CN103042785B - 具有聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层薄膜用于制造光伏模块的用途 - Google Patents

具有聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层薄膜用于制造光伏模块的用途 Download PDF

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CN103042785B
CN103042785B CN201210385720.5A CN201210385720A CN103042785B CN 103042785 B CN103042785 B CN 103042785B CN 201210385720 A CN201210385720 A CN 201210385720A CN 103042785 B CN103042785 B CN 103042785B
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A.帕夫利克
M.韦尔皮茨
H.赫格
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层薄膜用于制造光伏模块的用途。具体地,本发明涉及一种具有良好的各层粘合性的光伏模块,其使用多层薄膜作为后盖制造,所述多层薄膜包括以下层:a)朝向太阳能电池的聚酰胺成型物料层,c)聚丙烯成型物料中间层,和e)聚酰胺成型物料外层,其中各层之间的粘合性由选自以下的手段产生·在c)的层的成型物料中存在具有足以改进粘合性的酸酐基团浓度的聚丙烯,或具备足以与聚酰胺层连接的官能团的与聚丙烯相容的官能化聚烯烃,和·在a)和c)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层b),和在c)和e)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层d)。

Description

具有聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层薄膜用于制造光伏模块的用途
技术领域
本发明涉及具有聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层薄膜用于制造太阳能模块的用途。
背景技术
太阳能模块,经常也称为光伏模块,用于日光发电并且由包括太阳能电池系统作为核层(Kernschicht)的层压体组成。该核层用包封材料包覆,该包封材料用作对机械和由气候引起的影响的防护。
这里,活性(aktive)太阳能电池位于前盖和后盖之间。前盖是透明的并通常由玻璃组成;其借助于经常由乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物组成的粘合促进剂层与包括太阳能电池的层连接。后盖确保电屏蔽,用作对例如UV光的气候影响的防护和用作防潮层。
对于后盖,由氟聚合物薄膜和聚酯组成的薄膜复合体目前作为标准物使用。在外侧的氟聚合物薄膜确保耐气候性、聚酯薄膜确保机械稳定性和所需的电绝缘性。在内侧的另一个氟聚合物薄膜用于连接到太阳能电池系统的密封层。但是,这种氟聚合物薄膜对用作太阳能电池本身的包埋材料的密封层仅具有低粘合性。另外,氟聚合物薄膜仅提供较小程度的电绝缘,这导致需要使用较厚的聚酯薄膜。
WO2008138022因此建议用聚酰胺12(PA12)的薄膜替代这种复合体中的两个氟聚合物薄膜。在其改进中,WO2011066595建议朝向太阳能电池的热塑性塑料层包括例如二氧化钛的反光填料,而背向太阳能电池的热塑性塑料层包括例如玻璃纤维、硅灰石或云母的第二种填料,它为该层带来较高的导热率。示例性的热塑性塑料来自聚酰胺、聚酯,或聚酰胺和聚烯烃的共混物。明确提及PA11、PA12和PA1010,以及其与聚烯烃的共混物。
在这种复合体中聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的组合将是有利的,因为电绝缘性很好。但是,这种热塑性塑料的组合并未获得各层的充分粘合。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种作为太阳能模块的背膜确保有效的电绝缘的具有良好各层粘合性的多层薄膜。
该目的通过使用多层薄膜作为光伏模块的后盖来实现,所述多层薄膜包含以下层:
a)朝向太阳能电池的模塑组合物层,该组合物包含至少35重量%,优选至少40重量%,更优选至少45重量%,特别优选至少50重量%和最特别优选至少55重量%的聚酰胺含量,在各情况下基于整个模塑组合物,
c)模塑组合物中间层,该组合物包含至少35重量%,优选至少40重量%,更优选至少45重量%,特别优选至少50重量%和最特别优选至少55重量%的聚丙烯含量,在各情况下基于整个模塑组合物,和
e)模塑组合物外层,该组合物包含至少35重量%,优选至少40重量%,更优选至少45重量%,特别优选至少50重量%和最特别优选至少55重量%的聚酰胺含量,在各情况下基于整个模塑组合物,
且其中借助于选自以下的手段在a)和c)的层之间以及c)和e)的层之间产生粘合
1.在c)的层中存在聚丙烯,其具有足以改进粘合性的酸酐基团浓度。在这种情况下,模塑组合物的全部聚丙烯或仅其一部分可以是官能化的。关于官能化的聚丙烯,同样适用于接下来的部分。另外,聚丙烯模塑组合物也可以包含与其相容并提供足以与聚酰胺层连接的官能团(特别是酸酐基团或环氧基团)的官能化的聚烯烃,例如乙烯、丙烯酸甲酯和/或丙烯酸乙酯以及甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯或马来酸酐(MSA)的共聚物。当其以分子方式可与聚丙烯混溶,或者在配混之后以热力学稳定的方式分散在聚丙烯中时,该官能化的聚烯烃与聚丙烯相容,使得其赋予a)和e)的层足够牢固的相粘合性。
2.在a)和c)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层b),和在c)和e)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层d)。粘合促进剂的特性并非关键。可以使用将各层彼此足够牢固地连接的任何粘合促进剂,使得它们在制造期间以及在后续使用期间不层离。在最简单的情况下,粘合促进剂为包含酸酐基团的聚丙烯,所述酸酐基团以已知的方式,通过聚丙烯与不饱和二羧酸酐、不饱和二羧酸或不饱和二羧酸单烷基酯的热或自由基反应,以足以有效连接相邻层的聚酰胺的浓度引入。合适的反应物例如为马来酸、马来酸酐、马来酸单丁酯、富马酸、乌头酸或衣康酸酐。以这种方式,优选将0.1至4重量%的不饱和酸酐接枝到聚丙烯上。根据现有技术,不饱和二羧酸酐或其前体也可以与另一种不饱和单体,例如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯或茚一起接枝。另外,粘合促进剂可以为聚酰胺与带有酸酐基团的此类聚丙烯的共混物。此外,粘合促进剂也可以包括非官能化的聚丙烯。同样合适的是聚丙烯与合适的添加剂的共混物,所述添加剂例如乙烯、丙烯酸甲酯和/或丙烯酸乙酯以及甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯或MSA的共聚物。其它合适的粘合促进剂由聚酰胺、官能化的乙丙橡胶以及非官能化的聚丙烯组成。同样合适的是EP-A-1216823中公开的粘合促进剂。如果粘合促进剂包括聚酰胺,则应选择与a)和e)的层中相同的聚酰胺,或应选择与其足够相容以粘附到其上的聚酰胺。
聚酰胺可以为部分结晶聚酰胺,例如PA6、PA66、PA610、PA612、PA10、PA810、PA106、PA1010、PA11、PA1011、PA1012、PA1210、PA1212、PA814、PA1014、PA618、PA512、PA613、PA813、PA914、PA1015、PA11、PA12,或部分芳香族聚酰胺,所谓的聚邻苯二甲酰胺(PPA)。(聚酰胺的命名符合国际标准,开头的一个或多个数字赋予起始二胺的碳原子数,结尾的一个或多个数字赋予二羧酸的碳原子数。如果仅提及一个数字,这意味着起始材料为α,ω-氨基羧酸或由其衍生的内酰胺;至于其他,参考H.Domininghaus,DieKunststoffeundihreEigenschaften[聚合物及其特性],272页及其后,VDI-Verlag,1976。)合适的PPA为例如PA66/6T,PA6/6T,PA6T/MPMDT(其中MPMD表示2-甲基戊烷二胺),PA9T,PA10T,PA11T,PA12T,PA14T,以及这些后几种类型与脂肪族二胺和与脂肪族二羧酸或与ω-氨基羧酸或内酰胺的共缩聚物。部分结晶的聚酰胺具有大于25J/g的熔融焓,按照ISO11357,由DSC法,在第二次加热中和熔融峰的积分测量。
聚酰胺也可以为部分结晶聚酰胺。部分结晶聚酰胺具有4至25J/g的熔融焓,按照ISO11357,由DSC法,在第二次加热中和熔融峰的积分测量。合适的部分结晶聚酰胺的实例为
-1,10-癸二酸或1,12-十二烷二酸和4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷的聚酰胺(PAPACM10和PAPACM12),由具有35至65%的反式,反式异构体含量的4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷开始;
-基于上述部分结晶聚酰胺的共聚物;和
-上述部分结晶聚酰胺和与其相容的无定形聚酰胺的共混物。
聚酰胺也可以为无定形聚酰胺。无定形聚酰胺具有低于4J/g的熔融焓,按照ISO11357,由DSC法,在第二次加热中和熔融峰的积分测量。无定形聚酰胺的实例为:
-对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸与2,2,4-和2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二胺的异构体混合物的聚酰胺,
-间苯二甲酸与1,6-己二胺的聚酰胺,
-对苯二酸/间苯二甲酸的混合物与任选以与4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷的混合物形式的1,6-己二胺的共聚酰胺,
-对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸,3,3'-二甲基-4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷与月桂内酰胺或己内酰胺的共聚酰胺,
-1,12-十二烷二酸或癸二酸,3,3'-二甲基-4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷,与任选月桂内酰胺或己内酰胺的(共)聚酰胺,
-间苯二甲酸,4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷与月桂内酰胺或己内酰胺的共聚酰胺,
-1,12-十二烷二酸与4,4'-二氨基二环己基甲烷(在低反式,反式-异构体含量的情况下)的聚酰胺,
-对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸与任选以与己二胺的混合物形式的烷基取代的双(4-氨基环己基)甲烷同系物的(共)聚酰胺,
-双(4-氨基-3-甲基-5-乙基环己基)甲烷,任选与另一种二胺一起,与间苯二甲酸,任选与另一种二羧酸一起的共聚酰胺,
-间-苯二甲胺和另一种二胺,例如己二胺的混合物,与间苯二甲酸,任选与另一种二羧酸,例如对苯二甲酸和/或2,6-萘二羧酸一起的共聚酰胺,
-双(4-氨基环己基)甲烷和双(4-氨基-3-甲基环己基)甲烷的混合物,与具有8至14个碳原子的脂肪族二羧酸的共聚酰胺,和
-包含1,14-十四烷二酸和芳族、芳基脂族或脂环族二胺的混合物的聚酰胺或共聚酰胺。
这些实例可以通过添加另外的组分(例如己内酰胺,月桂内酰胺或二胺/二羧酸组合)或通过用其它组分部分或完全替代起始组分在极大的程度上变化。
聚酰胺也可以为聚醚酯酰胺或聚醚酰胺。聚醚酯酰胺例如由DE-A-2523991和DE-A-2712987已知;它们包含聚醚二醇作为共聚单体。聚醚酰胺例如由DE-A-3006961已知;它们包含聚醚二胺作为共聚单体。
在聚醚二醇或聚醚二胺中,聚醚单元可以例如基于1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇或1,3-丁二醇。聚醚单元也可以混合地构造,例如具有来源于二醇的单元的无规或嵌段分布。聚醚二醇或聚醚二胺的重均分子量为200至5000g/mol和优选为400至3000g/mol;其在聚醚酯酰胺或聚醚酰胺中的比例优选为4至60重量%和更优选为10至50重量%。合适的聚醚二胺可通过将相应的聚醚二醇通过还原胺化转变,或通过偶合至丙烯腈,随后氢化来获得;它们例如以JEFFAMINE?D或ED类型或ELASTAMINE?类型的形式由HuntsmanCorp.销售,或以PolyetheramineD系列的形式由BASFSE销售。如果将使用支化的聚醚酰胺,也可一并使用少量的聚醚三胺,例如JEFFAMINE?T类型。优选使用在链中每个醚氧原子包含平均至少2.3个碳原子的聚醚二胺或聚醚三胺。根据本发明,聚醚酰胺是优选的,因为抗水解性更好。
聚丙烯原则上可以为任何商业上常见的聚丙烯类型,例如为全同立构或间同立构均聚丙烯,丙烯与乙烯和/或丁-1-烯的无规共聚物,丙烯-乙烯嵌段共聚物等。聚丙烯可以由任何已知的方法,例如由齐格勒-纳塔(Ziegler-Natta)法或借助于茂金属催化制备。其中可以存在抗冲改性组分,例如EPM橡胶或EPDM橡胶或SEBS。聚丙烯优选为所谓的丙烯-乙烯嵌段共聚物,经常也称为多相共聚物。这种多相共聚物可以例如在两阶段方法中制备,其过程大致如下进行:首先,使用例如Ziegler-Natta催化剂,制备高全同立构聚丙烯,在某些情况下,可存在少量乙烯,产生无规共聚物。该材料起多相共聚物的基质的作用。在第二个反应步骤(任选在不同的反应器)中,任选引入第二种催化剂,例如茂金属催化剂。然后乙烯与丙烯发生共聚,该聚合在第一种聚合物中的空隙中发生。结果,在其中引入第二种聚合物。在一个优选的实施方案中,嵌段共聚物或多相共聚物以共聚合的形式(einpolymerisiert)包含至少0.5重量%,至少0.6重量%,至少0.7重量%,至少0.8重量%或至少0.9重量%,以及至多20重量%,至多15重量%,至多12重量%,至多10重量%或至多8重量%的乙烯。此外,可以以共聚合形式引入至多15重量%的1-丁烯。
a)的层的模塑组合物可以包含上述聚酰胺之一或其多种的混合物。另外,可以存在至多40重量%的其它热塑性塑料,基于模塑组合物的总聚合物含量,例如抗冲改性橡胶或聚烯烃,例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯。根据现有技术,存在的任何橡胶或聚烯烃优选包括用其获得与聚酰胺基质的相容性的官能团。另外,可以存在用于聚酰胺的常见助剂和添加剂,特别是光和/或热稳定剂,或优选还有反光填料,例如二氧化钛(WO2011066595)。
c)的层的模塑组合物可以包含用于聚丙烯的常见助剂和添加剂,特别是光和/或热稳定剂,反光填料,例如二氧化钛,和补强填料,例如玻璃纤维、硅灰石或云母。
a)的层的模塑组合物的论述同样适用于e)的层的模塑组合物,以及就填料而言,对c)的层的模塑组合物的论述也适用。另外,e)的层的模塑组合物可以是着色的和/或具有消光剂。
单独的薄膜层通常具有以下厚度:
·a)和e)的层:15至100μm和优选25至50μm;
·c)的层:100至500μm和优选150至400μm;
·b)和d)的层:3至40μm和优选5至25μm。
本发明中使用的多层薄膜可以由所有现有技术方法,例如由共挤出或层压制造。其例如通过层压或粘合与其中包埋太阳能电池的密封层连接。由于a)的层中的聚酰胺含量,在层压的情况下获得对密封层的良好粘合性。使用的密封层可以为现有技术通常使用的任何材料。
本发明还提供一种使用根据权利要求的多层薄膜制造的光伏模块。
具体实施方式
本发明通过以下来示例性说明。为了该目的,制造以下模塑组合物;“份”始终为重量份。
外层的配混料(Compound)1:
通过双螺杆挤出机(Zweiwellenetruder)(CoperionWerner&PfleidererZSK25WLE,36L/D),在220℃的机筒温度下,混合79.25份的VESTAMID?L1901nf(PA12),0.5份的IRGANOX?1098(位阻酚抗氧剂),0.2份的TINUVIN?312(UV吸收剂)和20份的二氧化钛SachtlebenR420。股线(Strang)通过水浴冷却并切断;颗粒随后在80℃在循环空气烘箱中干燥12小时。
中间层的配混料2:
通过双螺杆挤出机(CoperionWerner&PfleidererZSK25WLE,36L/D),在200℃的机筒温度下,混合79.6份的Hostalen?EPD60R(丙烯-乙烯嵌段共聚物),20份的TEC110高岭土和0.4份的IRGANOX?1010(位阻酚抗氧剂)。股线通过水浴冷却并切断;颗粒随后在80℃在循环空气烘箱中干燥12小时。
中间层的配混料3:
通过双螺杆挤出机(CoperionWerner&PfleidererZSK25WLE,36L/D),在200℃的机筒温度下,混合75.6份的Hostalen?EPD60R,4份的LOTADER?AX8900(乙烯、丙烯酸甲酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯的三聚物),20份的TEC110高岭土和0.4份的IRGANOX?1010。股线通过水浴冷却并切断;颗粒随后在80℃在循环空气烘箱中干燥12小时。
中间层的配混料4:
通过双螺杆挤出机(CoperionWerner&PfleidererZSK25WLE,36L/D),在200℃的机筒温度下,混合43.6份的VESTAMID?L1901,32份的Hostalen?EPD60%,4份的LOTADER?AX8900,20份的TEC110高岭土和0.4份的IRGANOX?1010。股线通过水浴冷却并切断;颗粒随后在80℃在循环空气烘箱中干燥12小时。
粘合促进剂层的配混料5:
通过双螺杆挤出机(CoperionWerner&PfleidererZSK25WLE,36L/D),在200℃的机筒温度下,混合95.6份的Hostalen?EPD60R,4份的LOTADER?AX8900和0.4份的IRGANOX?1010。股线通过水浴冷却并切断;颗粒随后在80℃在循环空气烘箱中干燥12小时。
多层薄膜的挤出:
来自Collin的多层薄膜系统(300mm宽缝喷嘴(Breitschlitzdüse),间隙宽度0-6mm,3-层或5-层薄膜的共挤出供料区块(Co-Extrusionsfeedblock))用来制造三-和五-层薄膜(中间层和粘合促进剂层的加工温度大约为210℃,外层的加工温度大约为230℃)。层厚分布如下设定:
a/c/e:50μm/250μm/50μm
a/b/c/d/e:50μm/10μm/230μm/10μm/50μm
结果示于表1。
表1:实施例
层结构 击穿(Durchschlag)(KV)
实施例1 配混料1/配混料3/配混料1 24
实施例2 配混料1/配混料5/配混料2/配混料5/配混料1 25
对比例1 配混料1/配混料4/配混料1 20。

Claims (3)

1.多层薄膜作为光伏模块的后盖的用途,其中所述多层薄膜包含以下层:
a)朝向太阳能电池的成型物料层,该成型物料包含至少35重量%的聚酰胺含量,基于整个成型物料,
c)成型物料中间层,该成型物料包含至少35重量%的聚丙烯含量,基于整个成型物料,和
e)成型物料外层,该成型物料包含至少35重量%的聚酰胺含量,基于整个成型物料,
其中通过选自以下的手段在a)和c)的层之间以及c)和e)的层之间产生粘合
  1.在c)的层的成型物料中存在具有足以改进粘合性的酸酐基团浓度的聚丙烯,或具备足以与聚酰胺层连接的官能团的与聚丙烯相容的官能化聚烯烃,和
  2.在a)和c)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层b),和在c)和e)的层之间引入粘合促进剂层d)。
2.根据权利要求1的用途,特征在于
·a)和e)的层具有15至100μm的厚度,
·c)的层具有100至500μm的厚度,和
·b)和d)的层具有3至40μm的厚度。
3.使用根据在前权利要求之一的多层薄膜获得的光伏模块。
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US20130092232A1 (en) 2013-04-18
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