CN111183027B - 包含铝和金属层的导电背板 - Google Patents

包含铝和金属层的导电背板 Download PDF

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CN111183027B
CN111183027B CN201880064943.7A CN201880064943A CN111183027B CN 111183027 B CN111183027 B CN 111183027B CN 201880064943 A CN201880064943 A CN 201880064943A CN 111183027 B CN111183027 B CN 111183027B
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backsheet
layer
aluminum
conductive polymer
polymer
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CN111183027A (zh
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弗朗西斯库斯·格拉杜斯·亨利库斯·范杜伊霍文
罗伯特·詹森
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Yingrun Solar Solutions Co ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于背接触式光伏电池技术的导电背板,其包含铝层、在铝层顶部的冷喷涂金属层以及(OTR)为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm的聚合物背板。用于金属层的金属选自铜、锡、银或镍,或者其两种或更多种的混合物或者其两种或更多种的合金。优选地,金属是铜。金属层的厚度优选在50nm‑10μm的范围内。本发明还涉及用于制造导电背板的方法。本发明还涉及一种包含导电背板的光伏模块。

Description

包含铝和金属层的导电背板
本发明涉及一种导电背板,其包含用于背接触式光伏电池技术的铝层和金属层。本发明还涉及一种用于制造导电背板的方法,并且涉及一种包含该导电背板的光伏模块。
光伏模块用于从阳光中发电,并由层压板组成,该层压板包括太阳能电池系统作为芯层。该芯层被包封材料包封,该包封材料用于防护抵抗机械和气候相关的影响。
在常规的光伏模块或太阳能模块中,活性太阳能电池位于前侧和背侧之间。正侧是透明的,通常由玻璃组成;并通过例如包含乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的封装材料层结合到包含太阳能电池的层上。背侧提供电屏蔽功能,可抵御紫外线等气候影响,并起到水分和氧阻隔层的作用。典型的背侧材料包括例如聚合物或玻璃板。聚合物背侧材料(通常称为“背板”)通常包括至少一个包含含氟聚合物的层和多个包含聚合物(例如聚酯(例如,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)聚合物、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)聚合物)或聚酰胺)的其它层。例如,US2008/0216889和US7638186描述了包含PET的背板。
包含EWT(发射极环绕穿通)或MWT(金属环绕穿通)或IBC(叉指背接触式)太阳能电池的光伏模块可包含导电图案化的背板,用于与太阳能电池后表面上的电触点接触。通常,这种背板包含聚合物层和由铜(或铜合金)制成的图案化的导电层。为了在模块背面连接接线盒,应在模块后侧局部打开聚合物层,并将接线盒的接线片焊接到导电层上。然而,铜的成本相对较高,并且成为工业中推行光伏模块的瓶颈。
由于铝相对便宜,因此已经考虑了诸如铝基导电层的替代物。然而,将太阳能电池接触件或接线盒接触件焊接到铝上很麻烦,因为通常铝对焊料的润湿性很差,从而产生不良且相对不可靠的电互连。另外,当使用导电粘合剂将太阳能电池触点连接到铝导电层时,在铝上观察到高接触电阻。为了解决这些困难,现有技术的背板上的铝导电层已经通过真空沉积金属层而被覆盖,该金属层具有用于在铝上使用导电粘合剂的更好性能。金属层例如是铜层。例如,Hanita Coatings提供了一种市售的高导电性铝层压板,其包含铜皮外部涂层。通常通过传统的热喷涂技术来施加涂层,从而利用热能来熔化或软化金属。缺点是这可能导致金属的部分氧化和热降解,这可能是不希望的。另一个缺点是使用更不相似的金属(例如Al和Cu)可能会造成接触腐蚀。对于这种类型的腐蚀的发生,必须同时存在四样东西:阳极、阴极、电解质以及两种金属之间的直接接触[=电化学接触]。在光伏装置中,阳极和阴极由金属组成,例如不锈钢、铜和铝。水和溶解的“污染物”(可能源于封装材料的降解)通常用作使电化学(galvanic)腐蚀发生的电解质。随着湿度的增加,腐蚀速率也增加。
另一个缺点是,当将具有铜皮外部涂层的高导电铝层压板以高氧气透过率(OTR)涂覆在背板上时,在85℃/85%相对湿度(RH)的湿热老化后会使金属层和导电胶(ECA)之间的接触电阻提高至无法接受的值。由于金属层和ECA之间的接触电阻的增加,光伏模块的功率输出降低。因此,优选的是,聚合物背板由具有低的氧气透过率的聚合物组成,使得背板的OTR低于每天20cm3/m2.atm。然而,缺点是,具有低OTR的背板通常由具有降低的耐水解性和UV稳定性的聚合物组成,这也将在老化时以及因此在寿命期间降低机械性能。
本发明的目的是解决上述问题,并提供一种包含含有铝金属层的导电背板的光伏模块,该光伏模块在湿热老化时功率输出衰减减小。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种光伏模块,其包含具有较低腐蚀敏感性的导电背板。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种光伏模块,其包含具有良好的化学耐久性和电耐久性并因此具有良好的机械性能的导电背板。
通过提供一种导电背板达到目的,该导电背板包含铝层、在铝层顶部的冷喷涂金属层,其中所述聚合物背板的OTR为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm。
令人惊奇地发现,包含具有铝层和冷喷涂金属层的导电背板的模块在湿热老化时导致功率输出衰减减小。此外已经发现,如果使用的背板的OTR为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm,则背板的机械性能将随时间保持不变/稳定,如图3所示。因此,根据本发明的导电背板提供了良好的电性质和化学性质,使得如果用于光伏模块中,则机械性能也保持不变。
模块输出衰减通常通过湿热测试进行评估,然后进行IV表征(请参见示例2-5)。此外,该测试提供了一种在85℃和85%相对湿度(RH)的环境中加速背板老化的方法,通常在500、1000、2500、3000和3000小时下取下模块,并检查是否有裂纹的第一手证据。使用光桌检查层压结构的层中是否有裂纹。如果在给定的时间间隔内看不到裂纹,则认为通过测试。如果在给定的时间间隔内可见裂纹,则认为未通过测试。
同样令人惊奇的是,尽管已知具有更高的OTR值例如至少每天20cm3/m2.atm的OTR的背板会传输更多的氧气,即,更多的氧气可用于腐蚀金属层,但包含本发明的导电背板的光伏模块的腐蚀敏感性降低了。在本发明中,聚合物背板的OTR可以为至少每天40cm3/m2.atm,优选至少每天60cm3/m2.atm,更优选至少每天240cm3/m2.atm。
在此使用的OTR(氧气透过率)是指在特定的温度和相对湿度(RH)的条件下氧气透过膜的稳态速率。OTR值以每天cm3/m2.atm的公制(或SI)单位表示。通常,在38℃,0%RH,背板样品面积为50cm2的情况下,根据ASTM D 3985用MOCON OX-Tran 2/21对配制的背板中的热塑性聚合物层进行氧渗透测量。几种聚合物材料的氧气和水渗透数的示例可以在《包装技术和科学》(Packaging technology and Science),2003年,16:149-158或《食品接触聚合物材料》(Food contact polymeric Materials)综述(ISSN:0889-3144)-RAPRATechnology Ltd.,1992中找到。
如本文提及的聚合物背板是指由至少一个聚合物层组成的背板。在存在一个聚合物层的情况下,该背板称为单层背板。在存在更多个聚合物层的情况下,该背板称为多层背板。导电背板优选包含至少2个和最多8个聚合物层。
本文提及的聚合物层包含热塑性或热固性聚合物。热塑性聚合物是在高于特定温度时变得柔韧或可塑并在冷却时固化的聚合物。热塑性塑料与热固性聚合物的不同之处在于,热固性聚合物在固化过程中会形成不可逆的化学键。热固性塑料不会熔化,但会分解,冷却后不会重新形成。热塑性聚合物层是优选的。
热塑性聚合物层的氧气和水的渗透可以通过使用渗透计算来建模,该计算是通过将单个聚合物层与用于质量传输的单独电阻串联连接来进行的。背板的OTR由厚度分别为l1,l2,...的不同聚合物层中的聚合物材料的氧气渗透率P1,P2..(单位为cm3.mm/m2.day.atm)根据OTR=1/(l1/P1+l2/P2+...)来决定。
常用的水渗透率测量有几种通用类型,其中许多是由ISO、BSI或ASTM等机构指定为标准的。该方法在这里被任意分类为水蒸气透过率(WVTR)和气体渗透率,但是已经认识到WVTR测量可以被视为气体渗透率技术的一个子集。所有WVTR方法都遵循以下基本原理,即将样品的一侧暴露于高水平的水蒸气中,并测量透过样品的渗透量。
本发明提供了一种导电背板,其包含铝层和冷喷涂金属层。
根据本发明的金属层中使用的金属包括但不限于铜、锡、银或镍,或者其两种或更多种的混合物,或者其两种或更多种的合金。优选地,用作金属层的金属是铜(Cu)。
冷喷涂金属层的厚度在500nm-50μm的范围内。更优选地,金属层的厚度在1μm-20μm的范围内,还更优选在5μm-10μm的范围内。铝层的厚度优选在20μm至200μm的范围内。更优选地,铝层的厚度在30μm-70μm的范围内。通过冷喷涂或动力学喷涂工艺将金属层施加在铝层的顶部。冷喷涂是指在低于粉末颗粒熔点的温度下通过超声压缩气体射流将粉末颗粒(通常为5至20μm)加速到很高的速度(200至1200m.s-1)。在与基材碰撞时,颗粒会经历极端且快速的塑性变形,这会破坏所有金属和合金上存在的薄表面氧化物膜。这允许在高局部压力下在暴露的金属表面之间进行亲密共形的接触,从而允许发生粘结,并迅速构建厚的沉积材料层。
例如在WO-A-2014182165中公开了这种冷喷涂工艺。在一个实施方式中,在大气条件下在通常的室温下冷喷涂金属层。与现有技术的真空技术相比,冷喷涂方法相对简单,耗时较少且成本较低。以这种方式,该方法还适合于将接触层施加到在用于接线盒的触点处暴露的铝上。在此需要接触层,以便可以焊接接线盒的接片。在另一实施方式中,冷喷涂包括将喷涂装置的出口定位在铝层的每个接触区域的位置处,该位置对应于至少一个太阳能电池上的相应电触点的位置。结果,该方法允许仅在背板的铝层上的预定位置上形成补丁。在另一个实施方式中,通过定位机器人来完成喷涂装置的出口的定位。有利地,这允许冷喷涂过程自动化并在大批量生产设施中实施。
在本发明中,导电背板包含在铝层上的冷喷涂金属层,即,金属粉末与气流混合并在高流速和相对较低的温度下喷涂在铝层的表面上。术语“低温”定义为远低于铝和金属的熔融温度的温度,以避免损坏铝。术语“高流速”定义为粉碎或穿透铝层上的氧化物层并使颗粒变形以形成致密层的必要速率。典型的流速为0.5-2m3/min,工作气压为0.5-1.0MPa,加热功率为3到5kW。
可以将冷喷涂的金属层以接触补丁、条或线的形式局部地施加到铝层上,以进行电池互连,并施加到铝层的后部以进行接线盒接线。优选将冷喷涂的金属层涂覆在铝层的整个表面上至铝层的前部,以进行电池互连。
替代方法是热喷涂技术,包括等离子喷涂、电弧喷涂、火焰喷涂和高速氧气燃料(HVOF)。预期这些技术将需要改变处理顺序以防止损坏背板中的聚合物层,并且将需要在保护性气体下进行以防止基材和施加的层过度氧化。
用于背板的热塑性聚合物选自聚烯烃、聚酰胺、聚酯、氟化聚合物或它们的组合。优选地,聚合物选自聚烯烃和/或聚酰胺和/或聚酯。
聚酰胺的实例是PA46、PA6、PA66、PA MXD6、PA610、PA612、PA10、PA810、PA106、PA1010、PA1011、PA1012、PA1210、PA1212、PA814、PA1014、PA618、PA512、PA613、PA813、PA914、PA1015、PA11、PA12。聚酰胺的命名符合国际标准,第一个数字给出起始二胺的碳原子数,最后一个数字给出二羧酸的碳原子数。如果仅提及一个数字,则意味着原料是氨基羧酸或由其衍生的内酰胺。参见H.Domininghaus,Die Kunststoffe和ihre Eigenschaften[聚合物及其性能(The polymers and their properties)],第272页,VDI-Verlag,1976年)。聚邻苯二甲酰胺或PPA如PA4T、PA4T6T、PA66/6T、PA6/6T、PA6T/MPMDT(MPMD代表2-甲基五亚甲基二胺)、PA9T、PA10T、PA11T、PA12T、PA14T以及这些后者与脂肪族二胺和脂肪族二羧酸的共缩聚物或与氨基羧酸或内酰胺的共缩聚物也是合适的。也可以使用上述聚酰胺的共混物。
聚烯烃的实例是乙烯或丙烯均聚物和共聚物,例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯。聚丙烯原则上可以是任何常规的商业聚丙烯类型,例如等规或间规均聚物或共聚物。该共聚物可以是无规共聚物或嵌段共聚物。聚烯烃可以通过任何已知的方法来制备,例如通过齐格勒-纳塔方法或茂金属催化。可以将聚烯烃与抗冲改性组分结合,例如橡胶,例如EPM橡胶或EPDM橡胶或SEBS。任选地,聚烯烃是用官能团官能化的,例如马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯或马来酸酐接枝的聚丙烯。
也可以是柔性聚丙烯(FPP),其为聚丙烯(均聚物或共聚物)与EPR橡胶(乙丙橡胶)的机械共混物或反应器共混物。此类反应器共混物的实例是由LyondellBasell提供的Hifax CA 10A、Hifax CA 12、HifaxCA7441A,或热塑性硫化橡胶共混物,如Santoprene。这种热塑性硫化橡胶是基于聚丙烯与EPDM橡胶的共混物,其是部分交联的。机械共混物的例子是聚丙烯与弹性体的共混物,例如Versify 2300.01或2400.01(由陶氏公司提供)。另一种机械共混物是聚丙烯与LLDPE(线性低密度聚乙烯)或VLDPE(甚低密度聚乙烯)塑性体(例如由Borealis Plastomers提供的Queo 0201或Queo 8201),或乙烯与极性共聚单体(例如乙酸乙烯酯或丙烯酸烷基酯)的共聚物。
热塑性聚酯的实例包括线性热塑性聚酯,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(PPT)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚2,6-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、聚2,6-萘二甲酸丙二醇酯(PPN)和聚2,6-萘二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBN)。
氟化聚合物的实例是聚氟乙烯(PVF)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)或聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)。
导电背板中的聚合物层可包含本领域已知的添加剂。优选地,聚合物层包含至少一种选自紫外线稳定剂、紫外线吸收剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂和/或水解稳定剂的添加剂。当使用这种添加剂稳定剂时,基于聚合物的总重量,聚合物层可以包含0.05-10重量%、更优选1-5重量%的添加剂稳定剂。
可以将诸如滑石、云母、TiO2、ZnO或ZnS之类的白色颜料添加到导电背板的一个或多个聚合物层中,以增加阳光的反向散射,从而提高PV模块的效率。出于美观原因以及紫外线吸收,可以添加黑色颜料(如炭黑或氧化铁)。
优选地,背板是包含聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层的多层背板。更优选地,它进一步包含聚乙烯层。
通常,背板包括面向电池的功能层、结构增强层、耐候层和在功能层与结构增强层之间和/或在结构增强层与耐候层之间的粘合层。
面向电池的功能层优选包含聚乙烯(PE)合金,例如聚乙烯和乙烯共聚物的混合物。优选地,聚乙烯包含极性共聚单体,例如乙酸乙烯酯、丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,例如丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丁酯或丙烯酸乙基己酯。功能层可包含无机填料或添加剂。优选的无机填料是二氧化钛或氧化锌。基于层中聚合物的总重量,功能层可包含0.05-20重量%的无机填料和/或添加剂,更优选5-10重量%的无机填料和/或添加剂。
耐候层包含例如聚酰胺或含氟聚合物,例如PTFE、PVF或PVDF。聚酰胺优选选自PA46、PA6、PA66、PA MXD6、PA610、PA612、PA10、PA810、PA106、PA1010、PA1011、PA1012、PA1210、PA1212、PA814、PA1014、PA618、PA512、PA613、PA813、PA914、PA1015、PA11或PA12。耐候层可以进一步包含二氧化钛或硫酸钡、UV稳定剂和热稳定剂。
粘合剂层包括聚氨酯、丙烯酸酯基聚合物或聚烯烃。聚烯烃的实例是马来酸酐接枝的聚烯烃,例如马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯或聚丙烯,乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物或乙烯-丙烯酸酯-马来酸酐三元共聚物。优选地,粘合剂层包含马来酸酐接枝的聚烯烃,例如马来酸酐接枝的聚乙烯或马来酸酐接枝的聚丙烯。
如上所述,结构增强层是工程塑料,例如聚丙烯或聚丙烯的合金或改性聚丙烯、FPP、聚酯(例如PET)或聚酰胺。
导电背板中所有不同的层可包含无机填料或添加剂。优选的无机填料是二氧化钛、氧化锌或滑石。基于不同层中聚合物的总重量,这些层可包含0.05-20重量%的无机填料和/或添加剂,更优选5-15重量%的无机填料和/或添加剂。
本发明还涉及用于制造根据本发明的导电背板的方法。
在一个实施方式中,可以通过以下步骤来制造导电背板:
(a)提供铝层和冷喷涂在铝层上的金属;
(b)提供包含一个或多个聚合物层的聚合物背板,使得该背板的OTR为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm;
(c)涂铝的金属层(aluminum coated metal layer,或铝涂金属层)和聚合物背板的挤出/层压或粘合。
在步骤a)中,可以在铝层的一侧或两侧将金属冷喷涂到铝上,得到以下可能的构造:背板-金属-铝-金属或背板-铝-金属。优选地,将金属喷涂在铝的一侧以产生背板-铝-金属构造。在步骤b)中,可以将聚合物层层压、挤出层压或共挤出。优选地,将聚合物层共挤出。
在另一个实施方式中,可以通过以下步骤来制造导电背板:
(a)通过挤出/层压在OTR为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm的聚合物背板上提供铝层;
(b)将金属层冷喷涂在含铝的聚合物背板上。
上述两个实施方式可以进一步包括图案化步骤。冷喷涂金属层优选地包括图案。可以通过已知的图案化技术获得这种图案。不受限制地作为指示给出的已知图案化技术的示例是机械铣削、化学蚀刻、激光烧蚀和模切。优选使用激光烧蚀、机械铣削或模切。
本发明还涉及一种光伏模块,其包括根据本发明的导电背板。光伏模块(缩写为PV模块)至少包括以下几层,从前面朝阳侧到后面非朝阳侧的位置顺序为:(1)透明窗格(代表前面板),(2)前封装材料层,(3)太阳能电池层,(4)后封装材料层,和(5)根据本发明的导电背板,其代表模块的后保护层。
前面板通常是玻璃板,或者特别是对于柔性模块来说,是一层氟化聚合物,例如ETFE(乙烯四氟乙烯)或PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)。
太阳能电池模块中使用的正面和背面封装材料旨在封装和保护易碎的太阳能电池。“前侧”对应于光电池被光照射的一侧,即光接收侧,而术语“背侧”对应于光电池的光接收侧的相反侧。
用于太阳能电池封装材料的合适的聚合物材料通常具有以下特征的组合:高抗冲击性、高抗穿透性、良好的抗紫外(UV)线性、良好的长期热稳定性、对玻璃和/或其他刚性聚合物板的足够的粘合强度、高防潮性和良好的长期耐候性。当前,乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物是使用最广泛的封装材料。
令人惊讶地,包括根据本发明的导电背板的光伏模块提供了更高的稳定性、耐用性并且可以被更便宜地制造。此外,即使使用的聚合物背板的OTR为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm,光伏模块仍显示出良好的模块输出。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造具有包含至少一个太阳能电池、背板和接线盒的叠层的光伏模块的方法,包括:
-使所述至少一个太阳能电池布置为背接触式太阳能电池,其具有用于接收辐射的前表面和设置有电触点的后表面;
-提供根据本发明的导电背板;
-图案化导电表面;
-将至少一个太阳能电池的后表面面向图案化的导电表面;
-通过导电粘合剂使至少一个太阳能电池的每个电触点与相应的一个接触区域导电接触。
现在将参考以下非限制性实施例来详细描述本发明,所述非限制性实施例仅作为示例。
附图说明
图1示出了在紫外线暴露下,随着时间的推移,具有不同的OTR值的背板的断裂应变的相对变化百分比。
图2示出了在紫外线暴露下,随着时间的推移,具有不同的OTR值的背板δmax的相对变化百分比。
图3示出了在湿热85℃/85%RH下,随着时间的推移,具有不同OTR值的背板的断裂应变的相对变化百分比。
图4示出了通过分步溶出度测试(在Metrohm Autolab应用说明COR08中描述的过程)在3电极设置中建立的纯(neat)金属箔的氧化敏感性的电化学分析。高累积电荷对应于增加的总氧化速率。
图5表示具有高OTR的背板,并且在经过2000小时的水解老化后示出良好的机械性能。
图6表示具有低OTR的背板,并且在经过2000小时的水解老化后示出较差的机械性能。
实施例
实施例1
根据ASTM D 3985,用MOCON OX-Tran 2/21在38℃,0%RH,50cm2的背板样品面积下,对配制的背板中的热塑性聚合物层进行氧气渗透率测试。这些测试进行两次(induplo)。结果列于表1。
配制背板中热塑性聚合物层的水渗透率测试根据ASTM F 1249,用MOCONPermatran-W700在38℃,90%RH-0%RH下进行。这些测试进行两次。
结果列于表2。
表1:氧气渗透率数据
*FPP=柔性PP
表2:水蒸气渗透率数据
实施例2
在2×2微型模块上,在500小时湿热老化(85%RH;85℃)下测量功率输出性能,包括以下所示的导电背板。
使用SUNSIM闪速测试仪测量在模块制造之前的太阳能电池的电流(I)和电压(V)特性,并使用Pasan III A闪速测试仪在标准测试条件下[1000W/m2,AM1.5频谱]测量模块的IV特性。。
FF[%]是与Voc和Isc一起确定来自太阳能电池的最大功率的参数。FF定义为太阳能电池的最大功率与Voc和Isc乘积之比。
在表3中示出了基于具有高和低OTR的纯金属铜(Cu)以及基于具有高OTR的在铝上的物理气相沉积(PVD)铜(Al/Cu PVD)的导电背板的结果。
表3
表3中的结果表明,用Al/Cu PVD替换具有高OTR的导电背板中的纯金属铜会导致湿热老化500小时后已经出现非常高和过高的功率衰减(>5%)。
实施例3
在包含以下所示的导电背板的湿热老化(85%RH;85℃)1000小时后,测量2×2微型模块的功率输出性能。铜层可通过PVD(Al/Cu PVD)或冷喷涂(Cs)(Al/Cu Cs)施加。
测量IV特性(电流-电压)。结果列于表4。
表4
表4表明基于在铝上的冷喷涂沉积的铜的具有低OTR的导电背板优于PVD沉积铜的铝。表4中的结果证实了实施例3的结果,即,基于在铝上PVD沉积的铜的高OTR的导电背板导致过高的功率衰减(>5%)。然而,还表明基于在铝上冷喷涂沉积的铜的具有高OTR的导电背板在湿热老化方面表现出优异的性能。
实施例4
在3000小时湿热老化(85%RH;85℃)后,测量2×2微型模块的功率输出性能,包含以下所示的导电背板。铜层通过冷喷涂(Cs)进行涂覆。
测量IV特性(电流-电压)。结果列于表5。
表5
表5表明,即使在湿热老化3000小时后,基于在铝上的冷喷涂沉积的铜的具有高OTR的导电背板仍具有出色的性能(<<5%功率衰减)。
实施例5
在0至2500小时的水解老化(95%RH;85℃)下,对2×2个微型模块的功率输出性能进行了测量,包括以下所示的导电背板。铜层通过冷喷涂(Cs)进行涂覆。在表6中显示了相同构建的4个模块的平均功率衰减与水解老化时间的关系。此外,表6还参考了在经过2000小时的水解老化后每个构建的模块的图5和图6。
表6
表6示出了基于在铝上的冷喷涂沉积的铜的具有高OTR的导电背板优于基于在铝上的冷喷涂沉积的铜的具有低OTR的导电背板。表6清楚地表明,这是由于具有高OTR的导电背板在水解老化时具有远远更好的机械性能所致(也如图6所示),即基于PET的低OTR背板在2000小时后完全失去了其机械完整性,导致功率衰减大大增加。

Claims (15)

1.用于背接触式光伏电池的导电聚合物背板,其包含铝层、在所述铝层顶部的冷喷涂金属层,其特征在于,所述背板是包含多个聚合物层的背板,其中所述背板中的聚合物层的氧气透过率(OTR)为至少每天20cm3/m2.atm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述金属选自铜、锡或镍,或者其两种或更多种的混合物,或者其两种或更多种的合金。
3.根据权利要求2所述的导电聚合物背板,其中用于所述金属层的金属是铜。
4.根据权利要求1所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述背板中的聚合物层的(OTR)为至少每天40cm3/m2.atm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述冷喷涂金属层的厚度在1μm-50μm的范围内。
6.根据权利要求5所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述冷喷涂金属层以线的形式被施加,或被施加在所述铝层的整个表面上。
7.根据权利要求1所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述聚合物背板包括不止一个选自聚烯烃、聚酰胺、聚酯或氟化聚合物中的热塑性聚合物层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述背板至少包括聚酰胺层和聚丙烯层。
9.根据权利要求8所述的导电聚合物背板,其中所述聚合物背板还包括聚乙烯层。
10.用于制造根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的导电聚合物背板的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)提供铝层和冷喷涂在所述铝层上的金属以提供涂铝的金属层;
(b)提供包含多个聚合物层的聚合物背板;
(c)层压所述涂铝的金属层和所述聚合物背板。
11.用于制造根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的导电聚合物背板的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a)通过挤出/层压在聚合物背板上提供铝层
(b)将金属层冷喷涂在含铝的聚合物背板上。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的用于制造导电聚合物背板的方法,其中将所述背板中的更多聚合物层共挤出和/或层压。
13.根据权利要求10或11所述的用于制造导电聚合物背板的方法,其中,将所述金属被局部冷喷涂。
14.根据权利要求10或11所述的用于制造导电聚合物背板的方法,其还包括对所述导电聚合物背板进行图案化的步骤。
15.光伏模块,其包含根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的导电聚合物背板。
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