Hyp是最稳定且在胶原蛋白中常见的三联体(triplet),肽(Gly-Pro-Hyp)10可在体外自我形成高度安定的三联体螺旋结构(Chopra andAnanthanarayanan1982;Yang,Chan et al.1997)。短链胶原蛋白状的肽(Gly-Pro-Pro)10过去被选用于驱动其单体融合对象的三聚体聚合作用,透过重组cDNA构建体在哺乳动物系统中表达(Fan,Huanget al.2008)。然而,实施例并未提及当稳定的二聚体区域,例如IgG Fc片段,导入其N端或C端时,(Gly-Pro-Pro)10是否仍可引发其融合对象在哺乳动物细胞中的三聚体聚合。
为了有效地形成均质含Fc片段与(Gly-Pro-Pro)10的三聚体融合蛋白聚合物,强化(Gly-Pro-Pro)10的三聚体聚合力用以克服Fc稳定的二聚体聚合力也许是一种选择。强化(Gly-Pro-Pro)10胶原蛋白-肽的三聚体聚合稳定度的方法可能有以下数种:(1)导入具有高度聚合能力的其它三聚体区域。例如原骨胶原蛋白(procollagen)的C-前肽、胶原凝集素(collectin)家族蛋白质的螺旋颈区域、FasL及噬菌体T4的fibririn三聚体聚合区域(foldon domain)的C端部分,或是使用前案tenascin-C(TNC)的次级三聚体螺旋区域;(2)增加Gly-Pro-Pro三联体(triplet)重复的数目。但是,人类血小板上的糖蛋白VI与交联的Gly-Pro-Hyp三联体肽的黏合随着其中所含有的Gly-Pro-Hyp的量而增加(Smethurst,Onley et al.2007),可能会引发血小板活化与血拴的隐忧;(3)加入含有赖氨酸(lysine)等有关的胶原蛋白三联体序列,利用电稳定作用(electrostatic interaction)方式来稳定胶原蛋白三聚体聚合力(Persikov,Ramshaw et al.2005)。文献曾经报道脂联素(adiponectin)分子结构中的胶原蛋白区域中有4个保守性的赖氨酸残基羟基化及糖基化基序(motif),称为GXKGE(D)基序。多聚体聚合脂联素分子能有效的调节胰岛素敏感活性(Wang,Xu et al.2002)。而这些GXKGE(D)基序是脂联素能够形成多聚体聚合的重要因子(Richards,Stephens et al.2006)。但是,前述并未提及GXKGE(D)基序本身是否能强化(Gly-Pro-Pro)10的三聚体聚合力用以克服Fc稳定的二聚体聚合力。
另一方面,如果减弱Fc二聚体聚合区域的聚合力,来获得一不稳定、甚至于单聚体的Fc片段,如此一来(Gly-Pro-Pro)10的三聚体聚合区域应该可以有效地形成均质含Fc片段与(Gly-Pro-Pro)10的三聚体融合蛋白聚合物。目前已知在两个IgG1Fc区域间有许多非共价的交互作用,这些交互作用足以维持二聚体而无需形成二硫键。关键残基的改变可减弱二聚体聚合的力量,导致单体的Fc区域的量增加。例如使用立体互补的”knobs-into-holes”突变重新设计抗体重链的策略,也可促使IgG的异质二聚体聚合作用(Ridgway,1996)。根据此策略,也可使用结构引导的噬菌体展示法以筛选出促进稳定的异质二聚体形成的Fc CH3区域的界面残基的组合(Shane Atwell,1997)。先前的研究证实在CH3区域之T366S:L368A:Y407V突变可形成最稳定的IgG异质二聚体,因此显示出此突变具有二聚体聚合力较弱的Fc区域。因此,突变型Fc区域(FcM)与三聚体区域的融合可获得均质的三聚体FcM融合蛋白。
基于上述的认知,本案提出利用一段新颖的胶原蛋白区域来强化(Gly-Pro-Pro)n的三聚体聚合力,用以形成含有Fc片段的三聚体融合蛋白。本案所述之三聚体融合蛋白由三个相同结构的融合蛋白所聚合而成,每一个融合蛋白由N端向C端依序融合一结合区域(binding domain)、一胶原蛋白区域(collagenous domain)及一Fc区域(Fc fragmantdomain)所构成(如第1A图所示)。
此述的”结合区域”表示用于结合活性分子的区域,可例如受体或抗体,更具体地如TNF-α受体、抗-β-半乳糖苷酶的抗体等,但不限于此。本案所述之“胶原蛋白区域”为由(GPP)重复单元及GXKGE(D)基序(motif)所构成的多肽。具体地说,本案之胶原蛋白区域可为(GPP)n-GXKGE(D)基序-(GPP)m所表示之氨基酸序列,n及m表示5或以上的整数。此述”GXKGE(D)基序(motif)”系指由GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP或GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI之氨基酸序列所构成的三级蛋白质结构。在透过GXKGE(D)基序与(GPP)重复单元形成(GPP)n-GXKGE(D)基序-(GPP)m的排列,当n及m值等于5或以上时(如表1所示),各融合蛋白的胶原蛋白区域之间的三聚体聚合力开始大于Fc区域之间的二聚体聚合力,而形成稳定三聚体的融合蛋白。此述”Fc区域”表示来自人类IgG1的Fc片段的区域,因为人类IgG1的Fc片段本能上可稳定地形成二聚体。
当形成上述三聚体融合蛋白时,由于Fc三聚体包含一个未配对的单体Fc片段,透过两个三聚体的未配对片段的分子间二聚体聚合,形成1个六聚体融合蛋白(如第1B图所示)。如后述的实施例所示,本案之六聚体融合蛋白对结合对象的亲和力远高于已知二价体etanercept亲和力的6倍以上。而且,在血中的半衰期与etanercept相当,表示Fc具有药物动力的提升之效果。
更具体地说,本案之三聚体融合蛋白中的一多肽,可由序列识别号9、11或13其中之一所示的氨基酸序列所构成,或者由序列识别号10、12或14其中之一所示的核苷酸序列所编码的多肽所构成。
本案一实施例中,结合区域由TNF-α受体所构成。因此在此实施例中,所形成的三聚体融合蛋白或六聚体融合蛋白可专一性且高亲和力地与TNF-α结合。因此,本案可进一步提供治疗与TNF-α相关之疾病的医药组合物,包括结合区域由TNF-α受体所构成之上述三聚体及/或六聚体融合蛋白。
本案所述”与TNF-α相关之疾病”包括所有与TNF-α分泌增加有关之疾病或症状,没有特别限定,可例如退化性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、僵直性脊椎炎、干癣性关节炎、慢性幼年型关节炎、血管炎、发炎性肠炎或克罗恩氏病(Crohn′s disease)等疾病。
本案之医药组合物除包含上述三聚体及/或六聚体融合蛋白作为活性成分外,可视需要添加医药上容许的载剂或添加剂。此述医药上容许的载剂或添加剂可例如赋形剂、抗氧化剂、乳化剂、分散剂、制菌剂、矫味剂、着色剂、缓冲剂、溶剂、pH调整剂、界面活性剂等。可制成的剂型包括锭剂、胶囊剂、膜衣锭、发泡剂、颗粒、粉末、悬浮液、糖浆等,透过口服、经皮肤投药、腹腔注射、静脉注射等路径投药。本案之优选实施例为口服投药。再者,本案之医药组合物可单独投药或者与其它药剂组合投药。投药的剂量可根据患者年龄、体重、健康状况、疾病种类、疾病的进展、患部等因素,由相关医疗人员依该技术领域中共通知识决定。
相较于已知的二价etanercept,本案之三聚体融合蛋白因具有新颖的(GPP)n-GXKGE(D)基序-(GPP)m所示之胶原蛋白区域与Fc区域,可稳定地形成三聚体及六聚体,并可大幅增加与结合对象的结合强度,促进药效。其次,虽有报道胶原蛋白区域中的GXKGE(D)基序具有相当的三聚体聚合度,但本发明证实当含有Fc融合同时存在时,仅能形成二聚体的聚合体,并未稳定地形成三聚体或六聚体。再者,利用已知技术(Muller,Wyzgol etal.2008;Wyzgol,Muller et al.2009)教导将Fc区域融合于胶原蛋白支架复合物的N端,本发明实验结果发现该融合蛋白无法分泌于宿主细胞外的问题(表1,型态B)。根据本案发明,将Fc区域融合于胶原蛋白支架复合物的C端的设计,可有效地使蛋白质分泌于宿主细胞外,解决已知技术的难题。而且,由于Fc片段可利用蛋白A管柱层析法分离纯化,本案发明之三聚体融合蛋白克服已知三聚体胶原融合蛋白无法纯化的困难。本案更证实在酸性环境下,例如pH5.5,本案之六聚体Fc融合蛋白展现与人类新生儿FcRn受体优良的结合强度。药物动力分析亦证实小鼠体内静脉血液中三聚体Fc或六聚体Fc融合蛋白浓度测量值与etanercept相当。
本发明之具体实施详细说明如下,然而以下的实施例仅用于进一步公开本发明之技术内容,不应藉以限制本案的发明范畴。
[实施例1]构建EnbCSFc、EnbhFcCS6、EnbCS4hFc,EnbCS5hFc、EnbCS6hFc、EnbCS6hFcM及bGalCS6hFc
EnbCSFc、EnbhFcCS6、EnbCS4hFc,EnbCS5hFc、EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM各构建体的型态示意图如第1C图所示。
(1)编码EnbCSFc的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号2所示,经重叠PCR(overlappingPCR)制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbCSFc之氨基酸序列(序列识别号1),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、(GPP)10胶原蛋白状区域、第XXI型胶原蛋白的二硫键节(disulfide knot)(GICDPSLC)、及人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域(如第1C图型态A)。
(2)编码EnbhFcCS6的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号4所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbhFcCS6之氨基酸序列(序列识别号3),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域、结合子、及编码(GPP)6-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP-(GPP)6肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域(如第1C图型态B)。
(3)编码EnbCS4hFc的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号6所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbCS4hFc之氨基酸序列(序列识别号5),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、编码(GPP)4-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI-(GPP)4肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域及人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域(如第1C图型态C)。
(4)编码EnbCS5hFc的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号8所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbCS5hFc之氨基酸序列(序列识别号7),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、编码(GPP)5-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI-(GPP)4肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域及人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域(如第1C图型态C)。
(5)编码EnbCS6hFc的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号10所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbCS6hFc之氨基酸序列(序列识别号9),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、编码(GPP)6-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI-(GPP)6肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域及人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域(如第1C图型态C)。
(6)编码EnbCS6hFcM的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号12所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
EnbCS6hFcM之氨基酸序列(序列识别号11),从N端向C端包括信号肽、TNFαRII细胞外区域、枢纽区、编码(GPP)6-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI-(GPP)6肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域及人类IgG1的CH2及带有3个点突变(序列识别号11之第Ser472、Ala474与Val513个氨基酸)之CH3区域(如第1C图型态D)。
(7)编码bGalCS6hFc的cDNA核苷酸序列如序列识别号14所示,经重叠PCR制备。所得的PCR产物中NheI及BamHI限制酶切割位之间的片段,克隆于表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen)。
bGalCS6hFc之氨基酸序列(序列识别号13),从N端向C端包括信号肽、抗-β-半乳糖苷酶的VH区域抗体、结合子、编码(GPP)6-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP-(GPP)6肽序列的胶原蛋白状区域、枢纽区及人类IgG1的CH2及CH3区域(如第1C图型态E)。
[实施例2]含胶原蛋白状的肽之Fc融合蛋白的表达与纯化
将实施例1构建的EnbCSFc、EnbhFcCS6、EnbCS4hFc、EnbCS5hFc、EnbCS6hFc、EnbCS6hFcM、及bGalCS6hFc构建体,使用Effectene(Qiagen)根据其操作指示,转染至小鼠骨髓瘤(myeloma)NS0细胞(European Collectionof Animal Cell Cultures,Wiltshire,UK)。以Hygromycin B(400μg/ml)筛选4周后,将稳定的克隆株(clone)培养于含2%胎牛血清之无血清化学定义培养基(chemically-defined medium)HyQCDM4NS0(Hyclone)的摇瓶,起始的接种密度为5×105cells/ml。于37℃维持130rpm培养5天。将经过滤的培养基约每1公升加入HiTrap蛋白质A HP管柱(1-ml柱床体积,GE Healthcare),以pH 7.4磷酸缓冲食盐水(PBS)(0.01M磷酸缓冲液、0.0027M KCl、0.14MNaCl)流速60ml/h平衡,以纯化上述含胶原蛋白状的肽之Fc融合蛋白。之后以相同缓冲液清洗后,以pH 2.5的50mM磷酸钠缓冲液洗脱重组抗体。监测280nm的UV吸收光谱,收集峰的分层,以1.0M碳酸氢钠中和至pH 7.5。
进行SDS-PAGE,使用4~12%NuPAGE双-三聚乙酰胺胶,以MES作为移动的缓冲液(Invitrogen,San Diego,CA)。蛋白质以InstantBlue(Expedeon,Cambridgeshire,UK)染色,使用HiMark and Bench Mark(Invitrogen,SanDiego,CA)作为分子体积标准。
下列表1显示上述Fc融合分子的结果。EnbCSFc的型态A由TNFαRII的N端细胞外区域、(GPP)10胶原蛋白状肽及人类IgG1的Fc片段所构成,在小鼠骨髓瘤细胞NS0中表达为可溶性分泌蛋白。然而,在SDS胶中的主要型态在非还原状态时为二元体,显示Fc片段的二聚体聚合力强于(GPP)10胶原蛋白状肽区域与其融合蛋白的三聚体聚合力。为了获得主要的含三聚体Fc的融合分子,含有GXKGE(D)基序的肽序列GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP之新颖三聚体区域,首先用于取代(GPP)10胶原蛋白基序。然而,串联的GXKGE(D)基序仍然形成含Fc的融合分子二聚体结构。因此,本案设计具有(GPP)n-GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP-(GPP)m序列之组合的胶原蛋白状肽,希望在稳定的二聚体Fc片段存在时,稳定地形成融合蛋白的三聚体聚合。如表1所示的型态C及E的不同结构,经由逐渐增加横跨于串联的GXKGE(D)基序的GPP三联体的重复数目,稳定的三聚体Fc融合蛋白开始较二聚体结构强势。由于Fc三聚体包含一个未配对的单体Fc片段,透过两个三聚体的未配对片段的分子间二聚体聚合,形成一个六聚体Fc融合蛋白。
[表1]Fc融合分子的结果
1:无法实施。
选择EnbCS6hFc、EnbCS6FcM及bGalCS6hFc的结构特征做为进一步的特征。在第2A图,etanercept的非还原状态在SDS-PAGE的移动是二聚体,分子量为150kD(lane 2),显示在键间二硫键还原后,为分子量75kD的单体形态(lane 3)。当样品以50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟后(lane 5),呈现EnbCS6hFc单体形态,分子量为85kD。在非还原的状态,分子量大于500kD的主要条带(major band)显现(lane 4)。此寡聚物的结构被认为是EnbCS6hFc的六聚体结构,其中两个三聚体经分子间的二聚体聚合作用及未配对的Fc片段交联,之后经键间二硫键在枢纽区域内形成桥而结合。此发现由培养样品于温和的还原条件(50mM的DTT室温下处理10分钟)证实,EnbCS6hFc的键间二硫键键结的六聚体还原且经SDS分解成两个分子量255kD的三聚体。特别是,多数的三聚体稳定到足以抵抗SDS的分解(第2B图,lane 3)。在第2C图中,在非还原状态,EnbCS6FcM表达如三聚体结构(lane 2),当样品经50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟时多数还原成单体(lane 3)。在第2D图中,当样品经50mM的DTT在75℃处理10分钟时多数还原成单体,bGalCS6hFc呈现分子量53kD的单体形态(lane 3)。在非还原状态,呈现分子量400kD及200kD的两个主要带,分别对应于bGalCS6hFc的六聚体及三聚体形态(lane 2)。此述的三聚体可能是衍生自非链间的二硫键(non-interchaindisulfide bond)键结六聚体的两个三聚体,此三聚体在非还原状态下,在SDS分解成两个三聚体。
EnbCS6hFc以胶过滤法分离。将0.2mg的蛋白A纯化的EnbCS6hFc总体积100μl以Superdex 200(HR 10/30)胶过滤柱分离,以磷酸缓冲食盐水平衡。如第4图所示,空白(V0)及洗脱(elution)体积对应的蛋白质分子量标准以箭头标示。流速为0.4ml/min。
[实施例3]以ELISA确认与TNF-α的结合活性
以ELISA确认adalimumab(Humira,Abbott Park,IL,USA)、etanercept(Enbrel,Wyeth Taiwan Corporation)及EnbCS6hFc对可溶性TNF-α的结合活性。将微滴定盘在4℃以PBS中2μg/ml的TNF-α涂覆过夜。以StartingBlockTMblocking buffer(Thermo Scientific)填满未涂覆到之空白处,加入2倍系列稀释的TNF-α拮抗物,在37℃下作用1小时。清洗后,与辣根过氧化酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的山羊抗人类IgG Fcγ片段(JacksonImmunoResearch Laboratories,Inc.,West Grove,PA)在37℃作用1小时,清洗后使用3,3’,5,5’-四甲基联苯胺(3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine)为基质,检测已结合的TNF-α拮抗物。以微滴定盘读取器读取在450nm的吸光度。计算每一拮抗物的解离常数(KD)为达到所有结合(最大吸光度)的半饱和度所需的拮抗物的浓度。在第5图中,etanercept、adalimumab及EnbCS6hFc的KD值分别计算为0.044nM、0.059nM及0.007nM。此结果显示二价的etanercept、adalimumab对TNF-α拥有几乎相同的结合亲和力,但是EnbCS6hFc显示高于etanercept、adalimumab 6倍以上的结合亲和力。由于可溶性TNF-α涂覆于微滴定盘上,类似表达于细胞表面的跨膜TNF-α。可了解的是,EnbCS6hFc六聚体形式的亲和力效应,再结合跨膜TNF-α为目标的高结合能力中,扮演重要的角色。
[实施例4]竞争性取代的结合分析
使用稳定表达细胞表面的跨膜TNF-α的NS0细胞进行的竞争性取代结合分析,系用于呈现评估拮抗物对跨膜TNF-α的结合能力。此方法包括初步饱和分析(preliminarysaturation assay),用于在确认异硫氰酸(FITC)-标记etanercept可完全与细胞膜上之TNF-α结合所需的初始浓度。之后,将稳定表达跨膜TNF-α的NS0细胞与2倍系列稀释的EnbCS6hFc、etanercept及adalimumab在含有2%胎牛血清的PBS(荧光活化的细胞分类[FACS]缓冲液)中4℃作用培养1小时。直接加入一固定的、饱和量(2.5μg/ml,以流式细胞技术测定)的以FITC-标记的etanercept于4℃作用1小时后,以FACS缓冲液清洗细胞3次,使用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(Becton Dickinson,San Jose,CA,USA)分析免疫荧光。以无TNF-α拮抗物存在时,etanercept-FITC染色表达在跨膜TNF-α的NS0细胞之平均荧光强度定义为最大荧光强度的百分比抑制率。数据为计算抑制最大荧光强度的一半(IC50)所需的TNF-α拮抗物浓度。
如第6图所示,虽然etanercept与adalimumab在TNF-α的抗原决定位(epitope)不同,但FITC-标记etanercept的立体阻障可防止adalimumab结合。EnbCS6hFc、adalimumab及etanercept的IC50分别计算为0.03nM、0.23nM及2.18nM。此结果显示EnbCS6hFc可结合至跨膜TNF-α胜于其它TNF-α拮抗物,此为多价的总结合力效应的缘故。
[实施例5]人类新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞上的稳定表达
人类新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)为跨膜固定重链(transmembrane anchoredheavychain)(αFcRn)及可溶性轻链β2-微球蛋白(soluble light chainβ2-microglobulin)(β2m)所构成的非共价键结的异质二聚体蛋白质。编码人类αFcRn及β2m的开放阅读框架的cDNA分别克隆(cloned)入表达载体pSecTag2/Hygro(Invitrogen,San Diego,CA)及pCpG-mcs G2(Invivogen,SanDiego,CA)。CHO-RD细胞(RCB1477,RIKEN Bioresource Center,Japan)与上述表达构建物以1∶1比例使用Efffectence转染试剂根据操作指示进行共转染(co-transfection)。将细胞培养于含2%胎牛血清、4mM谷氨酸(glutamine)、碳酸氢钠(3g/L)及400μg/ml的Hygromycin B之F-12K培养基3周。以BDFACSAria系统,使用异硫氰酸酯荧光素(FITC)标记的抗人β2-微球蛋白(Clone 2M2,BioLegend,San Diego,CA),收集对Hygromycin有抗性且稳定表达功能性人类FcRn的细胞。将收集的细胞进行限制性稀释,以获得数个稳定的单株抗体。每一克隆株中的细胞进一步以流式细胞仪分析,确认细胞表面FcRn的表达程度。选择具有最高人类FcRn表达程度的稳定细胞株进行结合分析(如下述)。
[实施例6]TNF-α拮抗物与表达人类新生儿FcRn受体的CHO细胞的结合
为了分析纯化的EnbCS6hFc结合至稳定表达人类新生儿FcRn受体的CHO细胞是否有pH依赖性,将细胞接种于96孔盘(三重复),形成3×105cells/well,培养于含2%胎牛血清、4mM谷氨酸(glutamine)、碳酸氢钠(3g/L)及400μg/ml Hygromycin B的F-12K培养基16小时。以冰冷的0.1M乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.5)或磷酸缓冲生理食盐水(PBS,pH 7.2)清洗细胞3次,之后与不同浓度的异硫氰酸酯荧光素(FITC)标记的血蓝蛋白(KLH)、etanercept及EnbCS6hFc于0.1M乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 5.5)或磷酸缓冲生理食盐水(PBS,pH7.2)分别于4℃培养1小时。在4℃培养1小时后,以相同缓冲液清洗细胞3次,以微滴定盘读取器分析免疫荧光度。如第7图所示,etanercept及EnbCS6hFc对稳定表达人类新生儿Fc受体的CHO细胞显示典型的pH依赖的结合图谱。六价的EnbCS6hFc在酸性pH5.5展现较etanercept强及剂量依赖的结合亲和力,但是在pH7.2的结合几乎可以忽略。FITC-标记的KLH缺少Fc片段,显示对人类FcRn无结合亲和力,作为负对照组。
[实施例7]药物动力分析
使用3群(一群9只)7至8周龄的雄BALB/c鼠,分析etanercept、EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM的血中清除率。每群的小鼠分别静脉注射50μg各TNFα拮抗物。接下来的24小时,收集每一时期的血液样品。残存在血浆中的各TNFα拮抗物的量以涂覆于ELISA盘的重组TNFα定量,使用辣根过氧化酶(HRP)标记的山羊抗人类IgG Fcγ片段(JacksonImmunoResearchLaboratories,Inc.,West Grove,PA)作为检测抗体,及3,3’,5,5’-四甲基联苯胺(3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine)作为基质。以微滴定盘读取器读取在450nm的吸光度。每一TNFα拮抗物的浓度符合一室消除模式(one-compartmenteliminationmodel),使用WinNonlin第3.0版(Pharsight,Mountain View,CA)。如第8图所示,药物动力分析显示小鼠体内静脉血液中三聚体Fc(EnbCS6hFcM)或六聚体Fc(EnbCS6hFc)融合蛋白浓度测量值与etanercept相当。
[实施例8]TNFα中和能力分析
以放射菌素(actinomycin D)处理的豚鼠纤维母细胞L929细胞(ATCCCat.No.CCL-1),测量adalimumab、etanercept、EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM的中和活性。将L929细胞接种于96孔盘(三重复),形成3×105cells/well,培养于添加10%(v/v)胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基16小时。之后制备2倍系列稀释的adalimumabetanercept(△)、EnbCS6hFc(●)及EnbCS6hFcM(○)于含有actinomycin D(2μg/ml)及重组人类TNFα(100ng/ml)的培养基中,在37℃培养16小时。移除上清液后,加入5mg/ml的MTT(3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)(Sigma-Aldrich),37℃培养4小时。之后每孔(well)加入SDS溶液(10%)。室温培养24小时后,以色度计纪录在570nm的每孔(well)的颜色。
为了检查抗-TNFα拮抗物的功能活性,进行拮抗物抑制可溶性TNFα活性的能力。TNFα对豚鼠L929细胞具有细胞毒性。在L929分析中使拮抗物与重组人类TNFα共培养,评估Etanercept、adalimumab、EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM。如第9图所示,以100ng/ml人类TNFα处理的L929细胞中,TNFα造成的细胞毒性有效地以剂量依赖性的被这些拮抗物中和。etanercept、adalimumab、EnbCS6hFcM及EnbCS6hFc的EC50分别为0.20μg/ml、0.23μg/ml、0.35μg/ml及0.10μg/ml。此结果显示EnbCS6hFc及EnbCS6hFcM展现TNFα中和活性的浓度与TNFα拮抗物相同。
[实施例9]以etanercept及EnbCS6hFc体内抑制豚鼠胶原蛋白抗体诱导的关节炎
关于胶原蛋白抗体诱导关节炎的试验,8至10周龄雄BALB/c鼠购自国家实验研究院实验动物中心(南港,台湾)。小鼠维持在12小时日夜循环的气候控制环境。每只腹腔注射(i.p.)3mg第II型胶原蛋白专一性抗体(ArthritoMABTM Arthritis Inducing AntibodyCocktail,MD Biosciences,Switzerland),诱发小鼠关节炎。这些小鼠于第3天再以腹腔注射100μg的脂多醣(lipopolysaccharides)(MDLPS.5,MD Biosciences,Switzerland)。临床关节炎级数以每一脚掌为0至2级评估,总级数为8。脚掌的临床级数以级数指标设计:0=正常;0.25=1或2个肿胀脚趾;0.5=3或4个肿胀脚趾;0.75=轻微肿胀的足底或踝;1=肿胀的足底或踝;1.25=1或2个肿胀脚趾及肿胀的足底或踝;2.0=肿胀脚趾及肿胀的足底或踝。一发病时,腹腔注射每剂量50μg,连续10天。级数结果以平均值±标准差(SD)。对照组(磷酸缓冲生理食盐水)存在统计学的差异。结果显示,相较于未处理组或etanercept处理组,以EnbCS6hFc处理的小鼠显著地发展为较不严重的病状(P<0.05)。
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虽然本发明已以优选实施例公开如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此项技艺者,在不脱离本发明之精神和范围内,当可做些许更动与润饰,因此本发明之保护范围当视后附之权利要求书范围所界定者为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种三聚体融合蛋白,包含三条多肽,每一多肽由N端向C端依次融合一结合区域、一胶原蛋白区域及一Fc区域所构成,其中该胶原蛋白区域包括(GPP)n-GXKGE(D)基序-(GPP)m所示之氨基酸序列,n及m表示6,X表示任意氨基酸,该GXKGE(D)基序由氨基酸序列GEKGEKGDPGPKGDP或GEKGEKGDPGPKGDI所构成。
2.如权利要求1所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该结合区域由受体或抗体所构成。
3.如权利要求2所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该受体包括TNF-α受体。
4.如权利要求1所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该Fc区域包括人类IgG1的Fc片段。
5.如权利要求1所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该三聚体融合蛋白中的每一多肽由序列识别号9、11或13其中之一所示的氨基酸序列所构成。
6.如权利要求1所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该三聚体融合蛋白中的每一多肽由序列识别号10、12或14其中之一所示的核苷酸序列所编码的多肽所构成。
7.如权利要求1所述的三聚体融合蛋白,其中该三聚体融合蛋白在酸性环境中与人类新生儿Fc受体具有结合亲和力。
8.一种六聚体融合蛋白,由权利要求1-7所述的三聚体融合蛋白经二聚体聚合所形成。
9.一种治疗与TNF-α相关的疾病之医药组合物,包括至少一种如权利要求1-8所述的三聚体融合蛋白及如权利要求8所述的六聚体融合蛋白。
10.如权利要求9所述的医药组合物,其中,与TNF-α相关的疾病包括退化性关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、僵直性脊椎炎、干癣性关节炎、慢性幼年型关节炎、血管炎、发炎性肠炎或克罗恩氏病(Crohn's disease)。
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