CN102983611A - 电池监视和充电系统及电动机驱动车辆 - Google Patents

电池监视和充电系统及电动机驱动车辆 Download PDF

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CN102983611A
CN102983611A CN2012103203174A CN201210320317A CN102983611A CN 102983611 A CN102983611 A CN 102983611A CN 2012103203174 A CN2012103203174 A CN 2012103203174A CN 201210320317 A CN201210320317 A CN 201210320317A CN 102983611 A CN102983611 A CN 102983611A
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battery
voltage
driven vehicle
charging
motor driven
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仓石守
犬塚浩之
宫田八郎
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Toyota Industries Corp
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Toyoda Automatic Loom Works Ltd
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
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Abstract

公开了电池监视和充电系统及电动机驱动车辆。电池监视和充电系统包括充电设备和电动机驱动车辆。电动机驱动车辆包含电池、通过由充电设备提供的电力给电池充电的充电器、控制充电器操作的充电控制器件与充电设备进行通信的通信器件、监视电池电压的电压检测器件和激活控制器件。当充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果所监视的电压下降到阈值以下，则激活控制器件产生第一控制信号。当激活控制器件产生第一控制信号时，充电控制器件被激活，产生经由通信器件至充电设备的第二控制信号并使充电器开始该充电器的操作，第二控制信号表示需要充电设备给电动机驱动车辆提供电力。

Description

电池监视和充电系统及电动机驱动车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及电池监视和充电系统，在该系统中，电动机驱动车辆和充电设备合作以对安装在电动机驱动车辆上的电池进行监视和充电，本发明还涉及用于电池监视和充电系统的电动机驱动车辆。
背景技术
一种包括以串联方式彼此连接的多个可重复充电的电池单元的高压电池已经投入实际使用。这种电池作为安装在诸如组合使用发动机和电动机的混合动力车辆和电动车辆等电动机驱动车辆上的电池已经引起了广泛关注。
在对电池充电的过程中，需要监视电池，以防止电池由于过充电而劣化。这种技术已经被公开在例如日本专利申请公开2006-217757和2007-209168中。
此外，由于电池长时间不使用而通过自放电导致过度放电时，这种类型的电池会迅速劣化。
发明内容
本发明涉及电池监视和充电系统，在这个系统中，电动机驱动车辆和充电设备合作以对电池进行监视和充电，从而阻止电池过度放电。
一种电池监视和充电系统包括充电设备和电动机驱动车辆。电动机驱动车辆包含电池、通过从充电设备提供的电力给电池充电的充电器、控制充电器操作的充电控制器件、与充电设备进行通信的通信器件、监视电池电压的电压检测器件和激活控制器件。当充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果所监视的电压下降到阈值以下，则激活控制器件产生第一控制信号。当激活控制器件产生第一控制信号时，充电控制器件被激活，充电控制器件产生经由通信器件至充电设备的第二控制信号并使充电器开始该充电器的操作，第二控制信号表示需要充电设备给电动机驱动车辆提供电力。
根据以下结合以示例的方式说明本发明原理的附图的描述，本发明的其他特点和优点将变得明显。
附图说明
在所附权利要求书中特别提出了本发明被认为是新颖的特征。可以参考以下对优选实施例的描述结合附图来很好地理解本发明及其特征和优点，在附图中：
图1示出根据本发明优选实施例的电池监视和充电系统的示意性结构图；
图2是图1的电池监视和充电系统中的电池监视和单元平衡电路的一个示例；
图3是示出图1的电池监视和充电系统中的电池ECU的操作的流程图；
图4是示出点火信号IG、单元平衡开关定时、每个电池单元的电压、阈值Vth、第一控制信号Scw、第二控制信号Secw之间的关系的时序图；以及
图5示出了图1的电池监视和充电系统中的电池监视和单元平衡电路的另一个示例。
具体实施方式
参考示出根据本发明的优选实施例的电池监视和充电系统的示意性结构图的图1，该电池监视和充电系统包括电动机驱动车辆1、充电设备2和安装在电动机驱动车辆上1的电池3。电动机驱动车辆1和充电设备2相互配合以对电池3进行监视和充电。电动机驱动车辆1包括组合使用发动机和电动机的混合动力车辆、插电式混合动力车辆、电动车和电动铲车。充电设备2可以是安装在商业设施中的充电站或者安装在家中的家用充电器。
电动机驱动车辆1包含上述的电池3、充电器4、用作本发明的充电控制器件的充电ECU（即电控制单元（Electric Control Unit））5、用作电压检测器件同时用作本发明的单元平衡器件的电池监视和单元平衡电路6、用作本发明的激活控制器件的电池ECU 7、直流/直流转换器电路8、辅助电池9、逆变器电路10、逆变器ECU 11、电动机12、电动机ECU 13、仪器面板ECU 14和能量管理ECU 15。电池监视和单元平衡电路6和电池ECU 7可以构造成相互配合以形成整体式电池监视单元。
电池3包括多个诸如锂离子二次电池或镍氢电池等可充电电池单元16-1到16-n的和继电器17。电池单元16-1到16-n以串联的方式彼此连接。电池单元的数量例如在几十到几百之间。当接通继电器17时，电池3通过继电器17向直流/直流转换器电路8和逆变器电路10提供直流电力。
充电器4包括交流/直流转换器电路18和通信器件19。交流/直流转换器电路18通过线缆将由充电设备2提供的交流电力转换成用于对电池3进行充电的直流电力。
通信器件19通过充电线缆与充电设备2进行电力线通信。通信器件19可以与充电设备2进行无线通信。在这种情况下，可以通过例如电磁感应类型的无线充电系统对电池3充电。通信器件19可设置在充电器4的外部。
充电ECU 5例如包括微电脑和存储器，并且可运行来控制充电器4的操作。电池监视和单元平衡电路6以分别监视电池单元16-1到16-n的电压的方式来监视电池3的电压。电池监视和单元平衡电路6还可以平衡电压。
电池ECU 7例如包括微电脑和存储器，并且可运行来控制继电器17的通/断操作及电池监视和单元平衡电路6的操作以及直流/直流转换器电路8的操作。
由于例如电动机驱动车辆1的停止状态而使除电池ECU 7以外的ECU和各个电路处于其关断状态时（或当没有将电力提供给诸如充电ECU5、逆变器ECU 11、电动机ECU 13、器面板ECU 14和能量管理ECU 15等ECU以及诸如充电器4、直流/直流转换器8和逆变器电路10等电路时），如果电压V1到Vn中的至少一个电压下降到阈值Vth(或者刚好处于电池单元变为过放电之前的电池单元电压）以下，则电池ECU 7通过CAN（Controller Area Network，控制器区域网络）通信产生第一控制信号Scw。从而，充电ECU 5被激活，充电ECU 5产生经由通信器件19至充电设备2的第二控制信号Secw并且使充电器4开始它的操作,第二控制信号Secw表示需要充电设备2向电动机驱动车辆1提供电力。
充电设备2包括商用电源20、继电器21、控制电路22和通信设备23。通信器件23可通过电力线通信或者无线通信与通信器件19通信。当充电设备2中的通信器件23接收到第二控制信号Secw时，充电设备2中的控制电路22被激活。如果充电设备2准备好给电动机驱动车辆1提供电力，则控制电路22接通充电设备2的继电器21，使充电设备2为电动机驱动车辆1提供电力。如果控制电路22在产生至充电设备2的第二控制信号Secw之前被激活，则控制电路22确定充电设备2接收到第二控制信号Scw时充电设备2是否准备好给电动机驱动车辆1提供电力。如果是，即如果充电设备2准备好给电动机驱动车辆1提供电力，则控制电路22接通继电器21，并且充电设备2开始给电动机驱动车辆1供电。
直流/直流转换器8降低由电池3提供的直流电力的电压，而通过该降低的电压的直流电力给辅助电池9充电。
辅助电池9可以是例如铅蓄电池，并且为安装在电动机驱动车辆1上的诸如空调和导航系统等电设备提供电力。
逆变器电路10将由电池3供给的直流电力转换成用来驱动电动机12的三相交流电力。
逆变器ECU 11包括例如微电脑和存储器，并且可运行来基于通过CAN通信从能源管理ECU 15传送并且表示电动机12的扭矩和期望旋转速度的信号，以控制逆变器电路10的操作。
电动机12被用作驱动电动机驱动车辆1或者辅助安装在电动机驱动车辆1上的汽油发动机的牵引电动机（traction motor）。
电动机ECU 13包括例如微电脑和存储器，并且可运行来通过CAN通信将表示电动机12的旋转速度等的信号传送给能量管理ECU 15等。
仪器面板ECU 14包括例如微电脑和存储器，并可运行来通过CAN通信将点火信号IG传送给充电ECU 5和能量管理ECU 15，点火信号IG表示车辆驾驶员是否推动了设置在电动机驱动车辆1的仪器面板上的点火按钮。在这个实施例中，如果驾驶员例如在电动机驱动车辆1停放时推动了点火按钮，则点火信号IG从低电平变成高电平，使得各ECU和各电路被断电。如果驾驶员在电动机驱动车辆1停放时再一次推动点火按钮，则点火信号IG从高电平变成低电平，使得除电池ECU 7以外的各ECU和各电路被断电。
能量管理ECU 15包括例如微电脑和存储器，并可运行来基于电动机12的当前旋转速度和由驾驶员操作的油门踏板的位置，计算电动机12的期望旋转速度和扭矩，并可运行来基于电动机12用于驱动车辆的能量、电动机12再生的能量和电池3当前可提供的能量来控制各个ECU的操作。
下面将描述电动机驱动车辆1和充电设备2之间的通信。电动机驱动车辆1和充电设备2通过线缆相连。当电动机驱动车辆1准备好被充电时，即，当由电动机驱动车辆1来控制并且还通过线缆来传送的指示信号显示电动机驱动车辆准备好被充电时，控制电路22接通继电器21，由此使来自商用电源20的交流电力经过线缆被提供给电动机驱动车辆1。当由电动机驱动车辆1控制的指示信号表示电动机驱动车辆1的充电结束时，控制电路22关断继电器21，由此使交流电力停止供给电动机驱动车辆1。
参考示出根据实施例的电池监视和充电系统中的电池监视和单元平衡电路6的示例的图2，如参考图1所述，图中所示的电池3包含以串联的方式彼此连接的电池单元16-1到16-n。电池3的负端子连接到电动机驱动车辆1的虚拟接地上。电池监视和单元平衡电路6可以内置在电池3中。
电池监视和单元平衡电路6还包括电压传感器24-1到24-n、电阻器R1到Rn和开关SW-1到SW-n。
电压传感器24-1到24-n的相反端连接到各个电池单元16-1到16-n的正、负端子，电压传感器24-1到24-n可运行来分别检测电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn。
开关SW-1的一端连接到电阻器R1的一端，而开关SW-1的另外一端连接到电池单元16-1的正端子。电阻器R1的另一端连接至电池单元16-1的负端子。其余的开关SW-2到SW-n、电阻器R2到Rn和电池单元16-2到16-n也是如此连接。
当点火信号IG保持在低电平时，电池ECU 7控制电池监视和单元平衡电路6，以便可以均衡或平衡电池单元16-1到16-n的电压。
例如，电池ECU 7对由各个电压传感器24-1到24-n检测到的电压V1到Vn做比较，确定最低的电压（以下称为Vmin）并且通过控制信号S1到Sn分别对开关SW-1到SW-n执行接通和断开控制，以使所有电压V1到Vn为Vmin。例如，如果电池单元16-1的电压V1高于Vmin，则电池ECU 7通过反复地接通和断开SW-1，使电池单元16-1放电以便将电池单元16-1的电压V1减小到Vmin。在这种情况下，从电池单元16-1释放的能量被电阻器R1耗费。从而，通过对电池单元16-1到16-n执行上面的操作，将电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn平衡到Vmin。
用作检测电压V1到Vn的检测器件的电压传感器24-1到24-n和用作均衡电池单元电压的单元平衡器件的电阻器R1到Rn和开关SW-1到SW-n可以独立地设置在电动机驱动车辆1中。
图3是示出根据本实施例的电池监视和充电系统的电池ECU 7的操作的流程图。
如果充电ECU 5被关断（即如果在步骤S1中为是），并且如果在步骤1后已经经历了预定长度的时间t1（或者半小时到一小时）（即在步骤S2中为是），则电池ECU 7使电池监视和单元平衡电路6平衡电池单元16-1到16-n的电压（步骤S3）。例如，如图4所示，当点火信号IG从高电平变成低电平时，在经历上述的预定长度的时间t1之后，开始上述的单元平衡操作。
当单元平衡操作完成时，电池ECU 7接收表示由电压传感器24-1到24-n检测到的电压V1到Vn的信号(步骤S4），并且确定从电压V1到Vn中的任意一个是否下降到阈值Vth以下(步骤S5）。
如果电池ECU 7确定电压V1到Vn中没有一个下降到阈值Vth以下(即在步骤S5中为否），则重复步骤S4和S5。如果电池ECU 7确定V1到Vn中的任意一个电压下降到阈值Vth以下(即在步骤S5中为是），则电池ECU 7输出第一控制信号Scw(步骤S6）。例如，如图4所示，如果电压V1下降到阈值Vth以下，则第一控制信号Scw从低电平变成高电平。
在点火信号IG处于低电平的同时将第一控制信号Scw从低电平变成高电平时，充电ECU 5自动开启，并且使通信器件19将第二控制信号Secw经过通信器件19传送给充电设备2，第二控制信号Secw表示需要充电设备2给电动机驱动车辆1提供电力。例如，如图4所示，在点火信号IG处于低电平的同时将第一控制信号Scw从低电平变成高电平时，充电ECU5使第二控制信号Secw从低电平变成高电平。充电ECU 5还开始控制充电器4的操作。在表示电动机驱动车辆准备好被充电的指示信号被输出到充电设备2之后，当充电设备2通过线缆给电动机驱动车辆1提供电力时，充电ECU 5使充电器4对电池3进行充电。
当通信器件23收到高电平的第二控制信号Secw时，充电设备2的控制电路22自动启动。如果控制电路22依据指示信号确定电动机驱动车辆准备好被充电，则控制电路22接通继电器21并使充电设备2将来自商用电源20的电力通过线缆供给电动机驱动车辆1。
如果在输出第一控制信号Scw之后经历了预定长度的时间t2(即在步骤7中为是)，则电池ECU 7停止给电池3充电（步骤S8）。例如，如图4所示，在输出第一控制信号Scw之后经历了预定长度的时间t2时，电池ECU 7使第一控制信号Scw变为低电平。当第一控制信号Scw变为低电平时，充电ECU 5使第二控制信号Secw变成低电平并使对电池3的充电停止，输出表示充电操作结束的指示信号。充电量（或者SOC(充电状态,State Of Charge)）根据电池单元的电压和环境温度而变化。电池单元达到完全充电状态所需要的时间可被存储在电池ECU中，作为上述的每种类型电池单元的预定长度的时间t2的数据。
如果电池ECU 7确定充电ECU 5保持关断或者点火信号IG保持在低电平（即在步骤9中为是），则电池ECU 7使作为电池监视和充电过程的步骤S2到S9重复执行。如果电池ECU 7确定充电ECU 5开始驱动，或者点火信号IG变成高电平（即在步骤9中为否），则电池ECU 7停止电池监视和充电操作。
在根据实施例的电池监视和充电系统中，如果在点火信号IG保持在低电平时电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn中的任一个下降到阈值Vth以下，则在充电设备2的控制电路22自动启动后，充电ECU 5的启动自动开始，以发起对电池3的充电。因此，电池监视和充电系统可以防止电池3在电动机驱动车辆长时间不被使用的情形下由于自放电而导致的过度放电，从而预防电池3的劣化。
在该实施例中，电池监视和单元平衡电路6被配置成使得电池单元16-1到16-n中每一个以下述方式放电：即电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn对应于电压V1到Vn中的最低的电压。然而，电池单元16-1到16-n可以用下述方式充电或放电：即电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn对应于V1到Vn的平均电压。
图5示出了本发明中的电池监视和充电系统的电池监视和单元平衡电路的另外一个示例。与图2所示实施例相同的附图标记表示相同或相似的部件，并省略对这些部件的描述。在图5中所示的电池监视和单元平衡电路6包括电压传感器24-1到24-n、变压器T1到Tn及开关SWa-1到SWa-n和SWb-1到SWb-n。开关SWa-1和SWb-1同时接通和断开。其它成对的开关SWa-2到SWa-n和SWb-2到SWb-n亦如此。
T1表示变压器，变压器T1的初级线圈以并联的方式连接到电池单元16-1。在变压器T1的初级线圈的一端和电池单元16-1的正端子之间设置有开关SWa-1，在变压器T1的初级线圈的另一端和电池单元16-1的负端子之间设置有开关SWb-1。其它变压器T2至Tn、开关SWa-2到SWa-n和开关SWb-2到SWb-n亦如此。变压器T1到Tn的次级线圈以并联的方式彼此连接。
电池ECU 7以下述方式控制开关SWa-1到SWa-n和SWb-1到SWb-n的接通和断开操作：在单元平衡操作期间，电池ECU 7允许任何所选电池单元被放电，同时允许其他电池单元被充电。
例如，当电池单元16-1的电压V1高于电池单元16-2的电压V2时，电池ECU 7使开关SWa-1和开关SWb-1反复地接通和断开，同时使开关SWa-2和开关SWb-2保持接通。通过该操作，交流电流从电池单元16-1流到变压器T1的初级线圈，以使变压器T1和T2电磁耦合并且使跨在变压器T2的初级线圈上的电压变成高于电池单元16-2的电压V2。因此，电流从变压器T2流向电池单元16-2，由此对电池单元16-2充电。电池单元16-1到16-n的反复充电和放电使得电压V1到Vn平衡至电压V1到Vn的平均电压。
再如，在单元平衡操作期间，电池ECU 7使开关SWa-1到SWa-n和开关SWb-1到SWb-n同时进行反复接通和断开操作。交流电流流向变压器T1到Tn中的每一个变压器的初级线圈，以使变压器T1到Tn电磁耦合。在这种情况下，将电压V1到Vn的平均电压施加到各个变压器T1到Tn的初级线圈。如果平均电压低于电池单元的电压，则电流从电池单元流向变压器，从而对电池单元放电，而如果平均电压高于电池单元的电压，电流从变压器流向电池单元从而对电池单元充电，由此可以平衡电压V1到Vn。
在图2的实施例中，由充电设备2提供的交流电力在充电器4中被转换成直流电力，以便通过直流电力对电池3充电。然而，商用电源20所提供的交流电力可在充电设备2中转换为直流电力，并且该直流电力可在电动机驱动车辆1的充电器4中转换为对电池3充电的电力。
在图2的实施例中，在充电ECU 5被关断后，经历了预定长度的时间t1时，执行单元平衡操作。然而，根据本发明，可以在电压V1到Vn的最高电压和最低电压之差变得大于阈值时执行单元平衡操作。
在实施例中，电池监视和充电过程在充电ECU 5关断并且单元平衡操作完成之后进行。然而，在没有进行单元平衡操作的情形下，可以在充电ECU 5关断之后，执行电池监视和充电过程。
在实施例中，在电池监视和单元平衡电路6中检测电池单元16-1到16-n的电压V1到Vn，并且当电压V1到Vn中的任一个下降到阈值Vth以下时，电池ECU 7输出第一控制信号Scw。然而，可以在电池监视和单元平衡电路6中检测电池3的总电压，并且电池ECU 7可以在电池3的总电压下降到阈值Vtha（例如，在电池3变为过放电之前电池3的总电压）以下时输出第一控制信号。

Claims (6)

1.一种电池监视和充电系统，包括:
充电设备；以及
电动机驱动车辆，该电动机驱动车辆包括：
电池；
充电器，该充电器通过从所述充电设备提供的电力对所述电池进行充电；
充电控制器件，该充电控制器件能够运行来控制所述充电器的操作；
通信器件，该通信器件与所述充电设备进行通信；
电压检测器件，该电压检测器件监视所述电池的电压；以及
激活控制器件，当所述充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果所监视的电压下降到阈值以下，则所述激活控制器件产生第一控制信号，特征在于，当所述激活控制器件产生所述第一控制信号时，所述充电控制器件被激活，产生经由所述通信器件至所述充电设备的第二控制信号并使所述充电器开始该充电器的操作，所述第二控制信号表示需要所述充电设备给所述电动机驱动车辆提供电力。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池监视和充电系统，其中所述电池包括以串联的方式彼此连接的多个电池单元，特征在于，所述电压检测器件以分别监视电池单元的电压的方式来监视电池的电压，其中，当所述充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果至少一个电压下降到阈值以下，则所述激活控制器件产生所述第一控制信号。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电池监视和充电系统，特征在于，所述电动机驱动车辆包括均衡电池单元的电压的单元平衡器件。
4.一种电动机驱动车辆，包括：
电池；
充电器，该充电器通过从位于所述电动机驱动车辆外部的充电设备提供的电力对电池充电；
充电控制器件，该充电控制器件能够运行来控制所述充电器的操作；
通信器件，该通信器件与所述充电设备进行通信；
电压检测器件，该电压检测器件监视所述电池的电压；以及
激活控制器件，当所述充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果所监视的电压下降到阈值以下，则所述激活控制器件产生第一控制信号，特征在于，当所述激活控制器件产生了第一控制信号时，所述充电控制器件被激活，产生经由通信器件至充电设备的第二控制信号并使所述充电器开始该充电器的操作，第二控制信号表示需要所述充电设备给所述电动机驱动车辆提供电力。
5.根据权利要求4所述的电动机驱动车辆，其中所述电池包括以串联的方式连接的多个电池单元，特征在于，所述电压检测器件以分别监视电池单元的电压的方式来监视电池的电压，其中，当所述充电控制器件处于关断状态时，如果至少一个电压下降到阈值以下，则所述激活控制器件产生所述第一控制信号。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电动机驱动车辆，特征在于，所述电动机驱动车辆包括均衡电池单元的电压的单元平衡器件。
CN2012103203174A 2011-09-05 2012-08-31 电池监视和充电系统及电动机驱动车辆 Pending CN102983611A (zh)

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